Gadziriro yemitemo inogadza nhevedzano kupfurikidza nemitemo yakarongwa inozivikanwa semiitiro yedare. Iyi mitemo inodzora kuti nhau dzinobva sei mugakava kana kuti kusungwa kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira, chingava chikumbiro chokutaurirwa, kugarwa, mutongo, kana kuti chisarudzo. Nepo mitemo yakananga inosiana pakati pehurumende nehurumende uye pakati penhau dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi, nharidzano dziri pasi dzinowirirana: kuvimbisa muitiro wakafanira, kuvimbisa ruramisiro nokuda kwemapoka ose, uye kuchengeta chivimbo chapachena mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro kunobetsera vadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye kuvimbisa vagari vemo vanowanzofamba nomudare.

Hwaro Hwezvirongwa Zvedare

Miitiro yedare haisati iri youshingi; yakavakirwa muvimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo nomutemo. muUnited States, Bate Eccess of the 5 ne 14th Amendments inoda kuti kutonga kwapamutemo kuitiswe nenzira yakarurama huru.Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanofanira kugamuchira ziviso yakakwana yepomero kana kuti kutaura pamusoro pavo, vane banza rine revo rokupa rutivi rwavo rwenhau, uye vanonzwiwa nomuiti wechisarudzo chisina kutora rutivi.

Mumatare ehurumende, Mitemo yeChiviko yeProcedrect inodzora muitiro kuvambira pasumo yokutanga yenyunyuto kupfurikidza nokuwanwa nokuedzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Hurumende dzeCriminal Procediture[FL] [FLT]] dzinoraira kubata mhaka dzeutsotsi, uye Zviregiro zveUfakazi zvinosimbisa ufakazi hungapiwa. Dzinenge nyika dzose dzakagamuchira shanduro dzadzo dzakava dzakasimbiswa paiyi mitemo yakavakirwa pamienza, inosimbisa kusvika pakudzorwa kunodzorwa kudzorwa kunzira kumativi enyika.

Kuumbwa Kweruramisiro: Madare Nemhosva

Kunzwisisa chimiro chegadziriro yedare kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti miitiro inoshanda sei. United States inoshanda mugadziriro yedare ye , kureva kuti majaji ehurumende nehurumende akaparadzana aripo panguva imwe, rimwe nerimwe rine simba raro rimene uye rakagadzwa. Iyi gadziriro inotonga apo uye nzira iyo nhau inogona kuchengetwa nayo nokunzwiwa nayo.

Dare Rokutonga Rinorwisana Nematare

matare eUnited States. Dare reRevolveriti inhau yokutanga yokupinda panenge panhau dzose. Idzi ndimatare umo ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu, uye majaji kana kuti vatongi vanopa rutongeso. Mugadziriro yehurumende, aya ndiwo matare eUnion District quets [[FLT] , anozivikanwa zvakakurumbira seSuper, nharaunda, kana kuti Dare reCounty rinotsamira pahurumende. matare eAppeleta anotonga haaruramisi mitongo; anonzvera mapepa kubva kumatare okutonga kuti aone kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika izvo zvakatapura mugumisiro. Gadziro renyika imwe dare reHurumende dzinobatanidza Dare reAkasaromendero yeUnited States.

Gadziriro Dzehurumende Nehurumende

matare eFORERAL anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pavagari vemo vehurumende dzakasiana - siana (kutonga kwehurumende), uye zvinoitika umo United States iri mubato. matare eruwa[ ane chiremera chakafara pamusoro penhau dzakadai sezvibvumirano, zvibvumirano, mutemo wemhuri, makakakavara, uye mhaka dzinorondedzerwa nomutemo wehurumende. Zvizhinjisarudzo dzevagari vemo neutsotsi muUnited States dzinochengetwa mumatare ehurumende. Kuziva kuti dare rine maruramiro ndeenhau yokutanga nerevoruzhinji zvikurusa.

Matare Anokosha

Kupfuura simba rinozivikanwa navose, gadziriro zhinji dzedare dzinobatanidza matare chaiwo akagadzirirwa kubata marudzi akati enhau. Gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza U.S. Bankruptic Courts ne U.S. Dare reTchasi. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa matare emhuri, matare echiduku, uye matare outano hwendangariro, izvo zvinowanzoshandisa miitiro yakachinjwa kumugariro unotapurwa wenhau pamberi padzo.

Pamberi Pokutonga: Kufamba Kwapamberi Pekutongwa Nekunzwa

Kusiyana nezvinofungwa nevakawanda, nyaya dzakawanda dzedare hadzimbofi dzakatongwa zvakazara. Nguva isati yatongwa inhambo yakakomba apo kuongorora mhaka yacho kunoumbwa nenhevedzano yezviito uye kutemwa. Kunzwisisa danho iri kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mumitemo.

Kuoneka Kwokutanga Nokururamisirwa

Munhau dzoutsotsi, chitarisiko chedare chokutanga chapamutemo chinowanzova iruramisiro. Mukwiridzirwi anorava nenzira yapamutemo pomero dzacho ndokukumbirwa kupinda mukukumbira kwemhosva, kwete nemhaka, kana kuti pasina makwikwi (noristaere). Ichochi chinowanzovawo apo kero yedare youdzoro yomukwiridziridziridzo. Munhau dzevagari vemo, muitiro unovamba nokunyorwa kwechinyoreso che comfont nerect nerea ye [FLT].[FLD:4] TRAN]

Kuwana uye Kufamba

Muitiro unoshandiswa apo mapati anotaurirana mashoko anokosha panhau yacho isati yatongwa. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza mibvunzo yakanyorwa (kunyora), zvikumbiro zvemagwaro, zvipupuriro (zvipupuriro zvakatorwa kunze kwedare), uye zvikumbiro zvokupinda. [[FLT:]] Mifungo inokumbirwa nomutoo wetsika kuMutongi anobvunza chisarudzo panhau yapamutemo.

  • Kudzinga: Agunquisiro yokuti kunyunyuta kunokundikana kutaura chirevo chapamutemo chapamutemo.
  • Commentation for Fung Juncial Rutongeso: Agues kuti hakuna nhau chaidzoidzo dzeidi rezvinhu uye kuti boka rinofamba rinofanira kutonga senhau yomutemo pasina muedzo.
  • Kudzvinyirira: Munyaya dzoutsotsi, inoramba kuti ufakazi hwakawanwa mukuputswa kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo romukwirirwi uye hunofanira kubviswa pakutongwa.
  • [[[Nto:0] Motion muLimine: inotsvaka kubvisa ufakazi hwakati kana kuti ufakazi pakupiwa pakutongwa.

Kuwana Misangano Yemisha Nenzvimbo Yokugara

Mugadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi, kutaurirana chishandiso chinokosha chinopedza nhau dzakawanda. dare nedziviriro zvinokurukura chisarudzo chinobvumiranwa navose, zvikurukuru kubatanidza mukwiridziridziri ane mhaka kumari kana kuti kugamuchira mutongo wakakomba zvikuru mukutsinhana nokuda kwokudzivisa kutonga. Mumhaka dzavagari vemo, matare anowanzoda kuti vanhu vatsigire mumisangano [[, dzimwe nguva nebetsero yomurevereri, kunzvera bviro yokupedza mhaka pasina dare.

Kunzwisisa Miedzo Nekunzwa

Nepo mashoko acho pane dzimwe nguva achishandiswa nenzira imwe cheteyo, kutongwa nokutongwa kunobatira zvinangwa zvakasiyana mugadziriro yapamutemo.

Madonzo Nemavara Okunzwa

A kunzwa [ ibhuku rinofamba pamberi pomutongi uyo anotaura nhau chaiyo, yakamanikana pasina dare rinobetsera vatongi. Kunzwa kunowanzova kusingadzorwi zvikuru kupfuura kuedzwa uye kunogona kuitika panguva ipi neipi pamberi, mukati memiedzo, kana kuti pashure. Mhando dzavose dzekunzwa dzinobatanidza:

  • Kunzwa: Kusarudza kana mukwirirwi akakodzera kusunungurwa uye mumigariroi.
  • Kuedza kunzwa: kana chisakiso chingavapo chokumanikidzira mukwiridziri kumira mhaka.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kuisa kunzwa:[[FLT: 1] Bvumira vanyajambwa kutaura (mashoko echisimba) uye mutongi kuisa mutongo pashure pekupwiswa kana kuti chikumbiro chine mhaka.
  • [ Misangano yaStatu:[ Bvumira mutongi kuronda fambiro mberi yenhau ndokugadza miganhu yenguva.

Miedzo yeJury v.

A dare iboka ravagari vemo rinosarudza kuyera ufakazi ndokupa chisarudzo chapamutemo, chinotungamirirwa nemirayiridzo yokupedzisira yomutemo. Mu [[FLT:] muedzo [[FLT:]] [[FLT:], mutongi anoita sezvose zviri zviviri mutongi womutemo uye anowana chokwadi. Mutongo ndiwo mutezo wapamutemo muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi zvakakomba uye zviitiko zvakawanda zvavagari vemo. Kunyange zvazvo mudare rorudyi , mutongi anoita sezvose zviri zviviri mutongi weidi. Mutongi mutevero mukuru wenhau iko muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi zvakakomba uye zviitiko zvakawanda zvavagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo iri boka rinotenderwa mudare rorudyi.

Kutanga Kwokutongwa: Nhungamiro Nenzira

Nepo mitambo yeterevhizheni ichiwanzopfupikisa miedzo kuva kupesana kushomanene kunonyandura, muedzo chaiwoiwo unotevera nhevedzano yorumano yematanho akagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokururamisira kwemuitiro uye mugumisiro wakavimbika.

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Kutonga kunotanga nokusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Mutongi angapa mvumo yemativi ose, uye pane dzimwe nguva mutongi, kubvunza vatongi vanobvira kuti vazivise rusaruro rungavadzivisa kuva vasingasaruri. Uyu muitiro unozivikanwa se conact[. Mutongi angapembedza vatongi "nokuda kwechisakiso" (g., tsveyati kana kuti ukama nebato kuboka) kana kuti kupa zvinetso (kubvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kudzima nhamba yakaganhurirwa yejuzi pasina kutaura chikonzero chakananga, chinogoverwa chinetso hachisi chakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti pautana).

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Kana vatongi vapikirwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe runobudisa mashoko okuzarura. Iyi haisi mhesano asi irondedzero youfakazi hunokarirwa neboka kupa. Nharidzano ndeyokugovera vatongi nemepu yomugwagwa kuti vagone kunzwisisa revo youfakazi sezvahunoziviswa. Muparidzi anotaura kutanga, achiteverwa nedziviriro.

Kuratidzwa kwoUfakazi: Case-in-Chief

Mutongi anopa nhau yavo pakutanga, kudana zvapupu nokusuma zviratidziro. Ikoku kunoteverwa nenzvero yakananga nepatikiti yakadana uchapupu, muchinjiki-yaka-pakarepo [ nemhedziso, uye yapanyuko [[FLT] yakajeka [[FLT]]. Pamutambo, vamiririri vangaramba mibvunzo kana kuti ufakazi hwakavakirwa pamiraufakazi. ipapo mutongi anotonga paufakazi, zvimwe "zvidzori" kana kuti "chidzoro" (chibvumirano) kana kuti "chipo). Pashure pomutongo wavose, vanoramba kuzvidzivirira.

Mipimo Youfakazi

Pfungwa yakavakirwa mumiedzo i yakaenzana nechibvumikiso. Uku ndiko kukura kwechokwadi kuti kuwana chinhu kunofanira kutoda kuti patsikwe pabato.

  • fukidza Kupanikira Kune Mufungo: Mupimo wakakwirira, unoshandiswa mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Kukwirira mhosva kunofanira kubvumikisa zvose zvemhosva kusvikira kutambanuko iyi youchokwadi.
  • Kurangarira Ufakazi: Mupimo unoshandiswa muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa zvehurumende. Mutengi anofanira kuratidza kuti i "kana kutopfuura" kuti shanduro yavo yamaidi ndeyechokwadi.
  • Kujekesa uye Kupwisa Ufakazi: Mupimo wapakati unoshandiswa mune zvimwe zvinoitika zvehurumende, zvakadai sounyengeri kana kuti kubviswa kwamaruramiro avabereki.

Kutaura Kunopfiga uye Mirayiridzo

Pashure pemativi ose ari maviri, vanopa nharo dzinopa. Magweta anopfupikisa ufakazi, anoonesa kusawirirana, uye anopikisa chikonzero nei mutengi wavo achifanira kukurira. Mutevedzeri kana kuti muroveri wemhaka anotanga, achiteverwa nedziviriro, uye mutongi anogamuchira kurukurirano yokupedzisira. Ipapo mutongi anorava mirayiridzo , achitsanangura mitemo yakananga inodzora nhau yacho, mipimo yaanofanira kushandisa, uye miitiro yezvirongwa zvavo.

Kusarudza Nokupa Mhosva

Vatongi vanorega basa mukamuri rakavanzika noune muchivande. Vanohwirudzura ufakazi ndokukurukura maidi mukuwirirana nomutemo sezvinoraidzwa. Zvichitsamira pahudzo nokuoma kwenhau yacho, zvisarudzo zvingadikanwa kuva zvinobvumirana, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chimwe, kungaguma nedare rapachena dare, zvichitungamirira kudare risiri iro. Kana vakasvika chisarudzo, vanoendesa chirango [FLT]]

Vatori Mundima: Mabasa Mudare

Kunzwisisa mabasa aya kunobatsira vanhu kuziva zvavanofanira kutarisira kana vachifanira kuitawo mudare.

Mutongi Nemaattorney

inoita somutsigiri wemitemo. Vanodzora pakuramba, kuronga panhambo, uye kuva nechokwadi kuti kutonga kunoitiswa nenzira yakarurama, uye nomufambiro. Mukutongwa kwebhenji, mutongi anosarudzawo maidi. [[FLT:] Actney [[FLT:]] Actneys inoshanda sevatsigiri vevatengi vavo. Mabasa avo anobatanidza kupa ufakazi, kuita zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzomushandirwi wavo mukati muganhu wemiganhuro yetsika. [[FLT] [FLT:]] anomirira mugariro muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi uye ane basa rakasiana kutsvakira ruramisiro, kwete kungotsvaka kutendeka.

Chichakarirwa Semugunun’una kana kuti Chapupu

Vanofanira kubvisa mirangariro yavo vamene ndokutevera mirayiridzo yomutongi pamutemo. Zvapupu [[FLT]] zvinofanira kupupurira zvechokwadi pasi pokupika. Vanofanira kuongororwa neboka rinodana uye rinopikisa, izvo zvakagadzirirwa kuedza uzvokwadi noururami hwezvipupu zvavo.

Sarudzo dzePurem-Darem

Mumhosva dzoutsotsi, mukwirirwi anowanzova nekodzero yokukwidza nyaya yacho. Mumhosva dzehurumende, chero mutezo wacho unogona kutoita chisarudzo chokupedzisira.

Hwaro hwe [[FT:0] app ndehwokuti dare rokutonga rakaita mhosho yapamutemo iyo yakatapura muuyo wenhau yacho. matare edare haasati achimboedza maidi; anohwirudzura chinyorwa chedare rokutonga kuti aone kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama. Zvikumbiro zvinosarudzwa neboka ravatongi, uye hapana ufakazi hunopiwa. Kukumbira kunobudirira kunogona kuguma nomutongo unobviswa, kutonga kutsva kuchiva kurairwa, kana kuti mutongo wacho unoshandurwa.

Zivo Sechishandiso Chokubatanidzwa Muchikwata

Kunzwisisa miitiro yedare kunopa simba vanhu kuti vatore rutivi mune zvepamutemo zvine revo, zvingava sebato kumhaka, chapupu, mutongi, kana kuti mugari wemo akavimbisana. Nepo gadziriro yemitemo ine mutauro wayo umene wakaoma netsika, nheyo huru dzemuitiro wakafanira, kururamisira, uye kugadzikisa kwakarongwa kwegadziro dzinowanika kumunhu ari wose. Kuziva chokukarira mukutonga kana kuti kutonga kunoderedza funganyo, kunosimudzira migumisiro iri nani nokuda kwavatori rutivi, uye kunosimbisa chivimbo chapachena mukutonga kwomutemo.