Kusarudza Chii?

Sarudzo muitiro wakarongwa wokuita chisarudzo umo chiverengero chavagari vemo chinosarudza munhu mumwe kana kuti boka kuti chive nenzvimbo yavose kana kuti chisarudzo pamibvunzo chaiyo yetsika. Munzanga dzedemokrati, sarudzo mutoo mukuru uyo vagari vemo vanopa nawo chiremera kuvamiririri vavo uye vanova nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoratidzira kuda. Nepo zvinenge zvichisiyana zvikuru munyika dzose (kubva mugadziriro dzokuvhota dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu) nheyo inoramba iri yakafanana: mugari wemo ari wose akafanirwa nomukana wakaenzana wokunzwa inzwi ravo.

Kusarudza hakusiwo zvako muitiro wenhambo nenhambo; iko chinhu chinokosha chokuzvidavirira kwehurumende yeruzhinji. Pasina sarudzo dzapachena nedzakarurama, vagari vemo havana nzira ine rugare yokutsiva nayo vatungamiriri vanokundikana kubatira fariro yavose. Kunzwisisa kuti basa resarudzo rinoshanda sei, kuvambira pakunyoresa kusvikira kuuwandu hwokupedzisira, rinopa simba vavhoti kuti vatsigire nenzira ine revo uye kudzivirira perero yomuitiro wacho.

Zvazvinokosha Pakusarudza

Pachinhu chakapfava zvikurusa, sarudzo inobatanidza kusarudza vavhoti pakati pavadaviri kana kuti zvisarudzo. Asi seri kwechiito ichocho chakapfava pane gadziriro yakaoma yemitemo, miitiro, uye masangano zvakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti muuyo wacho unoratidzira zvakarurama zvinodikanwa zvavavhoti. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatanidza kukwaniriswa kwapamutemo kwevhoti, mirau yemari yenhimbe, kugadzirwa kwamapepa etsoro kana kuti mabhaisikopo, uye mitoo inoshandiswa kunyora nokusimbisa miuyo.

Nheyo Dzemacore Outhori

  • Suffger: Mugari wemo akura ari wose ane maruramiro okuvhota, neganhuriro duku, dzine mufungo (mutoo., zera, ugari hwemo).
  • Kuvhota kumwe nokumwe kunotakura uremu humwe chetehwo; hakuna mugari wemo anofanira kuva nepesvedzero huru kupfuura mumwe.
  • [ Rusununguko neMuitiro Wakanaka: Tsarudzo dzinofanira kuitwa pasina kumanikidzirwa, tyisidziro, kana kuti kubiridzira, uye dzinofanira kupa zvisarudzo zvapachokwadi.
  • [[FOL:0] SEcret Ballot: Vaongorori vanogona kuvhota pasina kutya matsive, vachivimbisa kuva voga uye kuzvimirira.
  • ZVISARUDZO zvePrioridic: zvinosarudzwa nokuda kwemirairo yakatsiga, nezvisarudzo zvinogaroitwa kubvumira chinjo.

Marudzi Okusarudza

Marudzi akasiyana - siyana anoshandira zvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana muhurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, kubva pakusarudza nhengo dzedare rechikoro kusvika pakusarudza masangano enyika.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo huru dzinoitwa kuti dzizadze mahofisi makuru enyika, akadai sapurezidhendi, paramende, kana kuti gavhuna. Anowanzoitika panguva dzenguva dzose (muchirevo, makore mana kana kuti mashanu) uye anobatanidza nhamba hurusa yavavhoti. Munyika dzakawanda, vvurutsi vehurumende vanosarudza kuvakwa kwedare remitemo, uko kunoumba hurumende.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Vaparidzi makwikwi omubato anoshandiswa kusarudza vadaviri nokuda kwesarudzo yavose. Vanogona kuva vakazaruka (munhu upi noupi angatora rutivi), vakavharwa (mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa bedzi), kana kuti vanovharwa kaviri.

Zvisarudzo Zvomunzvimbomo

Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti dzemisionari inozadza mahofisi akadai sameya, madare eguta, vamiririri veruwa, uye mitezo yedare rezvikoro. Uku kusarudza kazhinji kazhinji kunova nedenderedzwa rakaderera asi kunotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva(madaro akawanda, zvikoro, kuronga, mapurisa, uye mitero yomunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa sarudzo yomunzvimbomo kunokosha nokuda kwetapuro yenzvimbo.

Kutanga Kuita Zvinhu

Anorendimu ivhota yakananga pamubvunzo wetsika wakananga, wakadai sokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo mutsva. Vatapatiri vanobvumira vagari vemo kukarakadza mitemo mitsva kana kuti chinjo kupfurikidza nokukumbira uye ipapo kuvhota. aya maturusi anopa vavhoti kutaura kwakananga (panzvimbo pokutsamira bedzi pavamiriri vakasarudzwa) uye anozivikanwa muSwitzerland, nyika dzakawanda dzeU.S., uye dzimwe nyika.

Yeuka Kusarudzwa

Mune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, vavhoti vanogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa nguva yavo isati yapera kupfurikidza nesarudzo yokuyeuka. Uyu muitiro unoda kuunganidza nhamba yakati yesiginicha kuti vanyandure vhoti chaiyo. Kuyeuka hakuwanzoitiki asi kunobatira somuitiro une simba wokuzvidavirira.

Marongerwo Akaitwa Michina: Mashandiro Anoita Michina

Nzira iyo vhoti dzinoshandurirwa mumufananidzo ine tapuro huru pamiuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Uori (Pest-the- Post)

Mugadziriro yavazhinji, muvhoti anowana mavhoti akawanda anokunda, kunyange kana vasingahwinwi vazhinji. Tsika iyi inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom, India, Canada, uye United States nokuda kwehofisi dzakawanda. Yakapfava uye inoparira vakundi vakajeka, asi inogona kutungamirira ku "whota" vhoti nokusabvumirana pakati pegoverano negoverano yechigaro.

Masangano Makuru

Gadziriro huru dzinoda mukwikwidzi kuwina inopfuura 50% yevhoti. Kana pasina munhu anosvika ikoko murudungwe rwokutanga, kumhanya kunoitwa pakati pavadaviri vapamusoro.Ikoku kunovimbisa mukundi ane tsigiro yakafara, sezvinoonwa musarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzeFrance namapoka mazhinji emeya munyika yose.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Masangano ePR anoisa zvigaro zviri pamwero wakaenzana namavhoti anogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe. Mavhoti anosarudza zvamagariro, uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa pachivako chevhoti yenyika kana kuti nharaunda. PR inozivikanwa navose muEurope (Germany, Spain, Sweden) uye inowanzoita mibatanidzwa yakawanda inoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana- siyana. Zvisinei, inogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzinobatanidza mativi ose dzinotora nguva refu kuumba.

Masangano Akavhengana

Gadziriro dzezvivhota dzakavhengana dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvezvizhinji nePR. Somuenzaniso, Germany neNew Zealand zvinoshandisa kumiririra nhengo dzakavhengana (MMP), umo vavhoti vane mavhoti maviri: rimwe nokuda kwomutengi womunzvimbomo (kufara) uye rimwe nokuda kwendaza yebato (PR). Iyi inodzikamisa mufananidzo womunzvimbomo nemigumisiro yakapesana.

Muitiro Wokutakurika

Kubva pakunyoresa kusvika pakuisa pepa, nhanho imwe neimwe inoitirwa kusimbisa kuti muvhoti ndiani, kudzivisa kubiridzira, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti anowanika.

Kunyoresa Kumabhuku

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, vagari vemo vanofanira kunyoresa vasati vagona kuvhota. Mitemo yokunyoresa inosiyana: dzimwe nyika dzinonyoresa nokuzviitikira pasi kana dzikabhadharira 18 (g., Germany), nepo dzimwe dzichida kunyoresa nemaoko nemapepa akanyorwa (g., United States). Mashoko makuru anowanzobatanidza zita, kero, zuva rokuzvarwa, uye dzimwe nguva kuva nhengo yebato. Kunyoresa kweVoter ndiyo fandesheni yevhota, inotema kuti ndiani anofanira kuvhota panzvimbo yakapiwa.

Nzira Dzokukurukurira Nadzo Mashoko

Nzira yakasarudzwa inoenderana nezvinodiwa nemitemo, zvigadzirwa, uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa.

  • Mumutemo wePersantion: Mutoo wegamuchidzanwa apo vavhoti vanoenda kunzvimbo yokuvhota yakasarudzwa pazuva resarudzo. Ikoku kunobvumira betsero yapakarepo kana ichida uye kunovimbisa mhoteredzo yakachengeteka, inotungamirirwa.
  • Matsamba-Mu (Abree) Voting: Vagamuchiri vhoti neposi, vanoizadza pamusha, uye vanoidzorera neposi kana kuti bhokisi rokudonhedza. Kuvhota tsamba kwawedzera zvikuru, zvikurukuru mukati medenda reCHOVAD, uye itsika munyika dzakafanana neOregon, Washington, uye Colorado.
  • Kuvhota kwapamberi: Hurumende dzakawanda dzinobvumira vavhoti kukanda mapepa mumunhu zuva resarudzo risati rasvika panzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzapakuvamba. Ikoku kunoderedza mitsetse pazuva resarudzo uye kunogarisa zvirongwa zvakabatikana.
  • .Idzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa michina yokuvhota yemagetsi (EVM) kana kuti kuvhota kweInternet. Nepo kukurumidza uye shamwari youshandisi, gadziriro dzemagetsi dzinomutsa funganyo pamusoro pekuvimbwa kwekombiyuta nokubhadharwa.

Kujeka Kwemashoko

Kudzivisa kubiridzira kwokunyepedzera, nzvimbo zhinji dzinoda vavhoti kuti varatidze zvizivikanwo vasati vagamuchira bhavhoti. Udzori hwemitemo yeID inhau inokakavadza: vatsigiri vanotaura kuti vanodzivirira perero, nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa nokusaoneka kuva vashoma, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vemari shoma. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa zvidimbu zvisati zviri zvikwaniso zvehurumende.

Zuva Rokusarudza

Zuva rechisarudzo ndiwo mugumo wedenderedzwa revhota, apo vavhoti vose vakanyoreswa vane banza rokukanda mavhoti avo. Nokuda kwavazhinji, izuvawo rorudado rwenzanga nebvumirano yenzanga.

Nzvimbo Dzinoshatisa

Nzvimbo dzokushambadzira dzinotangwa muzvikoro, nzvimbo dzenzanga, machechi, kana kuti zvimwe zvivako zvavose. Pazuva resarudzo, dzinoshanda nevakuru vakuru vesarudzo (vanowanzorovedzwa) vanonzvera vavhoti, vanobudisa mavhoti, uye vanobatsira nemichina yokuvhota. Kupinda chinodikanwa chapamutemo: nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzinofanira kugarisa vavhoti neurema, dzinogovera betsero yomutauro apo kunodikanwa, uye dzinovimbisa kuti nguva dzokumirira dzine mufungo.

Kukanda Bharuti

Zvichitsamira panzvimbo inodzorwa, vavhoti vangaranga roti yepepa, kubata chidhikirini, kana kuti kuisa kadhi mumuchina. Chiito chokuvhota ndechapachivande(munyika dzakawanda, matumba okuvhotera ane machira kana kuti madhigita. Pashure pokupedza bhastiki, muvhoti anoisa mubhokisi rakavharwa kana kuti kuriisa mukombiyuta. Mugadziriro dzakavakirwa papepa, mubhora rinova chinyorwa chokushanda chinogona kuongororwa gare gare gare. Mimwe miitiro inogadzira muvhoti wepepa revotaidhi reVPAT), inobvumira kuinzwa kusimbisa zvisarudzo zvavo pamberi pokuzviisa pasi pokupedzisira.

Kuverenga Nemigumisiro

Kana kuongorora kwangopera, kuverenga mavhoti kunotanga. Nhanhano iyi inokosha kuti tivimbe: Chikanganiso chipi nechipi kana kuti kudzora kunogona kukanganisa kusarudza kwose. Kuona chitarisiko, kuva nechokwadi, uye nguva ndizvo zviratidzo zvokuverenga kunodavirika.

Kuverenga Nzira

  • Kuverenga papepa: Mapepa anoverengwa nemaoko, kazhinji kazhinji namapoka avashandi vaviri kana kuti vakawanda vanobva kumapati akasiyana kuti vave nechokwadi noururami. Nhamba dzamaoko dzinononoka asi dzinogovera nzira yepepa yokubatanidza.
  • Kuverenga kwapareki: Marasha eOptical anorava mapepa marota, uye migumisiro yepurogiramu inoyera. Kuverenga kwemagetsi kunokurumidza asi kunoda kunzvera nokungwarira.
  • Programmes: Mafuremu akawanda anotungamirira masvudziro ezvisarudzo apashure(] marandomu kana kuti mishumo yakazara(kuyera kuti michina nemiitiro zvakabudisa muuyo wakarurama. Kunzvera muganhu wengozi kuri kuva mupimo wendarama.

Kuzivisa Miuyo

Miuyo isiri yepamutemo ingabudiswa pausiku hwesarudzo kana kuti mumazuva anotevera, asi kutsinhana kwapamutemo kunogona kutora mavhiki. Miuyo inoziviswa nezviremera zvesarudzo (muchirevo, munyori wehurumende kana kuti dare rakasarudzwa). Mumadzinza apedyo, denho dzapamutemo dzinganonoka miuyo yokupedzisira. Kwakakurumbira nokuda kwavabudisi venhau kukunda vakavakirwa pakudzosera mativi akasiana, asi zvikarakadzo izvozvo hazvisi pamutemo kutozosvikira pakuwana pamutemo.

Chisarudzo Chapashure: Kuchinja uye Kutonga

Kana migumisiro yaitwa yapupurirwa, vanokunda vanotora nzvimbo maererano nenguva yakatarwa. Kuchinja kworugare kwesimba chiratidzo chokudzikama kwedemokrase. Iyi nhambo inobatanidza kutungamirira vakuru vakuru vatsva, kuumbwa kwehurumende (mumasangano eparamende), uye kugadzwa kwemitezo yedare kana kuti vashumiri. Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzinoda kuenda, vadzori vanobatira pamwe neboka riri kuuya kuvimbisa kupfuurira.

Kukosha Kwezvisarudzo

Kusarudza kunopfuura zvikuru muitiro wounyanzvi; ndiko nzira huru iyo vagari vemo vanoshandisa nayo uchangamire pahurumende yavo.

Mufananidzo

Kusarudza vanhu kunobvumira vanhu vakasiyana - siyana kusarudza vamiririri vanogoverana tsika dzavo, zvavanofarira, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ekare. Munzanga ine vanhu vakawanda, hapana boka rimwe rinogona kudzora zvisarudzo zvose.

Kuzvidavirira

Kana mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa akakundikana kupa zvipikirwa, akapinda muushati, kana kuti achifuratira murangariro wavose, vavhoti vanogona kuzvitsiva pasarudzo inotevera. Uku kuzvidavirira kwapanhambo nenhambo kunoita kuti udzori hubvunde.

Kutendeseka

Vanhu vanowanzoteerera mitemo, kubhadhara mitero, uye kushandira pamwe nezviremera pavanenge vachifunga kuti zvinhu zvagara zvakanaka.

Chisarudzo Chokurwisana Chine Rugare

Kusarudza kunopa muitiro usina masimba masimba wokupedza gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika. Panzvimbo pokutendeukira kukubvuta kana kuti hondo yavagari vemo, mapoka anokwikwidzana anogona kupinza zvishuvo zvawo mubhokisi rebhuruti. Ikoku kunokosha zvikuru munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru.

Matambudziko Pakusarudza

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwazvo, sarudzo dzinotapurwa nezvinetso zvakawanda zvinogona kupedza chivimbo uye kushatisa migumisiro.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nemagetsi

Kudzvinyirira Voter kunonongedzera kumiitiro inoderedza noune kuwanda pakati pamapoka akati. Mienzaniso inobatanidza mitemo yeID inodzorwa zvikuru, kubvisa mapepa anovhota, kuderedza nzvimbo dzokuvhota munharaunda duku, kuganhurira maawa okuvhota apakuvamba, uye zvinodikanwa zvinorema zvokunyoresa. Iyi mipimo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mari yakaderera, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vashomanene, ichideredza nheyo yenhau yenyika yose.

Gerrymandering

Kuchinja miganhu yeruwa yevhota kuti idivi rimwe kana kuti boka. Nokunyora maruwa akaumbwa nenzira yechienzi, boka rine simba rinogona "crack" kana kuti "pack" vavhoti vanoshora kuderedza pesvedzero yaro yose. Nepo kudzokororwa kuri madikanwa, kukanganisa kumirira kworumwe rudzi uye kuderedza makwikwi.

Kubiridzira uye Kuzivisa Zvinhu Zvisina Kunaka

Kunyengera kwakadai sokunyepedzera, kuvhota kuviri, kana kuti kuisa zvinhu muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kwakagadzwa, asi kupomera kwokunyengera kunogona kusekesa chivimbo chavanhu. Kwakapararira zvikuru kupararira kwenhema, kubatanidza kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pemisi yokuvhota, zvinodikanwa, kana kuti vanoda.

Kuronga Mari Nepesvedzero

Basa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika rinopa denho kuhuenzana. vapi vemari, masangano, uye mapoka ezviwanira mano anogona kupedzera mari yakawanda pakushambadzira, kukurudzira, uye maPC makuru, zvingagona kupesvedzera sarudzo nemitemo.

Kutya

Sarudzo dzazvino uno dzinotsamira pamipimo yezvirongwa: mapepa okuvhota, mabhuku okuvhota, michina yokuvhota, uye gadziriro dzokushuma. Masangano aya zvipfuro zvokucheka, rudzikinuro, uye kurwisa kworuzivo rwokusarudza. Kudzivirira kuvimbika kwesarudzo kunoda mipimo mikuru yehmbersecurecurection, mapepa, uye kuongororwa kunopfuurira.

Kusimbisa Kusarudza Kungaita Vagari Vemo

Vagari vemo vanogona kuita zvinhu chaizvo kuti vadzivirire uye vavandudze kusarudza.

  • Uzvidzidzise iwe : Nzwisisa mitemo murusando rwako rwekunyoresa, zvinodikanwa zvechivhoti, uye zvitsauko zveroti. Tevera manyuko akavimbika akafanana ne U.S. Transformation Commission kana kuti [[FLT:]]UKCUKTALY[[FFFF:5] Commission]
  • Cherechedza Kunyoresa Kwako: vimbiso yakanyorwa uye mashoko ako akarurama. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira kusimbiswa kwepaIndaneti.
  • Kusarudza kwose: Primary, munzvimbomo, uye kure kwegore kazhinji kazhinji vanoona kuderera kwakaderera zvikuru asi vane tapuro yakananga hurusa.
  • Funga nezvokuva Muiti Wetsika: Vashandi vezvokushambadzira vanokosha nokuda kwemibato inotsvedzerera. Mativi mazhinji anobhadhara kana kuti kugovera mari yezuva.
  • Combat Mistformation: Gurutsiranwa mashoko akasimbisa mumanyuko apamutemo. Muchataura kutaura kwokunyumwira pamusoro pokuvhota kuzviremera zvesarudzo.
  • Advocate for Reforms: Mitanho yokutsigira iyo inokudza kusvika, zvakadai sokunyoresa kwomuvhoti anovhota oga, makomidhi okuzvimirira, uye gadziriro dzepepa.

mhedziso

Kusarudza ikokutungamirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Zvinopinza chido chavanhu muhurumende yapamutemo, zvinoita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidane, uye zvinogovera nzira dzine rugare dzokupedza rwisano dzezvematongerwe enyika. Asi, sezvinoratidzwa nouku kuongorora, kuita sarudzo ibasa renguva dzose (hwunoronga kungwarira pakudzvinyirira, kubiridzira, uye kunyengera, uye kuzvipira kuti vapinde muhurumende uye vasvike. Muvhoti wose ane basa rokuita, kwete nokungoisa bhota, asi nokunzwisisa muitiro nokutsigira kuperera kwake. Vagari vemo pavanoziviswa nokurongeka, mavhotaro anoita chipikirwa chavo: hurumende yevanhu, nevanhu, nokuda kwavanhu.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pemiitiro yesarudzo uye kutora rutivi kwevagari vemo, shanyira USA.gov Voting Information[ kana Internationalternational Foundations for Electoral Systems.