Kushambidzika Kwetsika: Masimba eMayoral Noukuru Hwemhepo

Mameya eUK, zvikurukuru ayo ari munzvimbo dzine chiremera dzakabatanidzwa dzakadai seLondon, Manchester, uye West Midlands, ane masimba akatanhamara emitemo pamusoro pechokufambisa, kuronga, uye utano hwemhoteredzo. Aya masimba anoumba zvakananga kuti ruvara rwemhepo runoongororwa sei uye kuti mashoko anodzorwa sei kuvanhu vose. Nepo hurumende yenyika inogadza mipimo yemhepo yakaisvonaka kupfurikidza neMbango 2021 neMutemo weDirc Servement Religic 2010, zviremera zvehurumende zvinosarudza nzira dzinoshandiswa dzomunzvimbomo kuita kuti zvigadzike mibato yemhepo inodzorwa kana kuti kuputsanya.

Pasi pe Porent Moyer Securement (LAQM) yeISCO], zviremera zvomunzvimbomo muULT:1 zvinofanira kunzvera nokuyera kunaka kwemhepo munharaunda dzavo. Zvisinei, meya anopesvedzera mwero wegwinyiro yeidzi nzvero. Meya anotanga kudzorwa nohuvara hwemhepo anogona kukurumidzisa kuiswa kwezviteshi zvecherekedzo, kuisa mari muruzivo rwokuona zviri kubuda, uye kuisa mipimo yokuoneka. Nharecha yemichina inopesana ingaisa zvinhu zvishoma, achisiya mibatanidzwa yemichina inonzvera yapasina kushaidzwa nedata isingasviki.

Somuenzaniso, London Environment Strategy (2088) yakabatanidza kuzvipira ku “kuna mativi endege eLondon okuongorora kombiyuta ” kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mepu dzemifungo yetengi yakaderera mumativi ezviteshi zvenongedzero zviripo zvinoshandiswa neLondon Air Senet Network (LAQN). Iyi chisarudzo chapamutemo chakanga chiri muuyo wakananga wemitemo yemouse. Mukupesana, maguta asina kuzvipira kwakasimba kwemeyaugari wemo anowanzotsamira bedzi panhamba duku yenhepfendo dzezviteshi dzecherekedzo dzeburo, kuchitungamirira kufukidza miganhuro mumitengo yezvinoshatsatsatsa.

Kugadzirwa Kunoitwa Maneseji Okuongorora Zvinhu Nemakemikari

Zviteshi zvakagara zviripo uye Reference-Grade Kuongorora

Yakagadzirwa, zviteshi zvokutarisira zvinonatsiridza zvinoramba zviri musengwa wendarama nokuda kwemazita akanaka emhepo nemhaka yokuti zvinosangana nezvitevedzero zvine simba zvinoiswa neEuropean Committee for Standardgatiation (CEN). Mayaresa anopesvedzera ukuru nokuiswa kweizvi zviteshi. Mari yeMayoral inogona kugonesa zviteshi zvokuwedzera munzvimbo dziri pedyo nezvikoro, zvipatara, uye mikoto yakakwirira. Somuenzaniso, [FL:0] BIRMAMMPMOS UFMENT ENDICHECHE TEGHY[ kuwedzera nhamba yenzvimbo dzinoshanda, inotsigirwa nebhajeka nebha yemariso remo remo remouse. Uku kuwedzera kwakagovera mashoko akawanda pakuratidzirwa kuvagari vemo senzvimbo dzemvura (NN2]).

Zvisinei, zviteshi zvakatsiga zvinodhura kuisa nokuchengeta, zvichidya $50 000 paboka rimwe nerimwe. Mitemo yeMayoral iyo inogovera dzimbahwe rinotsigirwa nemari yokushandisa inokosha kuchengeta aya masangano achipfuurira. Maguta akadai seManchester neLeeds akachengeta bhajeti yakasimba kupfurikidza nemari yokuronga kumhanya muzvokufambisa nokurongazve.

Zvigadzirwa Zvinobatanidza Zvinhu Zvisina Kunaka: Manzwi Akaderera NeIoT

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, magetsi anonaya mvura inonaya mvura. (muchina unonakisa magetsi) unosvika $100 ne $5 000-5 000. Iyi mirangariro inogovera mashoko akajeka, enguva chaiyo asi kazhinji kazhinji haina ururami hwezviridzwa. Mitemo yeMayoral inogona kutungamirira kugamuchirwa kwemakombiyuta aya munzira idzo dzingabatanidza kana kuti kusekesa kunaka kwemazita. Gara rinonyandura, kufanana naSadiq Khan muLondon, rakatanga [[FL:0] Breathe London, kuedza kufambisa mu201818, kuisa magetsi 100 eretsi eredhiyo dzerefu dzemarambiso nezvivako. Chirongwa, chinoshanda mukuyamubatanidzwa neNzviteshivi zveNhavi neLondon, zvose zviri kuoneka nezvinetso zvemabhaisiro yemichina.

Mamwe maguta akateverawo zvakafanana. West Midlands Councided Authority, pasi peMayor Andy Street, zvinoshandiswa nemagetsi okunzwa muWolverhampton neCoventry. Zvisinei, pasina muitiro mumwe wemeya wekushanda kwemanzwi nejekiseni, kunaka kwemashoko anobva mumibatanidzwa iyi kunosiyana zvikuru. Mimwe mifungo inokukurwa nokufamba kwenguva, inogadzira kuverenga kunotsausa kunogona kukanganisa kuvimba kwevanhu kana isingagadziriswi.

Muenzaniso weLondon: Ultra-Low Mountain Zone uye Kuongorora Kuwedzera

Hapana kurukurirano yemiitiro yemeya pamusoro pekuongorora kunaka kwendege yaizova yakakwana pasina kunzvera Ultra-Low Eugserct Zone yeLondon. IZVO Nhamba muna 2019 ndokukudzwa kaviri chifocho, ULEZ inotsamira pamubatanidzwa mukuru unongoerekana wava nenhamba (ANPR) nezvinonzvera zvemhepo kuti zvimanikidzire kuwirirana uye kuvadziko yemwero. Kukura kwenenda yechekendi iyi yakanga iri chisarudzo chakananga kuLondon Mayor. Data inobva kune iyi ine chokuita neULY inokwenyuru inodzikira inodokuderera ne 50% muLondon pakati pemakore mana. Ufakazi ihwohwo, hwakaunganidzwa kupfurikidza nezvinoratidzwa nemoniro zvemo yemo yemota, zvinogovera nheyo yechokwadi nokuda kwomuitiro unovakwa.

Nomutoo mukuru, chikwata chinonzvera chinopawo mashoko kurukwakwa rwenhurikidzwa rwevoruzhinji .[FLT] Lodon Moyer Sernet (LAQN) [icho chinoratidzira kurava chaikwo kwenguva chaiyo kubva panzvimbo dzinopfuura 200. Uku kujeka kunobvumira vagari, vatsvakurudzi, uye vatori venhau kuyera kushanda kweULEZ. Chidzidzo chakajeka: Meya vanoisa muzvose zviri zviviri kunzvera nokujeka.

Kujeka Sechishandiso Chokushandisa

Kuvhura Mapepa Akanyorwa Nemabhodhi Akasiyana - siyana

Kuona mativi ane mavara enzvimbo dzinogadzirwa nemhepo kunobatira madonzo akawanda: kuzivisa mufambiro womunhu mumwe nomumwe (g., kudzivisa nzira dzakakwirira dzokushatisa), kunogonesa kutarisira chiito chehurumende, uye kugovera zvinhu zvisati zvanyorwa nokuda kwokunzvera kwedzidzo nemitemo. Mitemo yeMayoral inoraira kuti mazita avhure mumichina inooneka pasi perezerejimendi dzinovhurwa. Mukuru Manchester Exvened Authority[ inobudisa mashoko chaiwoiwo enhumbi dzemhepo dzinopfuudzwa nomumagedhiro, nemepu dzinoratidza mwero yezvinoshatiswa nenhau. Nomuto yeBristoricracracro inosi inosi yehofisi yavose muna 202222]

Zvikuva izvi zvinongoshanda chete pakuwana kwazvo. Semitezo inoshanda inoshandisa compset yakajeka (yakavakirwa paUK Daily Air Sernuty Index) uye inogovera mashoko anotsangura. Varonzi vanopa mari yokushandisa nokuda kwokuva neruzivo rwebasa uye kushandira nzanga vanovimbisa kuti mashoko haangogari pasendi asi anotochinja maitiro. Somuenzaniso, shopu yeBirmingham Cleoc Moneral yeCounty inobatanidza chikamu pa “zvinoreva nhamba nokuda kwoutano hwako,” chinobatanidza naNHS pamapoka anodzivirira vanhu.

Kubatanidzwa Munzanga Nokutarisira

Kupfuura mabhodhi apasi, mitemo yemeya inogona kusimudzira kuongororwa kwemifungo yemasangano enzvimbo dzinovimbwa nedziridzirwa. Iyi nzira inovaka chivimbo chavose ndokuzadza mibatanidzwa yehurumende. Leeds Clean Air Initive inobvumira mapoka enzanga kukwereta zvinhu zvemifungo kubva mumaraibhurari omunzvimbomo, chirongwa chinotsigirwa nebhajeti remariso youtano yavose yameya. Mashoko acho ipapo akaenzaniswa nokurava kwapamutemo, kubudisa ufakazi pamusoro pezvishatiso zvinopisa izvo zvirongwa zvehurumende zvakashaikwa.

Mayoral anotsigira gadziriro dzakadaro inoda kudisa kugamuchira mashoko asiri nyanzvi uye kugovera tsigiro yokubatanidza. Pasina tsigiro yameya, idzi nhanho dzinowanzosvava pashure pokunge mari yokutanga yapera. Mameya mashomanene akabatanidza mashoko esayenzi mushumo yehurumende, achisimbisa kuti kusununguka kukuita kuti zvinhu zvenzanga zvive nomutemo.

Kuzvidavirira Kupfurikidza Nokushuma

Mishumo yegore negore chinodikanwa chemitemo muLaQM, asi vanameya vanogona kupfuurira kupfurikidza nokubudisa kugadziridza kwepakati pegore, zvingwa, uye kunzvera kwenguva refu. Hofisi yeLondon inobudisa mativi ose “ AIR Mushumo wegore negore unoputsa kushatisa kupfurikidza nebumbiro renyika, chikamu chamanyuko, uye pesvedzero youtano. Iyi mwero woudzamende inobvumira masangano enzanga avanhu kufanana [[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]]] kuva nomutoro wemiganhu womusangano. Zvamazvirokwazvo, purofiti yashandisa shoo yapa pachena mashoko anodenha zviremera zvehurumende, kumanikidza chiito chedare.

Meya paanoramba kuorexiwa kwemashoko ($mokuvhara mashoko, kunonoka kubudiswa, kana kuti kushandisa nzira dzokuderedza nadzo kuvimbwa kwevanhu dzinooneka.) Somuenzaniso, muna 2020 mamwe matare akatanga kutsoropodzwa nokuda kwokubvisa mashoko mumichina inoiswa pedyo nemigwagwa, achipokanidza kuti akanga ari “asiri mumiririri.” Mitemo yeMayoral yairayira kubudiswa kwemashoko ose akaunganidzwa zviri pamutemo, netsananguro dzakajeka dzezvidiso, inokosha kuti achengeterwe kuvimbwa.

Miuyo Yakatanhamara: Vandudziko Dzokunaka Kwemhepo Dzakabatanidzwa Netsika

Uchapupu hunobva kuLondon, Birmingham, Manchester

Nzvero yakabudiswa mu [[FLT: 0] Environin Research Letters (2023) yakanzvera mashoko kubva kuLondon Air Ubureaty Network ndokuwana kuti NO2 muLondon pakati peLondon yakawa ne 49% ne20222, nemwero mukurusa yakaitika pashure pokukura kweULZ. Mubatanidzwa wechengeto wakanga wakaoma zvikuru kuisa chinjo kumutemo. Nzvero yakafanana neUniversity of Birmingham pa Birmam Chan Monetic Monetic [[] (inotangira mu2021] yakaratidza kuderera kwa202] mumatoonziro.

MuManchester, mutarisiri wemota akanonozeka kuitwa kwenzvimbo yemhepo yakachena nemhaka yokugovera nhau dzenhevedzano nedenho dzapamutemo, asi kunzvera mashoko kwakangoratidza kuvandudzika kubva mukukodzera kwamabhazi nokukura kwenzira dzinotenderera. Musiano neBristol . uko mudzori wemeya akamisa zvirongwa zvenzvimbo yemhepo yakachena (_panhamba makumi masere kuti zvematongerwe enyika achapesvedzera sei zvakananga. Mativi emhepo eBristol adzorol okurinda kubva muna 202222 [[FLT:]]] kuvandudziko duku mumugwagwa ] yakaenzaniswa nerongedzero dzenzvimbo yendege yedoko yedoko yeLondon kana kuti Miguro.

Kuenzanisa Nemaguta Ari Kuwedzera Kujeka

Haasati ari maguta ose eUK akabatira utungamiriri hwemota panzvimbo dzemhepo. Mudzimwe nharaunda umo meya dzine masimba asina simba guru kana kuti musengwa muduku wezvamatongerwe enyika, anonzvera masangano anoramba ari matete uye masvingo akaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, kusvikira misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, chiverengero chakati chenzvimbo dzemaguta maduku muNorth West aisava namashoko chaiwoiwo ePMS2. Pasinei zvapo netapuro dzakakomba dzoutano. 2021 dzakawanikwa neUK Clean Air Programme kuti 60% bedzi yezviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvaiva nenzvimbo inosvikirirwa navanhu vose. Muwa wacho wakanga wakakura zvikuru mumaguta asina mhara.

Uku kupesana kunobva pakuti kujeka kunofambisa chiito. Fundo inoitwa ne University of Sheffield (2022) yakaratidza kuti zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvine mashoko akanaka emhepo anowanika pachena zvaiva nebviro huru yokushandisa zviteshi zvakadai senzvimbo dzinoshandiswa zvishoma, migwagwa inovharwa, uye nhimbe dzinodzivisa kudzorwa kwechikoro. Muitiro wacho ungangoparira dzvinyiriro yavose nokuzvidavirira.

Zvinetso Nemhinganidzo Zvinoramba Zvichivapo

Kunaka Kwemashoko uye Kudzikamisa

Nepo meya achigona kukurumidzisa kuiswa kwemifungo, havagoni nguva dzose kuva nechokwadi choukombi hwemashoko. Zvinzwa zvepasi pevhu zvinowanzoratidzira kuwirirana kwapamusana pemvura nemimwe migasi, kubudisa zvinhu zvenhema. Pasina mutemo wekodi wokubatanidza, mashoko anobva mumaguta akasiyana - siyana haana kuenzana. AIRS] Shoults neMonitoring Systems [ mushumo ne Department for Environment, Food & Unical Affairs (Defra) yakaona kuti mirangariro yakawanda yomunzvimbomo yaiva noururamiko yePFS inoenzaniswa nehesiro. Miteko yemikoro yemiitiro inofanira kuraira nguva dzose nezvinoratidzirwa zvenheteko dzenho uye kubudisa kusava.

Rimwe denho kushaikwa kwegadziriro yenyika yakabatana nokuda kwokuona. Nepo DEFRA UK Moer Selment Information System (UK-AQIS) aggrein data inobva mumanyuko akawanda, hakudi kuti zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvinamate pamupimo wemitemo yemetamende yakafanana. Ikoku kukuita kuti vagari vemo vakuvere kuenzanisa kunaka kwemhepo yeguta ravo navamwe. Mayrs aigona kutsigira magadzirirwo enhau dzakazarudzo dzakazarukira, dzakadai seOGC Disocial API API.

Mikaha Yokushandisa Nokutenderera Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mayoral inodzorwa nezvirongwa zvehurumende nechizvarwa chemari yomunzvimbomo. Mibatanidzwa yokuongorora inoda kugadziridzwa kupfuurira, kuripirwa kwadzo, uye vashandi. Kuchinja kweutungamiriri hwemeya kunogona kudzongonyedza mari. Somuenzaniso, pashure pesarudzo yemoya muna 2021, chiremera chimwe chakabatanidzwa chakaderedza bhajeti yacho yemitemo ne 15%, zvichitungamirira kukubvisa misiyano yemanyuko akawanda anonongedzera kumunhu. Izvi zvakaparira mukaha wemadata usati wazadzwa. Kudzivirira pamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, mamwe maguta akatanga mabhodhi endege akazvimirira nemari inotambirwa mari yehomwe, asi izvi hazviwanzowaniki.

Kuvimba Kwavose Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Apo mashoko anobudiswa asi asingatsanangurwi, anogona kupfuudzira. Muna 2022, dzimwe nhau dzenzanga dzinodudzirwa zvisina kufanira zvikamu zvipfupi muPM.2.5 kubva kunzvimbo dzinodzima moto dzomunomunzvimbomo seufakazi hwokuti nzvimbo dzemhepo dzakachena dzakanga dzichikundikana. Mitemo yeMayoral inofanira kubatanidza gadziriro yekurukurirano yavose iyo inobvisa kusanzwisisana kwakadaro kwapamberi pezvisakiso zvakadaro. Somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokuisa pachena zvisakiso zvezvipo zvakacherekedzwa pamabhodhi. UK Health Security Agement [ inogovera nhungamiro pamusoro pemipimo yemipimo yemhepo, asi vanameya vanofanira kuishandisa.

Nzira Iri Mberi: Zvinokurudzirwa Mumaguta eUK

Marobhoti Ezvidhori Zvenyika

Majeta anofanira kuronga gadziriro dzavo dzokuongorora ne Air Monitorting Strategy yeEngland [2023] uye iripo [ . Masangano anogovera nhungamiro yezvokuyera uye hova dzinobvira dzemari kupfurikidza ne [FLT] Mooxy Umbical Control Service Grant[. Kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi muDefra’s station Reference Network[[FLT:]], shoo yeguta rinowana kuvimbika uye riri nyore kuenzanisa nyika dzose.

Kubatana Nesayenzi Yezvekudzidza Nezvevagari Vemo

Zvisarudzo zvakadai seYunivhesiti yeBirmingham, King’s College London, uye University of Manchester vane unyanzvi hwakadzama mukuchinja mirangariro nenzvero yemidziyo. Mayags anogona kutsigira gadziriro dzokunzvera kwakabatana idzo dzinoyera kuitwa kwemifungo yakaderera uye kuvamba mifananidzo inofanonyorwa. [[FLT:] Mukurusa Manchester Cleanmor Plan [FLD] inobatanidza kushandira pamwe neYunivhesiti yeManchester kuti ishatiso. Nenzira yakafanana, zvirongwa zvesayenzi zvevagari vemo se [[FLT:] Mappy] zvinoendicero yeChaunga chakakurumbira muLondon neSheffield zvinogona kukwira nokutsigira tsigiro yameyameya.

Kugadziriswa Kwemitemo: Nzvimbo Dzinonatswa Nemhepo

Kunzvera nokuona hakugumiri pachako pachako. Majenya anogona kubatanidza kuongorora kwakawedzerwa nemiitiro yematunhu echinzvimbo se zero-emissistion nharaunda, mugwagwa wechikoro unovharwa[, uye [[FLT:]] purogiramu dzinobatsira mabhazi namatekisi . Pashure pokuongorora mijeketi yezvinosvibisa, mameya anofanira kuva nedangaradzi rakarongwa rekare rekugadziridza madavidzo: kuteraradza, shonge giriro yegirini, kana kuti kudzika kwechirongwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nokujekerwa kukuru pakati pemateji neteji.

Kupfuurirazve, vanameya vanogona kuisa zvisakiso zvemashoko zvinooneka sorutivi rwemirayiro yavo mikuru. Somuenzaniso, kuronga kubudisa mashoko paawa kubva kunenge 95% yenzvimbo dzose dzokuongorora mukati memaawa 24, neshanduro yavose. Vashomanene veUK Meya vakatosaina Apply mearter Office , vachikwidziridza kuita kuti mashoko ose akanaka emhepo awanike pachena. Kuwedzera kugamuchira mitemo yakadaro kungawedzera kuzvidavirira ndokugonesa kuenzanisa maguta.

“Kuzvidzora hakusati kuri bedzi pamusoro pokubudisa mashoko; kuri kuda kuita kuti mashoko iwayo ave ane revo nokuda kwenzanga. Meya anobata kurinda kwenhumbi sebasa ravose anosimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu noutano hwavanhu vose panguva imwe cheteyo. ” — Dr. Ben Barratt, King’s College London

mhedziso

Mitemo yeMayoral muUK ine tapuro isingarambiki pakunzvera mhepo yeguta nokuona. Kubva pakuoma kwezviteshi zvenhevedzo kusvika pakureruka kwemichina yezvekunaya yesayenzi yavose netsigiro yevagari vemo yeSayenzi, utungamiriri hwemameya hunosarudza kana mashoko emhepo akasimba, uye anoshanda. Ufakazi hweLondon, Birmingham, uye Manchester hunoratidza kuti vanameya vanoshanda vanogona kufambisa zvakanaka mukuvandudza mumhepo, nepo maguta ane utungamiriri husina kusimba zvikuru ari shure. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinopfuurira (jekazhenga remote, mari, uye kuvirira kwavose.) kupfurikidza nokubatanidza zvivako zvavagari vemo, kuyanana nevo vomunyika, uye kuongorora kupindira kwemiitiro yezviito zvinooneka, UK anogona kuchinja kuva chishandiso chesimba zvikuru nokuda kwezvishandiso zvinochenesa zveguta.