Migumisiro Yakaoma Yemitemo Yemari Pamari Yomunzvimbomo

Gakava pamusoro pemitemo inotambira mari shoma riri pakati pekuramba nokuparadzana kukurusa mumitengo yezvemari. Nokuda kwekutaura kwose kuti mubhadharo wakakwirira unobvisa mhuri muurombo, kune chinyime chokuti inoparadza mabasa okupinda napakati. Kusarudza kupfurikidza nenziyo kunoda kunzvera kwakajeka kuti iyi mitemo inodzorwa chaizvoizvo sei munzanga chaidzoidzoidzo. Kwete munzvero dzemipimo inodzorwa nemitemo mishomanene, miuyo yayo yakatsiviwa neyakashata paupfumi hwomunyika, uye miitiro inotema kana wedzero inowana kuti wedzero inova betsero yebetsero kana kuti mutoro.

Ndeipi Mitemo Miduku Inodzorwa?

Mitemo mishomanene yemibhadharo yehurumende iUriri hwemari yehurumende paawa. Inoda vashandirwi kubhadhara vashandi vakafukidzwa inenge mwero waidzongedzerwa neawa. Mubhadharo wokutanga wazvino uno muUnited States wakatangwa neFair Labor Standard Act ya1938, iyo inogadza uriri hwenyika hwe $0.25 paawa. Nhasi, mutemo wehurumende unogadza mari inotanhanhanhanhanhanhama ye $7.25 paawa, asi nyika 30 nemakumi matatu emaguta aita mwero yakakwirira. Donzo guru rinoramba riripo: kuvimbisa kuti basa rakazara rinogovera mupimo mukuru wokurarama uye kuderedza kusaenzana kwemidzano.

Iyi mitemo inoshanda pamwero inoverengeka. Hurumende dzehurumende dzeFederal, dzehurumende, uye dzemanisiparati imwe neimwe inogona kugadza uriri hwayo imene, nemwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wakapararira munzvimbo ipi neipi yakapiwa. Ikoku kunoparira basa rakawanda rehurumende dzinoripira mari shomanene munyika. Somuenzaniso, nepo mwero wehurumende unoramba uri $7,25, mubhadharo muduku muSeattle, Washington, unosvitsa inopfuura $19 paawa nokuda kwavashandi. Kunzwisisa migariro yemari yomunzvimbomo kunokosha kuyera kuti wedzero yakati yemari ichatapura sei nzanga iyoyo.

Nhoroondo Nemamiriro Ezvinhu Achiri Kuitika

Ukoshi chaihwoihwo hwemari shoma yehurumende hwakaderera zvikuru chifo chapamusoro chayo muna 1968, apo yakanga yakaenzana ne $12 paawa mumari yanhasi. Uku kukwevera kwakakuchidzira masangano akafanana neHondo ye $15 (Z $15), iyo inotsigira nokuda kwe $5 (Z $56) yemari yehurumende. Mumhinduro, maguta mazhinji nehurumende akaedza kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, kazhinji kazhinji kuratidzira wedzero yenguva yemberi yokudzivisa kuderera kwedenderedzwa kwomunguva yemberi. Muitiro wokukuwedzera kwemitengo yepasi pose wakaparira upfumi hwenzvero dzemusikirwo nokuda kwenzvero dzokufunda.

Maindasitiri Anoita Zvokugadzira Zvinhu: Kuchinjwa Kunoitwa Mabharaki

Rondedzero yezvemari yeClassical inodeya kutaura kuti kukwidza mari shoma inoderedza basa. Mumusika webasa wakakwana wemakwikwi, mutengo wapamusoro pemari inotambirwa unotungamirira kumuraudzo yebasa nerokuti vashandi vakawanda vanoda mabasa kupfuura vanobhadharwa. Zvisinei, mari yevashandi vemazuva ano inoziva kuti misika yevashandi chaiyo haiwanzokwikwikwidziridzi. Vashandirwi vangava nesimba rokutengesa mari pamusoro pemari inobhadharwa, zvikurukuru mumaindasitiri kana kuti mumisika miduku yebasa. Muchinoitika ichocho, kuwedzera kwapashomanene yemari inogona kukwidziridza basa kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira makambani kuti abhadhare mari yemakwikwi, kuchideredza mano avo okushandisa simba renyika inodzo.

Uyu muenzaniso unofanirwa nechinhu chinokosha chinonzi kururamisa kwokufungidzira nokuda kwemitemo inobhadharwa zvishoma. Inokarakadza kuti tapuro dzebasa dzinojeka uye dzinotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Mubvunzo wekupererwa basa ipapo unova: kumuitiro, kurasikirwa nebasa kwakakura sei kune chokuita nemhindu dzinowanikwa navashandi vakaderera? Kuwedzera kwokuwedzera kuri pakati nepakati kunoratidza kuti hapana migumisiro yakaipa yebasa, nepo kukwira kwemasvosve okukurumidza kunogona kuparira kurasikirwa nebasa. Mutezo wemari womunzvimbomo (api noupi) mubatanidzwa wokurarama, mutengo wemari inotambiswa. Kutengeswa kwebasa kusingadzorengwi zvikuru.

Migumisiro Yakanaka Yemari Inowedzera Paupfumi Hwemo

Apo mibhadharo yakatarwa inokwira, tapuro yakananga zvikurusa iwedzero mumari inowanwa navashandi vane mari shoma. Aya madhora okuwedzera anowanzoshandiswa nokukurumidza, achitenderera muupfumi hwomunharaunda uye achiparira muuyo wezvemari. Pasi apa ndidzo betsero dzinonyorwa zvikurusa.

Kuwedzera Kwemari Inotengeswa Nemigumisiro Yakawanda Yomunzvimbomo

Vashandi vari pamubhadharo muduku kana kuti pedyo nemari shoma zvikuru vane mirangariro mishoma yokushandisa. Vanopedza yakawanda yemari yavo yokuwedzera pazvinhu nemabasa zvomunzvimbomo ne("groceries), rendi, kutarisira vana, zvokufambisa, uye zvokudya. Uku kupedza mari inowedzerwa nokuda kwamabhizimisi omunzvimbomo, uko kungazopinza vashandi vakawanda kana kuti kuisa mari mukuwedzera. Fundo yakaitwa ne Féral Reserve Bank of Chicago[[FL:1] yakawana kuti mumishavo umo hurumende imwe yakakwidza mari shomanene, mishavo namabasa ezvokudya munyika yakakwirira yakaona kuwedzera mukuumbwa kwebasa namabasa. Nenzira yakafanana, kunzvera pamubhadharo muduku zvikuru wavashandi vehoterasi, uye kuderera kwemitengo, pasinei uwandurirwa muduruwa waro, mudurutsiro mukuru.

Kuderera Kwechinjo Yebasa Nendyiko Dzokurovedza

Mibayiro yakakwirira inowedzera kukwezva kwebasa, uko kunoderedza kurega kwokuzvidira. Nokuda kwavashandirwi vazhinji, zvikurukuru mushopu nomugamuchiri, mutengo mukuru. Kusimuka kumwe nokumwe kunoda kunyoreswa, kuongororwa, uye kurovedzwa, kazhinji kazhinji kunodya 15% kusvikira ku 20% yomubhadharo womushandi wegore negore. Kupfurikidza nokukwidza mibhadharo, mafemu anogona kuchengeta vashandi vane ruzivo rwakareba zvikuru, izvo zvinovandudza basa rokugadzirwa nokugadzirwa kwavashandi. [FLT: 0] Kufunda mu [FLT] Journal of Human Resources [[ kwakawana kuti kuwedzera kwe 10% yomubhadharo muduku kwakatungamirira ku 1,5% kudzikisiro inosvika ku2% mukuvadziko yakaderera.

Urombo Hunoderedzwa uye Kuchengeteka Kunowana

Wedzero shomanene ichishandiswa chinorwisa urombo. Kunyange zvazvo vawani vazhinji vemibhadharo mishomanene vasati vari mumhuri dzine urombo (vanowanzova vachiri kuyaruka kana kuti vawani vemari yechipiri), goverano huru vakuru vakuru vanotsigira mhuri. Nhevedzo yeGwaro remari yeZvokubhajeti [ yakakarakadza kuti kukwidziridza mari shomanene yehurumende kumari inobhadharwa kuva $5 000 000 kugona kubvisa murombo. Kunyange kubetsera kune mwero kunoderedza kuvimba nepurogiramu dzeyamuro yavose dzakadai seSNOP neMedicaid, kunochengeta mari yomutero. MuSan Francisco neChicago, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuderera kwemitengo mumakore anotevera mari yomunzvimbomo.

Kudzidza Nyaya: Kuedza Kuduku KwaSeattle

Seattle yakawedzera kusvika ku $55 paawa, yakaitwa muna 2014, yakaongororwa zvikuru. Nzvero yapakuvamba ne yeWashington[ yakawana kuti pashure pokunge wedzero yokutanga ye $9.47 kusvika $11, mari yeavhareji yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, asi yakashanda yakaderera zvikuru, zvichitungamirira kukuderera kwakaderera kwemari yose yavashandi. Zvisinei, gare gare yakawana kuti pakasvika nguva apo kuwanda kwe $15 yenhamba yakakwana, mari yavashandi vemari yakaderera yakanga yawedzera, uye basa muchikamu chokudyira zvokudya rakaramba richichengetwa. Chinokosha chakanga chiri chokuti kugadzirwa kwapazati kubvumirwa zvishoma nezvishoma, kuderedza apo mari yaiwanika.

Migumisiro Yakashata Yokuwedzera Kwemari

Izvi zvinowanzoenderana nokuti kukura uye kukurumidza kwakaita zvinhu, maindasitiri, uye utano hwemari zviri munyika yacho ndizvo zvakakura sei.

Kuderedza Basa Nokuzvidzora

Chinonyanya kunetsa kurasikirwa nebasa. Kana mari yebasa yakwira, vashandirwi vangaderedza vashandi kana kuti maawa, kana kuti vangaisa mari muruzivo rwokugadzira zvokudya zvinokurumidza. Somuenzaniso, maketani ezvokudya anokurumidza akatanga mari yokuzvidadira sedavidzo kumari shoma inotambirwa nevezvemari paUniversity yeCalifornia, Irvine, akawana kuti avhareji yokutsvetuka iri inenge 0, kureva kuwedzera kwe 10% mumari inotakurwa basa ne1%. Migumisiro yakawanda inoziviswa nokuda kwevechiduku navashandi vakadzidza zvishoma. MuNew York City, zvimwe zvitoro zviduku zvinoshumwa paUniversity yemass stars uye interromending pashure pomubairo wemari yakakwira kusvika ku $15.

Mutengo Unowedzerwa uye Migumisiro Yakapfuma

Mabhizimisi anowanzopfuudza ndyiko dzamabasa dzakakwirira kuvatengi. Ikoku kunogona kuparira kukwira kwemitengo kwomunzvimbomo, zvikurukuru mumanharaunda ebasa kufanana nezvokudya nenzvimbo dzokugara. MuChicago, imwe fundo yeChicago yakawana kuti mitengo yeresitorendi yakakwira neanenge 0,3% nokuda kwewedzero ye 1% iri yose yomubhadharo muduku. Nepo kukwira kwemitengo kuduku kunodzorwa, kukura kana kuti kudzokororwa kunogona kubvisa simba chairoiro rokutenga ravashandi vamene mutemo unorehwa kubetsera kubetsera / kunyanya kana mubhadharo muduku usingarengwi kukukwira.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Mabhizimisi Maduku uye Mararamiro Evanhu

Mabhizimisi maduku, mapfupi emomo anowanzoshanda pamicheto mitete. Kukwira mubhadharo kwakamwe kamwe kunogona kuvamanikidzira kuvhara, kuderedza mhatsa yezvitoro nemabasa zvomunzvimbomo. MuOakland, California, fundo yakaitwa neInstitute for Research on Labor and Workers yakawana kuti pashure pewedzero shomasa yeguta, mabhizimisi ebasa akaderera munzvimbo dzinowanikwa mari shomanene angavhara zvikuru kupfuura mabhizimisi ari mumaguta ari pedyo. Ikoku kunogona kubvisa makoridhi ezvokutengeserana ndokuderedza zvirongwa zvebasa nokuda kwavagari vemo pasina motokari kana kuti kukwanisa kufambisa.

Fundo Yechakaitika: Mhando Yezvokudya Inokurumidza yeNew York yainzi Hike

Chisarudzo chakaitwa muNew York 2016 chokukwidziridza mari shoma yaibhadharwa vashandi vepanguva duku yezvokudya kuti ive nenharo huru. Mashoko okutanga eUniversity of California, Berkeley akaratidza kuti mari yakawedzera zvikuru, uye mabasa akatowedzera mukambani ine chokuita nedzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, kuongorora kwakatevera kubva kuCornell University kwakaratidza kuti varidzi vakaderedza maawa ose uye vakawana vashandi vashoma. Mugumisiro wemari yose yaidiwa wakanga wakanaka, asi dzimwe nzvimbo dzepashure dzakanyangarika, zvichiita kuti vana vaduku vasina ruzivo rwokuwana basa rokutanga vaome.

Kudzikamisa Migumisiro Yacho: Chii Chinotema Kana Chibayiso Chichiduku Chichishanda?

Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kufunga zvinhu zvinoverengeka kuti vade kuderedza kukuvadzwa uye kuwedzera mari yavanowana kana vaona kuti mamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbo yacho anobatsira.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvemari Nokubudirira Kwebasa

Muupfumi hunobudirira nourovha hwakaderera, mabhizimisi anokwanisa zvikuru kuwana wedzero yemibayiro nemhaka yokuti ava kutokwikwidza nokuda kwebasa duku. Mukuderera kwemari, wedzero imwe cheteyo ingabviswa. Wedzero yemari yakatarwa muna 2019 yakaitika mukati menhambo yokukura kwakasimba, uye miuyo yebasa yakanga isingatarisi.

Mutengo Wokuchinja - chinja Kwenzvimbo

Mubhadharo wakaderera we $15 muMissississippi unobatira zvikuru kupfuura muSan Francisco, umo $15 iri pasi pemubhadharo wokurarama. Nharaunda dzemari dzakakwirira dzinoda mari shoma zvikuru kuti dzigovere mupimo mukuru wokurarama, asi dzinewo misika yavashandi yakapfava zvikuru uye kugadzirwa kwemitengo mirefu. Kudzorwa kwamari shomanene kumutengo wemari inotengwa neinorarama ihomberi inowedzera zvikuru. Mamwe maguta, akadai seMinneapolis, akagamuchira uriri hunotambira pasi hunochinja nokukwira nokukwira kwemitengo, kuchideredza kudikanwa kwemitengo.

Kurangarira Kukuru Kwezvemaindasitiri

Makambani akasiyana - siyana anobvuma zvakasiyana. Chikamu chokugadzira chinogona kazhinji kazhinji kutora mari inowedzera kupfurikidza nemhindu dzokuita basa, nepo vatengesi navagamuchiri vachitarisana nenzvimbo dzakasimba zvikuru. Mamwe makambani, akadai sezvokutarisira utano hwepamusha nokutarisira vana, anotsamira zvikuru pamwero wemari inodzorwa navanhu; kana ayo asingakwidziri nomubhadharo wakaderera, migove ingarega bhizimisi kana kuti kubatira vatengi vashomanene. Vagadziri vemitengo vanofanira kurangarira wedzero yakarongwa uye, apo kunobvira, kugovera mari inobhadharwa kana kuti chikwereti zvemitero kuvashandi vaduku zvikuru.

Kutsiva uye Kutsigira Tsika

Mitemo mishoma inoshanda zvakanaka kana ikabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzirisa urombo uye kusaenzana kwevashandi.

Vaiwana Mutero Wavaiwana (Eitc)

MaEITC ehurumende navakawanda vehurumende anowedzera mari inotambirwa navashandi vanotambira mari shomanene pasina kukwidziridza ndyiko. Kusafanana nemubhadharo muduku, EITC haisati ichiparira tapuro dzebasa. Nzvero inokarakadza kuti mubatanidzwa wemari shomanene ine mwero uye EITC ine rupo inoshanda zvikuru mukuderedza urombo kupfuura mutoo upi noupi woga. Somuenzaniso, Washington DC. vanoronga mari yaro inotambira mari shoma ye $17 yeEITC yomunzvimbomo.

Mari Yavose Nemibato Yemari

Vamwe vezvemari vanotsigira kuchinjwa kwakananga kwemari sechinotsiva chipfupi kune mitero mishomanene. Mari huru yepasi pose (UBI) inopa mari kuvagari vose pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yebasa, kudzivisa basa rinoshambadzwa chose chose. Nepo UBI ichiri kuedza, miedzo miduku yechikwiriso muStockton, California, uye Finland inoratidza miuyo yakanaka pakugara zvakanaka uye kusakuvadza basa.

Mugumisiro: Chiridzwa Chakagadzirwa Nokungwarira

Mitemo mishomanene inodzorwa haisati iri chinhuwo zvacho. Miuyo yayo inokwira muupfumi hwomunharaunda munzira dzinotsamira pakukura kwewedzero, kumhanya kwokuita, utano hwemitengo yebasa, uye muvhenganiswa weindasitiri. Ufakazi hunoratidza kuti kuwedzera kwemibayiro yakaderera kunogona kukwidziridza mipimo mishomanene yemari yomunzvimbomo pasina kurasikirwa nebasa. Asi kukwidza kwokudenha, zvikurukuru mumhoteredzo dzemari dzakaneta kana kuti muzvikamu zvisina kusimba, kunogona kupesana nokuderedza basa, kukwidza mitengo, uye kukuvadza mabhizimisi chaiwo ayo nzanga dzinochengeta. Kusvika kunobudirira zvikurusa kukwira pamwero nemitengo inowirirana nemitengo inowirirana seEITC, kuzivisa mari inobhadharwa yomunzvimbomo yokurarama nokukwira kwemari, uye kurangarira kupfuurira kuoneka. Vatungamiriri vemo vanofanira kutarira kupfuura kuderedza nokukwidza nokuwana mari yavo uye kushambadza mari yavo vamene kuti vashande mabhizimisi avo ose vari vashakire.