Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Mitemo yeHurumende Yemapurisa Kuziva Ruzivo Rwokuongorora

Ruzivo rwokuziva vanhu rwakatanga seimwe yedzine simba guru-guru(FRT). Nokufanana kana kuti kunyorwa kwemifananidzo inopesana nemasero avanhu vanozivikanwa, makambani emapurisa anogona kuzivisa vanonyumwira, kuwana vanhu vanoshaikwa, kana kuti kusimbisa kuzivikanwa mumasekondi. Asi ruzivo rumwe cheterwo runokurumidzisa kuongorora zvinhu zvikuru pamusoro pezvakavanzika, tsvusvusvusvudzo dzedzinza, uye bviro yehurumende ingagona kudzoreka iripo. MuUnited States, umo nhungamiro yehurumende inoramba iri mishomanene, matare ehurumende azova nzvimbo huru yokurwisa mitemo inodzora mapurisa anoshandisa FRT. Nyaya ino inonzverawo mamiriro ezvinhu azvino anonzvera pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende, uye kurukurirano huru ichaumba miitiro yomunguva yemberi.

Kunzwisisa Ruzivo Rwokuzivikanwa Nevanhu Mubasa Ramapurisa

Masangano ezvokuziva anotsamira pamaatomu akadzika okudzidza maatomu akasiana emirairo yemaziso, mamiriro erushaya rwenhabvu, mativi emichero yematama(aienzanisa kuti tenderendi inorwisana nemifananidzo inowirirana nehurumende kana kuti mapepa ezvokutengeserana. Masangano emitemo anochengeta anoisa FRT munzira dzinoverengeka: kuongorora mitaro yemirairo yavose, kuenzanisa mapikicha emutyairi ereze, uye kumhanya kubva mumichina yemichina inodzivirira mirayiridzo. Kubudirira kukuru, sokuzivisa kufungira vana vanobatwa nechimupumburu chetsotsi nemhuri dzavo dzenyika, kudzorwa. Zvisinei, kuongorora kwokuzvimirira neNational Institute of Discovementation neTechnology (PRIST) kwakawanazverwa nenzira dzakadzorwazve vanhu vazhinji muruvara ruvara rwezvokutengeserana, sokunyuko rwava rwechinyakare, kupfumiteve, kutungamirira kumiteveridzi vakura zvikuru.

Madhipatimendi emapurisa anowanzodzivirira FRT seimwezve nhungamiro yokunzvera, kwete mutongo wokupedzisira. Vanopikisa kuti mawirirano anoshandiswa zvikurukuru kuparira chisakiso chinobvira, kwete soufakazi husingachinjiki. Asi mapoka erusununguko rwavagari vemo, kubatanidza ACLU neElectronic Frontial Foundation, anodzivirira kuti kunyange mupimo unobvira unogona kutungamirira kukusungwa kwenhema apo maatombhisiti ane zvikanganiso. Vanonongedzera kuzvinoitika zvakafanana nezvaRobert Williams, murume Mutema akasungwa nenzira isina kururama muna Detroit pashure pokuzivikanwa kwechiso muraise. Zviitiso zvakadaro zvine vambi vemitemo yehurumende kuti vaite apo Congresssion isati yashata.

Mutongo Wehurumende

Nemhaka yokuti United States haina mutemo wehurumende wakakwana paFRT, maruwa akagamuchira mitoo yakasiana nenzira youpengo. Dzimwe dzakaisa zvirambidzo zvakananga kana kuti ganhuriro, nepo dzimwe dzakagadza zvinodikanwa zvemirayiro zvenyika ($wardedated), mishumo yokuona, kuongorora kwemirangariro, kusarura nokusarangarira(uye vashomanene vakasiya mapurisa akasununguka kushandisa ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu noutarisiri huduku. Muuyo inzvimbo yapamutemo yakakamukana inoita kuti zvipikire vatengesi vemichina nedziviriro dzisina kufanira nokuda kwavagari vemo.

Nyika Dzine Ganhuriro Dzakasimba Zvikurusa

[[NT.] .Massachusetts akapfuudza mumwe wemitemo inoganhurira zvikurusa yenyika muna 2020, achirambidza mapurisa namasangano avose kushandisa FRT chose chose kutoti panotaurwa pachena ibvumidza. Chibvumikiso ichocho hachina kuuya, nenzira inobudirira kugadzira horochator inoramba ichishanda. Mutemo unorambidzawo kushandiswa kwekuzivikanwa kwechiso muchirango nokurongerwa. [[FLT:]VT]VT yakatevera nzira yakafanana, pamutemo unodzora kubva pakushandisa FRT kunze kwemigariro miduku seisingasviki seishaiwiri nedare rinotenderwa. [FLT]

Nyika Nezvinodikanwa Zvinoda Kurwa Nemitemo Yokutarisira

Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvakarega kupfupikisa ganhuriro asi zvakagadza mabhawa makuru ezvigadziko. New York muna 2021 zvaida mapurisa kuwana maruramiro pamberi pokushandisa FRT nokuda kwedonzo ripi neripi rokunzvera, kunze kwemigariro yakafanana nokubiwa kwavanhu. Mutemo wakagadzirawo kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo yesomuso kuti uhwirudzure nokunzvera kururama. [[[FLT:]] Shatton[[FLT]] yakapfuudza mutemo muna 202020 unoda sangano rinoshandisa FRT kubudisa marudzi ose escan anoshandiswa, mwero yeminoloji inoparira kuwanda, mwero yezviverengero zvakasiana nezviwiriranwa. Iyi inoparirawo. [FFFFFFFU]

Nyika Dzinobvumira Kushandisa Nechiedza

, kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchirambidza kugoverana mashoko iwayo nezviremera zvehurumende zvokubuda munyika. FLORIDA inomirira mugumo unoregerera zvikuru wenzvimbo. Texas inobvumira zvakajeka mapurisa kushandisa FRT parezenisi yomutyairi uye mifananidzo, kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchirambidza kugoverana mashoko iwayo nezviremera zvokupinda munyika. Florida haina nyika ino inorambidza asi inokurudzira madhipatimendi kuti awane mipimo yokuzvidira nokuda kwokushuma zvakarurama. Mumashandiro, madhipati emapurisa akawanda eFlorida, sePinellas County Sheriffat, anoshandisa Offices Offices Offices nguva dzose nokuda kwemifananidzo uye kuzivikanwa. [FLT:] . GENIANCOS inobvumira mugariro wayo wokunzvera kunzvera kwemitengo inodzorwa yemitengwa kwemitengo inoshato yeProgit, inoshatsa mira kusharamisiro yemijeko yemioti inosha.

Kutapura Kunoita Mitemo Yehurumende Patsika Dzechisimba

Muuyo wapakarepo wemitemo yehurumende inoganhurira wave uri kuderera mukushandiswa kwamasangano emapurisa anozviisa pasi pemitemo iyoyo. MuMassachusetts, kurambidzwa kwakakwana kwakamanikidzira nenzira inobudirira uko kwakachinjira muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kwakadai seBoston Police Department .Kuvimba nemitoo yakare yokunzvera yakafanana nemitsetse yemirayiridzo yemirayiridzo yakarongwa. Nepo mapoka ehurumende ehurumende anochengeta mari achipemberera kuderera mukunzvera, vamwe vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanonetseka pamusoro pokunzvera kwenguva refu kana kuti kushaikwa kwenhau. Nzvero dza 2023 dzakawanikwa nePolice Profeciti ExFortution Forum dzakawana kuti masangano ari mumitengova 40% okushuma inoshandisa FRTS idzo mumashoko okuregeredza. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwachowo akacherekedza kuti masangano iwayo akanga asina kuderera mumitengo yamasimba makuru nokuda kweutsotsi.

Muzvikamu zvine zvinodikanwa, mapurisa aitofanira kugadziridza kushanda kwawo. Kuwana murairo wokutonga kunotora nguva(kazhinji) uye kunoda mupimo wakajeka zvikuru kupfuura kungoenzanisa. Mamwe madhipatimendi akagamuchira nezviso zvisati zvashandiswa nemaoko pamberi pokukumbira rugwaro, nepo mamwe akachinja kushandisa bedzi zviitiko zvekubiwa kwemunhu kana kuti tyisidziro dzemagandanga. Kunzvera kunobudiswa muJournal of Law & Technology kwakawana kuti rugwaro-rectrement yakaona kuderera kwe 25% mumibvunzo yakaderera (g., chiratidzo pamusoro pemhosva duku) asi pasina kuderera mumifungo yamasimba masimba. Ikoku kunokarakadza kuti rugwaro runokosha kunze kwekunzvera kusina mutengo kwakakomba.

Nenzira yakapesana, munyika dzine utarisiri hushomanene, FRT yazova yakadzika midzi mumapurisa ezuva nezuva. muFlorida, mamwe masangano anofambisa makamera ependizi kupfurikidza neFRT kuti aongorore zviso zvavatyairi navatakurwi munguva chaiyoiyo. Vatsoropodzi vanoramba rudzi urwu rwe “kunzvenga” kutonhora kwokutaura kwakasununguka uye kusadzongonyedza nomutoo wakaipa zvikuru , uko mwero yemhoshoro iri yakakwirira zvikuru. Kunzvera kubva kuGeorgetown Lawn Center on Ancy & Technology kwakawana kuti mumitestry, vanhu veBlack vakanga vari pamusoro pemite inowirirana nekatatu kupfuura vanhu vachena kuti vareverwe nenhema negadziriro dzeFRT. Uku kushatanura uku kwazova chibvumikiso chikuru chezviito zvehurumende.

Matambudziko Apamutemo Neazvokugadzira Zvinhu Achiripo

Kunyange uko mitemo yakasimba inogara iripo, kuchengetwa nokuteerera zvinoramba zvakaoma. Mitemo yakawanda inoda kuedzwa kwerusarura, asi hakuna mupimo wehurumende weinoumba kururama kunogamuchirika. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) yakabudisa mitemo mikuru yokuedza, uye dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakashandisa zvikwangwa zveNhist seimwe yemitemo yavo yokuwana. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runochinja nokukurumidza kupfuura murairo (jeresarudzo) inochinja maadiscro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, ichikuita kuti kuomere kuti mitumbi ichengetedze kufambirana. Mushumo wa2024 kubva kuHurumende yeAccoun Accolation Office wakawanwa kuti hafu yezvikamu zvapamutemo zvakatonge zvomene pamutemo zvakaitwa kunzvera kupera makore maviri apfuura.

Imwe nhau isina kugadziriswa ishandisiswa “kudzivirira kwapachivande kana kuti mapepa akagoverwa. Nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumira mapurisa kuvhura mapikicha erezenisi okutyaira, mabhii, uye mifananidzo inobva kusociation. (kazhinji kazhinji pasina kubvumira kwomunhu). Vatsigiri verusununguko rwevagari vemo vanotaura kuti izvi zvinoita kuti pave nepurogiramu yemasangano ezvehurumende inodzivirira vanhu vomunyika yose. Illinois Bumetric Information Act inokwanisa kuwana mashoko ezvepamutemo akarongwa nemakambani ehurumende, zvakadai sehotera kana kuti mahotera, mahotera, pasina gwaro.

Ururami hunorambawo huri chinhu chinofambiswa. Nepo kunzvera kunoratidza kuti maatomu ezvokutengeserana akanakisisa akavandudzika zvikuru. Nhamba dzenhema dzemimwe miitiro dzakaderera pasi pe 0.1% nokuda kwamapoka ose avagari vemo kubvira muna 2018/82 migumisiro yacho yakavakirwa pamifananidzo inodzorwa nerabhoritari. Mitengo yenyika chaiyo (poto yejeni, kamera dzinodzikira, mazasikirini ezuva) dzinoderedza kushanda. Uyezve, 20222 yefundo inobva ku MIT Media Lab yakawana kuti kunyange marimoriti yepamusoro yakanga yakarurama zvikuru apo vana kana kuti mitengo yakwegura. Jason Schultz, mutungamiriri wewite weNU Techology Law & Policlec, anotsinhira kuti: “Ivhurati yezuva rinotsamira pakururama kunopera. Vagadziri vemite vanotsvaka kuvakazve kunyura zuva.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Zviri Mberi Nokuda Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Rumuko runotevera rwomutemo wehurumende rungangonangidzira ngwariro panharaunda nhatu: kunzvera chaikoiko kwenguva, utariri hwakazvimirira, uye ganhuriro dzemitemo. Nenguva ino, vagadziri vemitemo mu Minnesota uye ineta yomubatanidzwa [ yakatanga zvibvumirano zvokurambidza kushandiswa kwezviso zvinopfuurira munzvimbo dzavose, zvinowanzonzi “kunzvera” navatsoropodzi. Zvikwereti izvi zvingada kuti mapurisa adzime zvokudya zvipi nezvipi nezvipi zvinobata vanhu vose, zvinoganhurira kunzvera nechibvumikiso. Zvikarakadzo zvakadaro zvinodzokorora chinyorwa cheEuropean Allue, izvo zvinoumba mutemo unoshandiswa mumiitiro yezvizivikaro yezvishandiso zvezvionioni zve “pameso.

Imwe kombamiro inowedzera kuumbwa kwamasangano anotarisira akazvimirira, akafanana neayo muNew York. Mabhodhi aya anogona kunzvera matanda emapurisa FRT, uye kupa mishumo yavose pamusoro pemitati nemhindu. Muna 2023, Maryland akava nyika yokutanga kuraira kuti purogiramu ipi neipi yeFRT idzorwe nechero yegore negore yakazvimirira, nemigumisiro yakaiswa paIndaneti. Muenzaniso wacho wakarumbidzwa neACCLU yeMaryland senzira yokuvaka nayo chivimbo chapachena apo uchiri kubvumira ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuti rushande nenzira ine mufungo.

Kuziva muganhu wechitatu. Pari zvino, madhipatimendi akawanda emapurisa anochengeta mifananidzo paFRT imosesairwa nokusingaperi, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zveakaongororwa uye nei. Zvikwereti zvehurumende zvinoverengeka zvinokarakadza kuti mapepa ose okunzvera asina kushambadzwa aparadzwe pashure pemazuva 90 kuti adzivise basa kutevedzerwa kwapashoma napashoma kudarika pakunzvera kwapakuvamba. Virginia [[[FL:1]] yakapfuudza mutemo muna 2024 kurayira kuti mahwezvero ose eFRT aparate aparadzwe mukati memwedzi 12 kutoti chiitiko chinoramba chiripo. Vatsigiri vatsi vetariro iyi inova mupimo worudzi.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Nerusununguko Rwevanhu Vose

Mutemo wehurumende pamusoro pokushandiswa kwenyanzvi dzezviso zvinozivikanwa wakura kubva panzvimbo huru kusvikira kunhau huru mukurukurirano huru pamusoro petsika dzemapurisa nedzemichina. Kurongwa kwemitemo kuripo zvino kunoratidzira kuda kwenguva refu kweAmerica nokuda kwenzvero dzetsika dzehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakasarudza kurambidza chishandiso chacho chose chose; dzimwe dzakagadza miganhu yechero yechero; uye dzimwe dzakachinjira nokutarisira kwapashoma napaduku. Ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti zvinodikanwa nezvinodikanwa uye kujekasha zvinobvumirwa kuoneka zvinogona kuderedza ngozi yezvibvumikiso zvisina kururama pasina kudzikamisa mutemo mano okupedza utsotsi hwakakomba. Panguva imwe cheteyo, maregererwo anoregeredza ngozi dzinobatanidza mativi edzinza akatonyorwa mumwero yenhema.

Sezvo vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanopfuurira kuune pamusoro pegadziriro yenyika sechinokarakadzwa Facial Briginning Act, masangano acharamba ari marabhoritari okutanga nokuda kwokutangwa kwegadziriro yemitemo. Mitemo inobudirira zvikurusa ichabatanidza kuedzwa kwazvimirira, dare, uye kushuma kwapachena kwapamutemo kwapachena kwakarongwa kupfurikidza negadziriro dzorudzi dzokuvandudza sezvo ruzivo rwamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchichinja.

Nyaya ino inogovera mashoko ose uye haiumbi zano remitemo. Mitemo inosiana nevvumbidzo uye inochinjika. Nokuda kwemibvunzo chaiyo, bvunza gweta kana kuti zviwanikwa zvemitemo zvinokwaniriswa zvomunzvimbomo.