Hwaro Hwokuva Nerunako Kwehurumende

Pfungwa yedzikamo yesimba haisati iriwo zvayo gadziriro inoumbwa nefungidziro; iko igadziriro inoumbwa inoshanda pairi hurumende yeUnited States. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe ((remagislati, mukuru mukuru, kana kuti dare) rinounganidza chiremera chisingadzivisiki, nokudaro inodzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo muudzvinyiriri hunobvira. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa kuti udzori hwedemokratiki hunopfuurira sei kunyange pakati pekusabvumirana kwamasimba kwakakomba kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dzikamo dzesimba dzinogadzirirwa kusimudzira chengetedzo, kudzivirira maruramiro mashoma, uye kukurudzira chiito chekurumidziro. Midzi yahwo inova muuzivi hunocherekedzwa, zvikurukuru manyoro, uyo akataura kuti mabasa ehurumende anodzivisa kuiswa simba. U. Dare reMiteo remitemo rinodzika mifungo iyi kupfurikidza naIIIIIS, rinoumba simba ramazana maviri enhau.

Nepo rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwakagovera sumo yakasimba, nzvero hurusa inozivisa miitiro yamanomano inoita kuti tsika ishande (nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokushanda kwayo.) Nhasi, dzikamo yesimba inotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzazvino uno, kubvira pakukwirira kwemirairo yevakuru vakuru kusvikira kukuita kuti kugadziridzwa kwokutonga kuve kusina kuchinja. Asi nheyo yayo huru inoramba isingachinji: simba rinofanira kugoverwa ndokuongororwa kuchengetedza rusununguko. Nyaya ino inokudza pabazu rimwe nerimwe, gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo, zviitiko zvenhau, uye zvinetso zvenguva ino, ichigovera munyuko mukuru wokukurukurirana kwekirasi nefundo yokuzvigaro.

Mbiru Nhatu Dzehurumende

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kunodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kudzora chimwe nechimwe uye kunovimbisa kuti mitemo inoitwa, inoitwa, uye inotsanangurwa nokungwarira. Ngatinzverei bazu rimwe nerimwe.

Bazu Romutemo: Vaiti Vemitemo

Congress, bazu remitemo, rine simba rakananga rokuita mitemo yehurumende. Iro ibhinameral, inokamurwa kuva House of Deaders neDare, chivako chinoratidzira kubvumirana kukuru kwomutemo muna 1787. Imba, ine mitezo 435 inogoverwa navagari vemo, inomirira vanhu zvakananga, nepo Dare, rine mitezo 100 (hurumende imwe) inomirira fariro dzehurumende. Iyi nharaunda inovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri murangariro wakakurumbira nehurumende zvinorangarirwa mumuitiro wokuita mutemo. Nokuda kwokuva mutemo, inofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana uye ipapo inofanira kupiwa kuranga kwaMongaminiyu. Chinodikanwa ichi choga chinodzokera mutemo uye chinopiwa kupfurikidza nemitezo inobvumira dare yehurumende inopfuvura nokuwedzera. [Makuru echipokamwe ehurumende anobvumira migariro migariro pamutemo yehurumende.]

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Vamanikidzi

Richitungamirirwa naMongameli, bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokuisa mitemo inoitwa neDare. Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri musoro wehurumende nemutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, anoshandisa chiremera chine revo. Zvisinei, simba iroro rinodzorwa nechecherekedzo dzamamwe mapazu. Mutungamiriri anogona kumutemo [[FLD]], kudzosa mutemo [[FVT:1], kudzosera mutemo kuDare nokurambana. Congress inogona kudzora voruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri, kunyange zvazvo kusingawanzoitiki. Hungwe huru huya hunodzo [FLT] hunowedzera, hunowedzera kusimba gurusaro. [10], kunyange zvazvo Hurumende inopfumidzwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende. [Makuru ehurumende anodzivirira Hurumende, zvikurukuru idzoro iri Hurumende yehurumende.]

Bazu Rokutonga: Vari Kuwana

Bazu redare, rinotungamirirwa neDare gurusa, rinorondedzera mutemo uye rinosarudza kumira kwebumbiro remitemo nezviito zvavamiririri. Iri simba, rinozivikanwa se hwirudzuro yedare, rakatangwa munhau yenhau 1803 Marbury v. Madison. . Dare Gurusa rekudzora mutemo kana kuti chiito chechiremera chinoputsa mutemo, chinouita nzvero inokosha pane mamwe mapazu. Vatongi, kubatanidza Dare guru redare, rinogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu (kudzorwa nomufambiro wakanaka) kuvimbisa kuzvidzoresa. Zvisarudzo zveDare redare rakaumba nzanga rakaumba nzanga reAmerica nerevoruzhinji. [Nkasarudzo yenhau inodzosa] Hakugona kuisa migariro yemitemo yehurumende. [Nkamwe inodzoro yeProngedzero yeProme.]

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Kuongorora nokudzikama zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinomanikidza kuparadzana kwemasimba.

  • Nzvero dzinodzorwa pa Huru hweHurumende:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukurira mavhozhee apurezidhendi, kutendera kana kuti kuramba kugadza nezvibvumirano, kuisa mutevedzeri uye kubvisa Purezidhendi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru, kuchengeta dare, uye mari inodzorwa. Simba reashesters rine simba zvikurukuru(Mapurezidhendi maviri (Andrew Johnson naBill Clinton) rakashoorwa neImba, kunyange zvazvo risina kupiwa mhaka neDare.
  • Nzvero dzemitemo pamusoro poRuramisiro:[[FLT: 1] inotema ukuru uye chimiro chedare rehurumende (kunze kwoukuru hwapakuvamba hweDare Gurusa hwakarongwa neBumbiro reMitemo), inosimbisa vatongi, inogona kurambidza vatongi nokuda kwomufambiro wakaipa, uye inogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kushandura dare gurusa.
  • Kunzvera kwapaMasimba: Mutungamiriri anogona kuvhura mari (kunyangwe iri pasi pokutungamirira), kudana Congress kuti ive purogiramu chaiyo (kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusina kushandiswa munguva dzazvino), uye kupesvedzera mutemo kupfurikidza nechikuva chokukwikwidza uye vatungamiriri vebato. Mutungamiriri weProfesi anogona kugoverawo Hurumende yeUnion kuti iise mitemo yemitemo.
  • Nzvero dzinoshanda pamusoro poMutongi: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoisa vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, nokudaro achiumba nhungamiro yedare. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokupa kukanganwirwa kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, idzo dzinogona kudzivisa kutenderwa kana kuti mutongo usingafarirwi.
  • Nzvero dzechiuto paMasimba: Kupfurikidza nenzvero yokutonga, matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kuwirirana. Iri simba rinotambanukira kumutemo upi noupi wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende unodenhwa mumhaka. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarova mazana emitemo mumakore ose.
  • Nzvero dzechiJudicial pa Hurukuro: Matare anogona kushayisa simba mirairo yavakuru vakuru, mirau, uye zviito zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuputsa mirau. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakagumisa kubatwa kwaPurezidhendi Truman zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea (Youngstown Comment Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 1952).

Uku kufambidzana kunoparira tsinhirano huru. Hapana bazi rinogona kuita pasina kutarisana nedenho inobvira kubva kune dzimwe. Gadziriro inokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokurangarira na(kunyange zvazvo ichigonawo kutungamirira kurumano apo mapoka anoparadzanisa anenge akapinza.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwedzikamo Yesimba

Nyaya yokutanga yakataura nezvenhau dzakaitika kare, asi tinogona kuongorora zvinhu zvinokosha chaizvo zvinofanira kuzivikanwa nevadzidzi.

Nguva Yakatanga uye Miedzo Yokutanga

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakanga vachiitira hanya zvikuru pamusoro poudzvinyiriri, vachangobva kurwisa chinjo mukurwisana naMambo George III. Vakakakavadzana pamusoro pesimba rehurumende nebasa redare redare. Congress yokutanga yakatanga gadziriro yedare rehurumende kupfurikidza neChibvumirano cheJudiary cha 1789. Purezidhendi George Washington akagadza mienzaniso inokosha, zvakadai sokuumba rondedzero yakadai sokudzivirira kuvharirwa muhondo dzeEurope. Kuedza kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kwakabva muAlien neSedition Mabasa (1798), uko kutsoropodza kwoutsotsi kwehurumende. Virginia neKentury Revotions, kupikisa kuti rondedzero yaigona kudzivirira vagari vemo gare gare gare gare asi kuratidzira kupesana pakati pesimba renyika nehurumende.

Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review

Mumazuva okupera kwoutarisiri hwaPurezidhendi John Adams, akagadza vanoverengeka “vatongi vapakati pausiku” vakabva paParti yake. Apo Thomas Jefferson akatora basa, Munyori weHurumende James Madison akaramba kupa dare rimwe kuna William Marbury. Marbury sued, achikumbira Dare Gurusa kuti ripe. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akatarisana nechinetso: kuraira kuti basa rizodaidza kurwisana naJefferson, asi kutonga kwedare kwaizonetesa chiremera cheDare. Marshall muChiito charo chePuchi chinonzi charongeri cheMichemo. Marshall yapa Dare racho ramasimba makurusaipira. Math b.[[FLD][FF1] [FFFom] [Formulatory:] [5]

Hondo Yavagari Vemo Nesimba Rinodzora

Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akakudza mukurumbira chiremera chavakuru vakuru mukati meHondo yaVagari vemo, kumisa habeas corpus, kubudisa Emancipation Proclation, uye kuvaka hondo pasina bvumirano. Akaruramisa izvi sezvinodikanwa kuchengeta Union. Pashure pehondo, Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Kurevo diviti reMurwi [18666] rakatonga kuti vagari vemo havangagoni kutongwa nematare ehurumende apo matare ehurumende avagari vemo akanga avhurika. Iyi nguva yakaonawo Dare rapamusoro richisimbisa kutarisira kwaro, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neDare rehondo uye gare gare gare gare raMabasa.

Kubata Kutsva Nokupambwa Kwematare

Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt yakanangana nezvirongwa zvakadzokororwazve kubva kuDare gurusa retsika raidzosa mutemo mukuru (umh., Schechtry Corp. v. United States, 1935]). Mumhinduro, FDR yakakarakadza “kuronga kudzorwa” muna 1937 kuwedzera ruramisiro itsva nhanhatu nokuda kweruramisiro iri yose inogara pazera ra70. Rongeta rakatanga chishoro chakakomba, kunyange kubva kuboka rake amene, uye pakupedzisira kukundikana. Zvisinei, dzvinyiriro yacho yakabetsera ku“ nhengetepfeko muya pfumbamwe” [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] protoota yake kuti itsigire mutemo, uye Dare idzva rinotanga kuratidzira purogiramu yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutarisira Kwemvura Nekokorodzano

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate (1972194) chakaratidzira ukoshi hweutarisiri hwesangano naro basa redare redare redare kuti riite kuti mutungamiriri arongwe. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon anotarisira akabatanidzwa mukupunza Dare reDemocratic National Committee uye chifukidzo chakatevera. Dare reSametamende raPuremhese rakanzvera, uye Dare guru rakarayira Nixon kubudisa tepi inorekodha ([FL:0] United States v. Nixon, 1974. Kutarisana nechifukidzo neNhafuro neNhaundi yeNhau, Nixon. Ikoku nenzira yapamutemo kwakasimbisa kuti hapana mumwe, kunyange Purezidheri, akaraira mutemo. Pashure pePresipo paPrence Consticeptions Convention (1073) kudzo yehondo) kudzo yesimba rehurumende yehondo.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Pakudzikamisa Simba

Nyaya yokutanga yakataura kuti kukamukana kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye simba rehurumende ndezvedenho dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kudzika Mitemo

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kudzorwa kwenzvimbo dzinomira nokure kwakawedzera, zvikurukuru muCongress. Nhamba yemifungo yakaderera, uye kuvhota kwebato kwawedzera. Uku kuvhara kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kupfuudze mutemo, kusimbisa mabhii makuru nedare (kunze apo panenge paboka rimwe rinodzora zvose uye kutungamirira) uye mufambiro. Mumhinduro, Purezidhendi vanowedzera kutsamira pamirairo yechiremera, tambo, uye zviziviso zvokuita kuti pave nerongedzero pasina Dare. Ikoku kwakamutsa nyevero pamusoro pe “chipo. Njoka, somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama yakapa zviito zvokutungamirira nzvimbo yokubuda munyika yokubereka (Derractals, DCA) uye kuchinja mamiriro okunze (Rest Licerong). Hund Ren orgins, masangano edzoro anoshandisa zvibvumirano zvemitemo yapanguro.[20][10]

Kusarudza Kutonga uye Hondo Dzokutonga

Kusimbisa kwevatongi vehurumende, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare guru, kwazova kwokusabvumirana kukuru. 2016 murongedzero weMerrick Garland. Ukuru hweDare hwakapanikidzwa apo zvisarudzo zvaro zvinomira (g.[FLT]]] Dobbs. Vakadzi vaGwaro iDare rinowanzosarudza 6-3 pamitsetse yepfungwa. Vamwe vanopanikira apo zvisarudzo zvavo zvinomira nguva refu (g., [[FLT]]]] Dobs.[FFF1] Organization [FOL] [51]]) inopa maruramiro eR.[2]

Kutarisira Kwedare Nehondo Yemashoko

Pazera remitengo, bazi guru rakawanawo simba kupfurikidza nokudzora kwaro mashoko akaganhurirwa uye zvishandiso zvechengeteko zvenyika. Misangano inotamburira kuita tarisiro inobudirira apo inotarisana nezvinotaurwa zveropafadzo yehurumende kana kuti kuvandika. Gadziriro yokupfuridza khwero yakasimbiswa (mutoo, Intelligence Community Whistpuzer Protection Act), asi kutsiva kunoramba kuri chinhu chinonetsa. Kuwedzera kwezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga uye kubvisa mashoko kunodenha mano avagari vemo okuita kuti vapiwe mhosva. Kuenzana kwesimba kwakatsamira kwete bedzi pamashandiro esangano asiwo padzidzo yeCHOVHAULS kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura kare kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa chokwadi kubva pamashoko.

Basa Rehurumende Inotungamirira

Hurumende huru yehurumende yaidzoro yakadai seEPA, FDA, uye SEC_wields simba rakakura, kazhinji kazhinji rinobatanidza chigamuchi, zviremera, uye mabasa okutonga. Vanopa mirau (inopa mirau inodzorwa), inoimanikidzira (idzo), uye inoita kuti iparameidzo (yavatongi),. Iri “bazu rechina” rinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekuzvidavirira nedzikamo yemitemo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu West Virginia v. [[FLT:] $22] [20])) rakaganhurira mano eEPA okudzora magasi anobva mu “mibvunzo, chiratidzo chokuda kudzorera simba. Kurangarira pamusoro pehurumende, kupfuurira kutungamirira nokupfuudzira kupfuurira kurangarira zvinetso zvinomuka nokupfuudzira nokuda kwenzira kupfurikidza kwenzira yemitevedzero yezvokutungamirira.[F]

Kuchengeta Dzikamo: Basa Ravagari Vemo

Nheyo dzapakuvamba dzakasimbisa kudzidza nekurukurirano. Kuwedzera, tinogona kusimbisa kuva mugari wemo anoshingaira. Dzikamo yesimba haisati iri yokuzviparadza; inoda kuvimbisana kwavose kwokungwarira. Vagari vanogona kutorawo muvhoti dzose (vatongi, vehurumende, uye vomunzvimbomo), vachionana navamiririri vavo, kupinda muhoro dzemataundi, kushanda mumatare edare (zvinonzvera simba redare), uye kutsigira masangano enzanga anotarisira hurumende. Kunzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo nebvumirano dzaro, zvikurukuru Bill of Rights, anoshongedzera vanhu kuziva. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa zvikarakadzo zvakafanana nokuteerera masangano edare rinoshorwa kana kuti nhau huru dzedare kuti vaudze mutoo woupenyu. Zvikoro zvinofanira kusimbisa kurava kuti vadzidzi vabetsere kutaura pamusoro pezvirongwa zvehurumende kana kuti zviito zvokutonga.

Kupfuurirazve, kugara uchiziviswa pamusoro pezvinoitika zvazvino uno Dare Gurusa, zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kana kuti kunzvera kwedare kwavakuru vakuru kurangaridza vagari vemo. Dzikamo yesimba igadziriro mhenyu inochinjira kumigariro inochinja, asi kuchengeteka kwayo kunotsamira pavanhu vakavimbisana. Sezvakanyorwa naThomas Jefferson, “Kuva nevagari vemo vakadzidza chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwokupukunyuka kwedu savanhu vakasununguka.” Dzidziso yevagari vemo, kubatanidza dzikamo yesimba, inokosha nokuda kwoutano hweRepublic.

Kupedzisa: Chiratidzo Chinoshamisa

Zeno resimba harisi vimbiso inopfuurira asi mutoo unopfuurira wekurukurirano neganhuriro. Vavambi vakagadzira gadziriro yaizomanikidza gwinyiriro kukurira gwinyiro, seizvo James Madison akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira muFederalist No.Nhamba dzamazana amakore, tsika iyo yakunda hondo yavagari vemo, njodzi dzemari, uye gakava. Nhasi, inotarisana nenzvero itsva kubva pakuparadza, kukura kwebasa, uye chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kunyange zvakadaro zvivako zvinokosha zvinoramba zviripo: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kudzorera shure kudzorwa, uye Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa miganhuro yokururamisa. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, vanopa mikana isingaperi yokufunga. Kunzwisisa kuti mapazu anonzvera sei, kuti vaone kuti vashandei, uye kuti vagari vezvizvarwa vanogona kuva vatsigiriki vanoshanda mukudzora kwehurumende yedemo yedemo yedemocra. Chidzidzo chinongova chidzidzo chinongova kuupenyu.