Kuumba Kunoita Kuzvimirira Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo

Chiziviso cheKuzvimirira chinopfuura chinyorwa chenhau chinozivisa kuparadzana kwemaruwa eAmerica neBritain. Inheyo yeFilosophi yegadziriro yose yemitemo yeUnited States. Nheyo huru yokuti hurumende dzinowana masimba adzo akarurama kubva ku miraudzo yemitemo inodzorwa [ yakananga kuumbwa kwemitemo inoumbwa, inokakavadzana, uye inomanikidzirwa nhasi. Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unopfuudzwa neCongress kana kuti nehurumende idare remitemo inoshandiswa inoshanda kururamisa kodzero dzevanhu kuti vazvitonge. Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro uyu unoita sei unoita kuti mitemo yakati ive yakajeka ive yakajeka, kuti inodzivirira sei kodzero dzevanhu, uye zvinoitika sei kana mutemo uchikundikana kubatira zvakanaka.

Chivako ChavaFilosofi: Kutendera Vari Kutongwa

Chiziviso chacho chinosimbisa kuti vanhu vose vakapiwa maruramiro asingataurwi nenzvimbo — upenyu, rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwomufarwa. Kudzivirira aya maruramiro, hurumende dzinotangwa pakati pavanhu, dzichiwana masimba avo akarurama kubva mukubvumirana kwavadzorwi. Iyi pfungwa, yakabva kuvafungi vakajekeswa vakadai saJohn Locke, inopfupikisa ukama hwegamuchidzanwa pakati pomutongi nenhau: hurumende iripo kuti ibatire vanhu, kwete imwe nzira yakasiana.

Apo Vavambi vakanyora Bumbiro reMitemo makore gumi pashure peChiratidzo, vakavaka gadziriro inoshanda uhu uzivi. Bazu rewiro remitemo (*Chorer(chino) iratidziro chokutanga nechakananga zvikurusa chouchangamire hwakakurumbira. Kugadza murairo hausi murairo wakakwirira asi muitiro wakaderera wakadzika unosimbiswa mumitemo. Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unofungidzirwa kuratidzira kuda kwavanhu, kudzivirira maruramiro avo, uye kusimudzira garikano yavose. Kana mutemo ukundikana kuita saizvozvo, Mutemo unopa vagari vemo maruramiro kupfurikidza nemitoo yorugare yakadai sesarudzo, kushora, kana kuti denho.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Kubva Muuzivi Kuenda Kutsika

Kunyange zvazvo Gwaro Romutemo risingatauri nezvemuitiro chaiwo wokuita mitemo, nheyo dzaro dzinoiswa mudanho riri rose remitemo.Hedzi nzira iyo bhiri racho rinova nayo mutemo muUnited States, nenongedzero yenguva dzose kupfungwa dzokubvuma nekodzero.

Nhano 1: Pfungwa uye Kushandiswa

Mutemo upi noupi unovamba sepfungwa(_kazhinji kazhinji kubva kuvagari vemo, boka remubereko, sangano rehurumende, kana kuti mutezo weCongress. Pfungwa iyoyo inonyorwa mumutemo nomumiririri kana kuti mumiririri. Mutsigiri wemutemo wacho anofanira kuiruramisa seyaibatira zvakanaka uye inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. Somuenzaniso, Civil Rights Act ya1964 yakabva muzvikumbiro zvinopfuurira zvevatsigiri vaipikisa kuti kusarura dzinza kwakaputsa vimbiso yeChibvumirano chorusununguko nokuenzana. Mutsigiridzi weSager Hubert Humphrey, akaisa chibvumirano sechinodikanwa kudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vose.

Nhano 2: Kuhwirudzura kweDare Nokunzwa

Chibvumirano chacho chinonongedzerwa kudare, uko nyanzvi dzinopa nhau, vachengeti venhau, uye vanhu vanogona kuyera. Iyi nhambo inobatanidza bvumirano ye kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti manzwi akasiana - siana anonzwiwa mutemo usati wafambira. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anova noufakazi. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokunyorwa kweAffordable Care Act, matare akatungamirira kunzwa kwakawanda kunzwisisa kuti sei kukwanisa kupinda kwoutano kwakatapura “kuwana mufaro ” kwavaAmerica."

Danho 3: Kukakavadzana uye Kugadziridzwa Kwenzvimbo

Kana dare rikatendera mutezo wacho, unoenda kunzvimbo yakazara yekurukurirano. Vaiti vemitemo vanokurukura kunaka kwawo, vanokarakadza kugadziridza, uye kuedza kuuumba kuti uwirirane nenheyo dzeChibvumirano. Gadziriro yekurukurirano yacho imene idziviriro: inosunda kutsigira pachena chikonzero nei mutemo uri madikanwa nokuda kwekodzero. Vashori vangataura kuti mutongo unoputsa rusununguko rwavanhu (somuenzaniso, vachisimbisa kuti mutemo unodzivisa unoparadza kuvandika, uyo unobatanidzwa ne “kudzivirira” kunodzivirirwa neSimbiso.

Danho 4: Kurumidza uye Kupfuura

Sezvo hurumende ichiwana simba rayo mukubvumira kwavadzorwi, vhoti zhinjisa (uye muzvimwe zviitiko kuvhota kukuru) inodikanwa.Izvi zvinoratidza kuda kwavamiriri, uye kupfurikidza navo, kuda kwavanhu. Pashure pokunge dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzapfuura shanduro yomutemo, misiyano ipi neipi inoyananiswa mudare remusangano. Shanduro yokupedzisira ipapo inoenda kuna purezidhendi.

Danho 5: Chiito Choutungamiriri Hwehurumende Kana Kuti Chinonzi Veto

Purezidhendi anogona kusaina chibvumirano mumutemo kana kuti madhindindi. Kana akasainwa, Congress inogona kudzora vhoti mbiri nhatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Iyi nzvero inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinopfuura kuda kwavanhu. Basa rapurezidhendi nderokuyera kana mutemo uchidzivirira kodzero dzomunhu ndokubatira rudzi (a) zvakananga murayiro weChibvumirano chokuti hurumende inofanira kuchengetedza kodzero idzodzo.

Danho 6: Kushandisa uye Kuongorora

Kana mutemo wangoitwa, masangano anotungamirira anoushandisa. Asi muitiro wacho haugumiri ipapo. Mugari upi noupi anodavira mutemo anoputsa kodzero dzake pasi peChiratidzo. Kwakadai sekodzero dzenzvimbo kana kuti rusununguko rwokutaura(--anogona kuidenha mudare). judiary, kupfurikidza na jucurial hwidicial [ [ichika] (yakagadzwa mu [FLT:]] Marbury v. Madime]), inosarudza kana mutemo uchiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo, iro rimene rinovakwa panheyo. Kana dare rikawana maruramiro asingaparadzirwi, rinogona kuuyisa.

Kutsigira Kunoita Mitemo Inodzivirira Kodzero

Hausati uri mutemo uri wose unowirirana neChibvumirano. Chibvumirano cheGenetic Constitution (kugadziridzwa kwekodzero gumi kwokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo) chinodudza zvakajeka dziviriro dzakananga dzakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye gungano (Zvose zvakabva muruzivo rwekodzero dzomusikirwo rweChibvumirano. Kunyange zvakadaro, ndaza yacho haisati ichingova inotemwa. Ninth Amendment inotaura kuti “Kuganhurirwa muBumbiro remitemo, rekodzero dzakati, hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuramba kana kuti kubvisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.” Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange kana mutemo usingapusi wakarongwa zvakananga, ungagona kupokanidzwa kana uchiputsa maruramiro okusazvidzora.

Somuenzaniso, Roe v. [773] Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa negadziriro yakafanira yeGaramende reMitemo ye145] yaibatanidza kodzero yomukadzi yokuva oga pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvokurapa. Nepo kutonga kwakatendeutswa gare gare, kurukurirano yakavakirwa pakuti mutemo wakavhara “rekodziro” inodudzwa muzvose zviri zviviri Ziviso neBumbiro remitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, SAD Amend Amend Amend Amend [[] kodzero youdzo yokutakura zvombo yaverwa nezvombo yave yadzidzwa zvikuru, matare achinongedzera kusimbirira murairo pakuzvidzora somunhu womuzvarirwo.

Mitemo inokundikana kudzivirira kodzero inogona kubviswa kupfurikidza nemitoo yehurumende.Gadziro yechi18, iyo yakatanga Chirango, yakazodzorwa gare gare neProjimendi yechi21 apo kwakava pachena kuti kurambidza kushayiswa rusununguko kwezvinodhaka kwakashatiswa ndokuparira kutengeserana kwokusatenderwa kwekodzero. Uku kugadzirwa kwekodzero, denho, uye kudzokororwa kunoratidza kuti muitiro wokutonga hausi wokuchinja - chinja / iko rinochinja sezvo kunzwisisa kwavanhu kodzero dzekodzero kunokura.

Nyika: Mitemo uye Kubvumirana Kwevanhu

Gadziriro yomutemo inorondedzerwa pamusoro apa inoshanda pamwero wehurumende, asi pesvedzero yeChibvumirano chakasimba zvakaenzana muhurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzova nenongedzero dzakajeka kuChiziviso kana kuti mutauro wakafanana pamusoro pekodzero dzisingasandurwi. Hurumende dzinotevera muitiro unowirirana: mutengi unotangwa, unoitwa kupfurikidza namatare, unokakavadzana, unosainwa, uye unotsigirwa nagavhuna. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinewo zvirongwa uye zvinodzorwa, izvo zvinobvumira vagari vemo kuronga nokuvhota pamitemo yakachena zvikuru.

Somuenzaniso, kufanana neCalifornia neColorado, nguva dzose zvinoshandisa matanho okusarudza nhau dzakadai sembanje, mutemo wemitero, kana kuti tarisiro yezvoutano.Idzi nzira dzinonanga vazukuru vemashoko eChibvumirano chokuti vanhu vane kodzero yokuchinja hurumende yavo. Kana mutemo wehurumende uchipesana nemitemo yehurumende kana kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, matare ehurumende (hwusanganisira Supreme Court) inopindira, ichivimbisa kuti hapana mutemo unokanganisa kodzero dzinokosha dzinotaurwa muChibvumirano.

Makeja Nedzikamo: Kudzivisa Kunyanyoshandiswa Nehurumende

Declaration inonyevera kuti apo Muitiro upi noupi weHurumende unoparadza weiyi zvinangwa, ikodzero yavanhu kuchinja kana kuti kuuparadza.” Iyi nyevero inodzorwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yechekero nedzikamo zvinoiswa muBumbiro remitemo. Muitiro womutemo umene unobatanidza nzvero dzakawanda: Imba neDare zvinofanira kubvumirana, purezidhendi anogona kudzokororwa, uye matare anogona kuhwirudzura. Federalism inoenderera mberi kuparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna munhu mumwe anogona kuisa mitemo inopesana nekodzero.

Zvisarudzo icherekedzo yakananga zvikurusa. Makore maviri ari ose, Imba yose yavamiriri inomira nokuda kwesarudzo. Vasarudzo vanobatira mashoko egore ritanhatu, asi nhindi imwe inokwirira nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Iri mauto anodzokororwa nguva dzose kuti atsvake kutsiviwa kutsvazve kudzorwa. Kana mutemi wemitemo unopiwa mutemo unoratidzika kuva unodzorwa pakodzero, vavhoti vanogona kutsiva mitezo yaitsigira. Uku kuzvidavirira kwechisarudzo ideyamupinduro yechipikirwa chehurumende chokuti simba rehurumende rinofamba kubva pabvumirano yavanhu.

Kushanda: Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yokutungamirira Mutemo Yakatungamirirwa Neziviso

Mitemo inoverengeka inokosha inoratidza kuti muitiro wokuita mitemo unoratidzirwa sei nenheyo dzeChibvumirano:

  • Mutemo weVoting Rights wa 1965[[FLT: 1]: Mutemo uyu wakapfuudzwa pashure pokunge vatsigiri vataura kuti mitemo yehurumende inodzvinyirira vhoti vashomanene yakaputsa chimiro chehurumende yehurumende inopikirwa neChibvumirano. Dare rakashandisa simba raro muMitemo ye 14 neYechi 15 kusimbisa nheyo yokuti vagari vose vane inzwi mukubvumirana nehurumende yavo.
  • VaAmerica vane Urema Act (1990)[FLT: Vatsigiri vekodzero dzokushatiswa vakaumba kudikanwa kwokuwana kwakaenzana senhau yokuwana mufaro. Mutemo unorambidza rusaruro uye unoda pokugara, uchiita kuti vanhu vakaremara vagone kutora rutivi zvizere munzanga.
  • Freedom of Information Act (1966): Uyu mutemo unozarura zvinyorwa zvehurumende kunzvero yavose, uchigonesa vagari vemo kuchengeta hurumende yavo ichizvidavirira(kushandiswa kwakananga kwenheyo yokuona kweChibvumirano.)

Mitemo iyi yose yainyatsotevedzerwa nemitemo, kusanganisira nyaya dzinotongwa nevanhu vose, kukurukurirana, kubhadharwa nedare, uye kuvhota kwakawanda.

Apo Mitemo Inokundikana Kuzivisa: Zvinetso Nedzokugadziridzwa

Haisi mitemo yose inowirirana nekodzero dzomusikirwo. Munhau yose, Congress yakaisa mitemo iyo yakazivikanwa gare gare sekuputswa kwepfungwa dzeChibvumirano. Alien neSedition Acts ye1798 inorwisana zvakananga nekutaura kwakasununguka. Pakupedzisira yakadzoserwa. Dare reJapan reAmerica mukati meHondo yeNyika II, rakatenderwa neGeneral Order 9066, gare gare rakashurikidzwa sokupunzwa kwomuitiro wakafanira. Civil Liberties Act ya 1988 yakagovera kudzoresa uye kukumbira ruregerero, ichibvuma kusaruramisira.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa nzira yokururamisa nayo kundikano dzakadaro. Kugadziridza kunoda vhoti mbiri mbiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nokunatswa nedzitatu dzenyika. Kugadziridzwa kwacho kunowanzobatira kukudza maruramiro mutsinhirano neChibvumirano. Gadziriro ye13th Amendment yakabvisa uranda, ichizadzika kutaura kwe “varume vose vanosikwa vakaenzana.” Mfumo ye 19 yakavimbisa kuti vakadzi vaidzorwa, ichitambanudza kubvumira kwoudzori kuvakuru vose. Hurumende yeChi26 yakaderedza zera rokuvhotera kusvika pazera rechi18, ichiziva kuti vanhu vaduku vanewo danda mumitemo inovadzora.

Kubatana Kwapanze Nokuda Kwokunzwisisa Kwakadzama

Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunzvera zvakawanda pamusoro poukama huri pakati peChiziviso Chorusununguko nokuita mitemo, zviwanikwa zvinotevera zvinobetsera zvikuru:

Nyaya: Chiziviso Chokuita Mutemo Sechikamu Chinonyorwa Nebhuruu

Kuronga mitemo muUnited States hakusi muitiro wakangoerekana waitwa kana kuti usina kurongwa, uye kushandisa zvinoshanda nheyo dziri muZiviso Yokuzvimirira:

  • Chibvumirano chezvidzorwa[ chinoreva kuti mitemo inofanira kubva kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa uye kuti vanhu vane maruramiro okutora rutivi mukutongwa, kusarudza, uye macondenda.
  • [ Kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro asingataurwi kunoda kuti mutemo uri wose uongororwe nokuda kwetapuro yawo paupenyu, rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwomufarwa. Mitemo inoputsa idzi maruramiro inogona kudenhwa mudare kana kuti kudzorwa nedzinogaro dzomunguva yemberi.
  • Kururama kuchinja kana kuti kuparadza kunoshandiswa kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo, gadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo, uye hwirudzuro. Gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kururamisa zvikanganiso zvayo imene.
  • [ Garikano yose inovimbisa kuti mitemo inobatira zvakanaka zvakafanana uye kwete fariro dzevashomanene chete.

Chiziviso ichi hachisi chinhu chokusuma chenhetembo munhau yeAmerica, igwaro benyu rinoramba richiumba mutemo uri wose unopfuudzirwa, mutongo uri wose wedare, uye gakava riri rose pamusoro pekodzero. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei nemhaka yeChibvumirano chinopa vagari vemo maturusi okuyera kana hurumende yavo iri kuzadzika donzo rayo (h) kuchengetedza maruramiro akapiwa naMwari ayo pasina hurumende inogona kupa kana kubvisa.