Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo reChiremera Chehurumende

United States Constitution inogadza gadziriro yamasimba ehurumende yorudzi. Yakanyorwa muna 1787 uye yakasimbiswa muna 1788, Bumbiro reMitemo rakatsiva Zvikamu zviduku zveConfederation negadziriro yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru. Vavambi vakasanodzikamisa kudikanwa kwehurumende inobudirira nedziviriro nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nouchangamire hwehurumende. Kunzwisisa iyi fandesheni inokosha kuvadzidzi kunzvera kuti hurumende yehurumende inoshanda sei nhasi.

Chitsama choukuru hweBumbiro reMitemo, chinowanwa muChikamu VI, chinosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unofanira kuva wekutanga kupfuura mitemo yehurumende apo rwisano dzinomuka. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende ndeimwe yemasimba akaganhurirwa, inoteverwa, inogona kuita apo Bumbiro remitemo rinoipa chiremera. Iyi nheyo inosiyanisa United States negadziriro dzemibatanidzwa umo hurumende huru dzine simba rehurumende. Chiito chimwe nechimwe chehurumende chinofanira kuronda mavambo aro kugadziriro yakananga yebumbiro remitemo.

Nyaya I: Simba Romutemo

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chine ndaza yakajeka zvikurusa yamasimba ehurumende. Dare rine chiremera cherevy, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana nenyika dzokumwe napakati pehurumende, kutanga mitemo yakafanana yokugadzira zvinhu neshambadzi, mari yokugadzira mari, kuranga kugadzira mari yokunyepedzera, kutanga mahofisi epositi nemigwagwa yepositi, kupa kodzero dzokuita matare ehurumende nekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero, kutanga matare ehurumende akaderera, kurondedzera nokuranga uye kuranga mauto ari mumakuna magungwa akakwirira, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira, kugovera nokuchengeta mitemo yemauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo zvehondo, kudana mauto kuti apedze mitemo uye adzvinyirire, uye kushandisa mutemo wakakwana pamusoro pechidhipati yeColumbia.

Aya masimba anowanzonzi [[FLT: 0] masimba anodzorwa. Mhaka yokutanga imene yeDare Gurusa inodudzira chiremera chesangano, Hylton v. United States, inobata nomutero wetiro, inosimbisa kuti Congress yaiva nechisarudzo chakafara mukubvisa mitero. Mutezo wemitemo unopa simba remitero haufaniri kuganhurirwa.

Masimba Akashandiswa Nezvakafanira uye Zvakafanira

Chikamu chokupedzisira cheChikamu I, Chikamu 8(Chikamu Chamakwara naSeant Claus(grants Congress) chiremera chokuita mitemo yose iri "yokukosha neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo akadudzwa. Iyi rugwaro rwakadudzirwa zvikuru chifo che Mcloch v. Maryland [1819]), umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akatonga kuti Dare raigona kubatanidza bhangi renyika kunyange zvazvo bhangi rakanga risina kurongwa zvakajeka. Dare rairangarira kuti "idiwa" kunoreva "idzorosa uye kuri madikanwa chose chose, kugovera chichinjiko kuwirirano kumigariro inochinja.

Masimba akashandiswa akabvumira hurumende yomubatanidzwa kukura muukuru munguva. Somuenzaniso, Congress yakashandisa simba rayo rinobhadhara kugadza Social Security, simba rayo rokutengeserana kupfuudza mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye simba rayo rokushandisa kubatanidza migariro yokutsigira mari yehurumende nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru nedzidzo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti masimba anokarakadza akatambanudza ganhuriro dzeBumbiro remitemo, nepo vatsi vanochengeta vachibvumira hurumende kusangana nezvinetso zvazvino uno.

Dare rapamusoro rambodzivisa panhambo nenhambo kutaura kwakafara kwamasimba anorehwa. Mu United States v. Lopez (1995), Dare rakarova Gun-Free School Zoners Act, richitonga kuti kutakura pfuti pedyo nechikoro hakuna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Iyi mhaka yakaratidzira nguva yokutanga mumakore makumi matanhatu kuti Dare rakaganhurira simba reChungession, kuratidzira ayo anoreva masimba ane miganhuro yemitemo.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Nechiremera Chehurumende

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa simba renyika pakati pamapazu matatu(_gsidentiage, mutariri, uye mutongi(*) kudzivisa kuiswa pasi pechiremera. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rakadudza uye rakareva masimba anonzvera mamwe. Kunzwisisa uku kuparadzana kunotambudza kunzwisisa icho hurumende yorudzi inogona uye isingagoni kuita.

Simba Romutemo: Vapi Vezvokudya Vanopfuura Vane Simba

Congress, mukuwedzera kumasimba ayo akaverengwa, inoshandisa chiremera chinokosha kupfurikidza neChommerce Claus, Postnational Claus, uye Masimba eHondo. Commerce Claus yave ine pesvedzero zvikuru. Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall, Gibbons v. Ogden[FLT] [1824] [simba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwezvikamu zvenyika dzinobatanidza mitsetse yehurumende kana kuti inotapura mibatanidzwa mizhinji. Iyi rondedzero yakatsigira muganhu wesangano renjanji, temmagraneti, uye gare gare gare gare, internet.

Commerce Claus yakagonesawo mutemo weNew Deal wema1930, uchibvumira kuti Dare ridzore ukama hwebasa, kugadzirwa kwemirimo, uye misika yokuchengetera zvinhu. Mu Wickard v. Filburn[ (1942), Dare rakatonga kuti murimi ari kukura gorosi nokuda kwokushandisa munhu oga aigona kudzorwa nemhaka yokuti mubato wakadaro waidzorwa kutapura musika wegorosi worudzi. Uyu murangariro wakafara wakapfuurira kutozosvikira muma 1990, apo Dare rehnquist rakavamba kuisa miganhuro.

Mutero weCongress uye simba rinopedza simba zvinoupa pesvedzero huru. Nezvipo, hurumende inoumba mitemo yehurumende munzvimbo dzinovambira paganhuriro dzenzira huru kusvikira kumipimo yedzidzo. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti migariro yakadaro inofanira kuva yakajeka, ine chokuita nefariro yehurumende, uye kwete inodzorwa. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], Dare rakatonga kuti Afford Care Act yeCarence Act yeMedicaid yakayamura iyi dandauriro, ichiita kuti ive inowirirana nokuda kwezvinotaurwa.

Masimba Ane Simba Nechiremera chaPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi ane masimba ebumbiro remitemo anokosha: mukuru mukuru wamauto ane zvombo, simba rokupa kanganwiro, chiremera chokuita zvibvumirano (nebvumirano yeDare), simba rokugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende navatongi (uyewo nebvumirano yeDare), uye mutoro woku "ngwarira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka." chiremera chinotungamirira chakakura munguva, zvikurukuru munhau dzokumwe nechengeteko yorudzi.

Mapurezidhendi akataura masimba okuberekwa nawo kupfuura ayo akarongwa. Abraham Lincoln akarembera habeas corpus mukati meHondo yavagari vemo, achisimbisa masimba ekurumidziro. Mirairo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, kutaura kwechimbichimbi, uye zviito zvehondo zvisina mubatanidzwa zvakaedza miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro pane dzimwe nguva rakaderedza kutaura uku, somu Youngstown Comment Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawyer[FLT:] [1952], apo rakarova Purezidhendi Truman zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea.

Masimba Okutonga Nebasa Redare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

judiary yehurumende, inotungamirirwa neDare Gurusa, inoshandisa simba rokuhwirudzura dare.* Chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo isiri hurumende. Simba iri rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803] uye ipakati pomuitiro wechekeso nedzikamo. Chisarudzo cheDare chinorondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende, inoumba ukama pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende.

Zviitiko zvinokosha zvakajekesa izvo hurumende yehurumende yehurumende isingagoni kuita. Mu Printz v. United States (1997), Dare rakarova mutemo wehurumende unoda hurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo kutungamirira kunzvera kwekare kwevatengi vepfuti, kutonga kuti hurumende yenyika haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mu murphy v. NACA (2017]), Dare rakavanza kuti ripedze Professional naAult Sports Profectal Act, richiita kuti Dare risagona kuraira zvakananga kuva nemutemo.

Kupesana: Kupesana Pakati Pesimba Renyika Nerehurumende

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinoparira gadziriro mbiri yokutonga uko hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzinogoverana simba.

Masimba Enyika Akafumiswa

Nyika dzinochengeta masimba makuru pamusoro pezvinhu zvadzo zvomukati, kazhinji kazhinji dzinonzi masimba etsika . Idzi dzinobatanidza mano okudzora utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yose mukati memiganhu yadzo. Mitemo inoita sarudzo, inogadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, inodzora dzidzo yavose, inodzora kutengeserana kwezvokutengeserana kwenyika, inodzora zviwanikwa zvomusikirwo, uye inoita mitemo yemhuri neutsotsi. Bumbiro remitemo harisati raronga aya masimba nemhaka yokuti anotanga mubatanidzwa wenyika.

Federalism inobvumira kuedza. Mutongi Louis Brandeis anorondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira magariro se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" umo mitemo inogona kuedzwa. Somuenzaniso, inotaura mitemo yavashandi vanopayona yemibayiro, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye chinjo dzoutano pamberi pechiito chehurumende. Uku kurangarira kwakafanira kwemisiyano yenharaunda uye kugovera nzvimbo dzakawanda nokuda kwokutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba Riripo

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzenyika nehurumende dzehurumende dzinoshandisa masimba akati panguva imwe cheteyo. aya masimba akabatana anobatanidza mano omutero, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, kuita nokushandisa mitemo, uye kubvumira mabhangi. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana panhau mukati mechiremera chapanguva imwe, Supremacy Claus inopa nzvimbo yokutanga yomutemo wehurumende. Zvisinei, masangano angaisa mitero isingasasarura kutengeserana kwehurumende kana kuti kuputsa dziviriro dzehurumende.

Kusawirirana pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende kwakaparira rwisano dzinopfuurira. Nhau dzakadai sekuenzana kweroorano, kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje, uye kubvisa mimba dzinoratidzira simba rehurumende. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga ukuru hwehurumende munharaunda dzakadai sekodzero dzavagari vemo nedzezvokutengeserana, yakagamuchirawo ganhuriro. Mu United States v. Morrison[FL:1] [2000]), Dare rakaputsa gadziriro yeRwiyo Rwisano A Detaction of Women Act, richitonga kuti Dare harigoni kudzora utsotsi hwamasimba masimba husiri hwemari pasi poKutengesa Claus.

Masimba Akapiwa Nyika: Izvo Hurumende yeNyika Isingagoni Kuita

Mitemo iyi inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye inochengetedza rusununguko rwehurumende. Dzimwe dzirambidzo dzinooneka muChikamu I, Chikamu 9, nepo dzimwe dzichibva muBill of Rights uye kuchinja kunozotevera.

Kurambidza Kutevedzerwa Kwebumbiro remitemo

Chikamu I, Chikamu 9 chinorambidza kupa mitemo yemitengo yemitengo kana kuti yekare yapashure pechibvumirano, kupa mazita echiremera, mitero inorema pazvinotumirwa kuhurumende, kana kuti kupa zviteshi zvezviteshi zvengarava zvehurumende pane imwe. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurirawo kubviswa kwemhosva dzekupandukira kana kuti kuvhozhokera apo kuvhozhokera vanhu kunoda. Iyi ganhuriro inoratidzira itiro hanya yavavambi pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights rinowedzera kuganhurira. First Amendment inorambidza kuita mitemo pamusoro pokutangwa kwechitendero kana kuti kusapiwa rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, kuungana, kana kuti chikumbiro. Dare reChipiri rinodzivirira kodzero yokutakura zvombo. Gamende yeChina inodzivirira kuongorora kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfari. Findment inovimbisa kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kuitwa, inorambidza kukanganisa kwakapetwa kaviri, uye inodzivirira kusazvidira.

Kugadziridza kwakatevera kwakawedzera. Hurumende yeMitemo yeKill of Rights yakashandisa mitaviridzo mizhinjisa kunyika kupfurikidza nokubatanidza. Inovimbisawo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo nemiganhu yemitemo kuti inyike munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira. Nepo idzi gadziridzo dzichiganhurira zvikurukuru nyika, dzinoumbawo simba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokugadza mipimo yenyika.

Dzidziso Dzinoganhurira Chiremera Chehurumende

Kupfuura zvirambidzo zvakajeka, dzidziso dzebumbiro remitemo dzinomanikidza hurumende yenyika. principle yesimba rehurumende rakaganhurirwa inoreva kuti Congress inogona kuita bedzi apo yakadudza chiremera. Kana pasina gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inopa simba panhau yakati, nhau yacho inochengetwa kuhurumende. Iyi nheyo inokosha kumutemo wemitemo weAmerica.

dzidziso inoraira inodzivisa hurumende yehurumende kuraira masangano ehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vashandise gadziriro dzehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura rataurazve kuti nepo Congress ichigona kupa kurudziro kana kuti kuisa migariro parupo rwehurumende, haigoni kuraira hurumende zvakananga kumanikidza mutemo wehurumende. Iyi dzidziso, yakagadzwa mu New York v. United States uye yakasimbiswazve mu [[FLT:] printz[FLT][FLT]], inochengeta uchangamire.

dzidziso yokusatendeseka [[FLT: 1] inoganhurira mano eCongress okugovera simba romutemo kumasangano anotonga. Nepo hurumende yezvokutonga yazvino uno ichitsamira pakuitwa kwoutongi hwesangano, Dare panhambo nenhambo rakakumbira iyi dzidziso kukunda nhume dzakafara zvikuru. Muzvinoitika zvazvino uno zvakafanana ne Gundy v. United States [2010]), Dare rakakakavadzana kana Konganisira kana Kokorodzano yakagovera nhungamiro yakakwana mukugovera chiremera, ichiratidzira ganhuriro dzenguva yemberi dzinobvira pasimba rekutungamirira.

Gakava Razvino Uno Nesimba Rinochinja

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunobatsira vadzidzi kuona kuti mitemo yepamutemo inoshanda sei kuzviitiko zviripo.

Kutengesa Claus Muzana Remakore rechi21

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu Lopez uye Morrison [ yakamutsidzira ganhuriro paChemmerce Clause, asi Affordcable Care Act mu NFIB v. Sebelius akaita chisarudzo chakaoma. Dare rairangarira kuti Dare harigoni kumanikidza vanhu kupinda mukutengeserana kupfurikidza nokuvaraira kutenga inishuwarenzi youtano muPrentecco Claus. Zvisinei, yakatsigira murairo semuitiro wapamutemo wesimba remutero.

Mutemo wemhoteredzo unowedzera kutsamira paChommerce Claus ne-Chenner Act. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Massachusetts v. EPA (2007) ()) yaidavira kuti hurumende inogona kudzora kubudisa gasi inodzisa pasi pomutemo uripo. Zvisinei, Dare rakaganhurawo simba rehurumende pamusoro penzvimbo dzinogara dziripo uye dzimwe mvura dzinopinda mumugwagwa, sezvinoonekwa mu Raphanos v. United States[FLT:] (2006] [200] uye dzimwe nguva pfupi iripo [FLT:]] SALETS v[FFFLT:] [20]]).

Simba Rehurumende Nekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Chifo cha 1960, Congress yakashandisa kutengeserana kwayo namasimba anopedza mari kumanikidza maruramiro avagari vemo. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo cha1964, chakatsigirwa mu kunzwa kweAtlanta Motel v. United States, yakarambidza rusaruro munzvimbo dzavose nemhaka yokuti rusaruro rwakadaro rwakatapura kutengeserana kwenyika. Dare rapamusoro ramaGaramendimendi ekodzero dzakada nguva yokutanga yokuvhota, kuti Congress Compligist ivement ivei yakatsamira paPromita ye15t Demendement kuirst. Shelby County v. Vaker[FFLT:3] [2013]), Dare repamusoro rakabva magariro akashandiswa kusarudza kuti pave nechinjo yehurumende kuti chinjo yokuvhoveri chama, kuita kuti chibvumirano chivepo chaparo chaparo chehurumende chiveri chamageotiveri chamagenyuko.

Simba rehurumende pamusoro pokutama nderechirungamidziro. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasarudzo mu [FLT: 0] Arizona v. United States (2020) yakaputsa mitemo yavanhu vanopinda munyika seyapunzwa nomutemo wehurumende uye kupfurikidza nemitemo yavo vamene inotapura vagari vasina kunyorwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reApt mu [FLT: 0] Arizona v.

Kudzidzisa Masimba Akakosha: Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, masimba ehurumende anonzwisisa anoda kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nemienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika. Kunzvera nhau dzechiratidzo chakatanhamara kunobetsera kujekesa kuti matare anodudzira sei Bumbiro remitemo. Kuenzanisa chiremera chehurumende nerehurumende panhau dzakadai sedzidzo, tarisiro youtano, uye mutemo woutsotsi zvinozivisa kushanda kwehurumende.

Mibato yomukirasi ingabatanidza kuhwirudzura rugwaro rwakazara rweChikamu I, Chikamu 8 kubva kuNational Constitution Center, kukurukura kana Congress ichifanira kuva nesimba rokudzora Internet, kana kuti kukwikwidzanisa kana migariro yokushandisa yehurumende pakutsigira dzidzo pakushandisa dzidzo pahurumende yokuzvitonga. Vadzidzi vanogonawo kunzvera mirangariro yeDare reSupreme [ Sapme pasimba rehurumende rokunzvera kuti kutsanangura kwachinja sei kutevedzero kwapanguva yakati.

Kunzwisisa masimba ehurumende kunobetserawo vagari vemo kuyera hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kutaura kwokuti mutemo wehurumende hausi wezvematongerwo enyika kunowanzoda kunzvera kana Bumbiro reMitemo richipa chiremera cheDare pamusoro penhau. Conrever. gov[ website inogovera nhau yemitemo inoratidza kuti apo vagadziri vemitemo vanodudza apo kuisa zvikwereti. Nenzira yakafanana, kutaura kwapurezidhendi kwechiremera chomuzvarirwo kunogona kurangarirwa mukurwisana norugwaro rwemitemo nemuenzaniso.

Mugumisiro: Hurumende Yakaganhurirwa Inoita Kuti Pave Nesimba Risingaperi

Masimba ehurumende yehurumende ose ari maviri akafara uye akaganhurirwa zvikuru. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa chiremera chakadudzwa uye chinorehwa icho chinobvumira hurumende yorudzi kushanda nenzira inobudirira muyambutsa nyika huru neyakaoma. Panguva imwe cheteyo, dziviriro dzezvivako dzemasimba, hurumende, Bill of Rights, uye hwirudzuro yedare kudzivirira chiito chehurumende chokudzvinyirira.

Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanonzwisisa iyi miganhu vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti kudzora kweAmerica kudzikamisa sei mipimo inokwikwidzana: chinzwano chorudzi nekodzero dzomunzvimbomo, hurumende inobudirira inorwisana norusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati peCongress, purezidhendi, matare, uye hurumende kunochengeta gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ichishanda, ichivimbisa kuti masimba ehurumende yenyika anoramba akavakirwa pabvumirano yavanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, National Archives inogovera shanduro dzinonyorwa dzeBumbiro reMitemo. Legal Information Institute pa Cornell inopa kupeta kwakakwana kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kunzvera izvi zvinhu kunokudza nzwisiso yezvinogona kuitwa nezvisingagoni kuitwa nehurumende yenyika.