Kudzorera Umambo Huripo: Husiri Hukuru Hwehurumende Muzera Razvino Uno

Apo tinofunga nezvehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno, tinowanzofunga miitiro inovakwa pauchangamire hwakakurumbira, kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye mabumbiro emitemo akabatanidzwa. Chinongedzero chiduku chamarudzi anozvidza ichi chimiro, chichishanda samadzimambo ehurumende akakwana kana kuti asati ari ehurumende apo anenge achiri kubatira pamwe namasangano ehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Iyi hurumende inopa nguva nenguva inonzi “masangano ehurumende enhaka yenhaka yenhaka yenhaka".. Inoita kuti mambo wenhaka ave manyuko echigaro echiremera, asingadzorwi nebumbiro remitemo ramabumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti reparamende. Kureve kuva masangano enguva yakapfuura anoshanda munhambo yapasi pekare, masangano enhau anodzoro, uye masangano adzokererwo. Kunzwisisa kuti vasati vari vatongi voutongi vehurumende vehurumende vehurumende vehurumende yehurumende yazvinotonga.

Nyaya ino inoongorora chimiro chehurumende dzinotonga dzisiri dzehurumende, mwero wokutora rutivi kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji kwadzinobvumira, dzikamo yadzinotaura kuti dzinogovera, uye nyanduko dzinomuka apo gamuchidzanwa rehurumende rinotonga rinosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvomupimo wehurumende yehurumende yenyika yose.

Chii Chiri Chirevo Choutongi Chisiri Chomusangano?

Muhurumende inotonga isiri yehurumende inotonga. (inonziwo monarchy yakakwana) mambo ane chiremera [[FLT: 0] pamukuru mukuru, chigadziko, uye kazhinji kazhinji mabasa okutonga enyika. Hakuna chinyorwa chapamutemo (chibvumirano) chinoganhurira simba roumambo, kana kuti boka ripi neripi rakasarudzwa rinogona kukunda zvisarudzo zvamambo. Mutongi chaizvoizvo anogara nhaka chigaro choumambo kupfurikidza nomutsetse wenhaka, uye shoko rake rinotakura simba romutemo.

Siyanisa ikoku nehurumende inotongwa nebumbiro remitemo, yakadai seUnited Kingdom kana kuti Japan, umo mambo anobatira somusoro wetsika wehurumende apo akasarudzwa vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa simba chairoiro rezvamatongerwe enyika pasi pebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa. Muumambo husiri hwehurumende, mambo anoramba ari hecono na de jure musoro wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vafundisi, vanotungamirira matare, uye vanodzora zviwanikwa zvikuru kufanana nemari yehondo nehurumende.

Nhasi, mienzaniso yakatanhamara zvikurusa inobatanidza Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman (kusvikira kugadziridzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzeSultan), Qatar, uye Eswatini. imwe neimwe yenyika idzi yakabatanidza mativi ehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende yakasarudzwa yakasarudzwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yavanhu) magungano akarongwa, kana kuti madare apamutemo akazvimirira anozvimirira — asi mambo anochengeta kutaura kwokupedzisira panhau dzose huru.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Nei Madzimambo Akakwana Achiramba Achitonga

Kupukunyuka kwehurumende dzinotonga dzisiri dzehurumende dzehurumende dzechiProfestia muzana ramakore rechi21 hakuna tsaona. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, idzi hurumende dzakabuda munheyo dzedzinza kana kuti dzorudzidziso idzo dzakatangira nyika yazvino uno. Mambo anowanzoonekwa kwete somutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika asi sokufananidzira asi semunhu worudzidziso, somuchinoitika chaMambo weSaudi Arabia uyo ane zita rokuremekedza “Custodian weMiviri Holysques.” Uyu mubatanidzwa wechiremera chomudzimu nechepapo unoparira kuva mutevedzero une simba iro masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji oga anogona kutevedzera.

Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20, mamonarchy mazhinji akakwana akaputsika mudzvinyiriro inobva muudzori hwehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende, masangano ezvourudzi, kana kuti chinjo yezvemari. Bva ayo akapukunyuka akaita saizvozvo kupfurikidza nokugamuchira nenzira yakasarudzwa zvimiro zvehurumende zvazvino uno (bureaucracracy), mabude emitemo, uye kunyange paramende (panguva ino kuchengeta maruramiro amambo okupindira. Muuyo igadziriro inoratidzika kuva yedemocracy kuvoruzhinji kuvokunze asi inoramba iri inodzosera chose chose chose.

Somuenzaniso, Sicnal Law yeSaudi Arabia ya1992 inoshanda sechibvumirano chekutonga, asi inotaura zvakajeka kuti chiremera chaMambo chinobva muQuran neSunnah, uye kuti anochengeta maruramiro okugadza nokudzinga Dare reVafundisi. Nenzira yakafanana, bumbiro remitemo raBrunei ra1959 rakaregwa muna 1962 pashure pokupanduka, uye Sultan ratonga nomutemo chifo chenguva iyeyo, pasina mutemi wemitemo wokudenha zvisarudzo zvake.

Masangano Anotonga Nehurumende Dzechidhimoni Ari Muutongi Husiri Hwokutonga

Kunyange zvazvo mamicropomacy achipa simba mumunhu mumwe, akawanda akatanga miitiro inobvumira kutora rutivi kwavanhu kwakaganhurirwa.

Madare Anokurudzira uye Magungano Anoongorora

Zvichida rutivi rwavose zvikurusa rwedemocracy muidzi hurumende idare rakagadzwa kana kuti rakasarudzwa zvishoma. MuSaudi Arabia, Sura Council (Majlis al-Shura) inoumbwa nemitezo 150 yakagadzwa naMambo. dare rinogona kuronga mitemo nemibvunzo navakuru, asi zvisarudzo zvaro hazvisungisi simba revhu uye zvinogona kunyungurisa dare racho. Nenzira yakafanana, Qatar’s Advisory Council (Maris al-Shura) inoumbwa nemitezo 45, yavanosarudzwa namakumi matatu, asi mutemo wose unoda kutenderwa kwaEmir.

MuOman, pashure porufu rwaSultan Qobaos muna 2020, Sultan Haitam bin Tariq akatanga chinjo dzine mwero, kubatanidza kupa Concessitive Council (Majlis al-Shura) simba rokubvunza vashumiri nokuronga mitemo. Zvisinei, Sultan inoramba iri mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru wehurumende nemitemo.

Mitemo Yakarongwa Ine Simba Risina Kuganhurirwa

Mamwe mamisirimoni akakwana akatanga maparamende akasarudzwa zvishoma, kunyange zvazvo mabasa awo achidzorwa zvakasimba. Somuenzaniso, Eswatini (aichimbova Swaziland) ane paramende yebhidaral: Imba yeGungano inoumbwa nemitezo 65 yakasarudzwa (kuwedzera Attorney General uye 10 yakagadzwa naMambo), uye Dare rinogadzwa zvikurukuru. Nepo paramende inogona kukurukura zvikwereti uye kubvumira bhajeti, Mambo anogona kupfuudza mutemo upi noupi, uye kutonga nomutemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogadzwa naMambo uye anobatira pamufaro wake.

MuBrunei, Legislative Council (Majlis Mesyuarat Negara) yakamutsidzirwa muna 2004 pashure pamakumi amakore okubviswa, asi inoramba yakagadzwa chose chose neSultan. Inosangana kazhinji kazhinji uye haina simba rokutanga mutemo(inotsigira zvavo mitemo yeSultan. Seizvo mumwe mucherekedzi akacherekedza, inoshanda se “chiteshi cherabha chetsika yetsika ” kupfuura chigadziko chechokwadi.

Vafundisi Vanozvimirira Vane Utariri Hwoumambo

Chiratidzo chokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu idare rehurumende rinozvimirira, asi muhurumende dzisiri dzoutongi, mambo kazhinji kazhinji anochengeta simba rokugadza nokudzinga vatongi, kupa kanganwiro, uye kunyange kuputsa zvisarudzo zvedare. MuSaudi Arabia, gadziriro yokutonga yakavakirwa pamutemo weSharia, uye Mambo anobatira sedare rokupedzisira rokukwirira. Nepo vatongi vachirovedzwa uye vachizvimirira nenzira yapamutemo, Mambo anogona kupa miraudzo youmambo inodzora mitemo yedare.

Dare reMissional, rakatangwa muna 2008, rinoongorora mitemo yokuteerera bumbiro remitemo (rakaitwa muna 2004), asi masimba eEmir akanyorwa mubumbiro remitemo racho pacharo, richidzokorora matare okutonga.

Kusarudza Nguva Dzose Panzvimbo Dzisiri Dzorudzi

Imwe nzvimbo umo mamwe mamisiri akakwana anobvumidza kutora rutivi chairwoirwo rwedemokrasi iri pamwero wepepuresi kana kuti womunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, Saudi Arabia akatanga kusarudza muna 2005, achibvumira vagari vemo kuvhota hafu yemitezo yemakambani emanisiparati (imwe hafu inogadzwa). Zvisinei, aya madare ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa paminamato yemo yomunzvimbomo uye haana udzori pazvisarudzo zvemari kana kuti zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Turnout yave yakaderera, uye vakadzi vakawana bedzi maruramiro okuvhota muna 2015.

Nenzira yakafanana, Oman anoita sarudzo nokuda kweChurcessitive Council pamwero wavanagavhuna, asi vanoda kubhapatidzwa vanofanira kutenderwa nehurumende, uye masimba edare acho anonyengetedzwa.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kudzvinyirirwa Kunoitwa Vatatu Vakakwana kuNavigate Democratic Pressition

Saudi Arabia: Muenzaniso Wemonarchy Yakakwana Neyazvino Uno

Saudi Arabia inowanzodudzwa sehurumende yokupedzisira yenyika yakakwana zvirokwazvo. Mambo anobatanidza mabasa omusoro wenyika, musoro wehurumende, mutungamiriri wehurumende (kusvikira muna 2022), uye mutungamiriri wehurumende. Mhuri youmambo, inosvika zviuru, inodzora nzvimbo dzapamusoro dzehurumende, mauto, uye mari. Pasinei zvapo nokuiswa kwesimba kwakakwana, umambo hwakatanga pesvedzero yazvino uno pasi peHuru, Mutungamiriri wehurumende (kusvikira muna 20222), uye chiono 2030 kukudza mari kubva paoiri, uye chinjo dzenzanga dzakabatanidza vakadzi kubvumira kutyaira nokuderedza simba remapurisa erudzidziso.

Bva idzi chinjo hadzina kuderedza gadziriro. Shura Council inoramba yakagadzwa, madare emisionari ane simba rakaganhurirwa, uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anorambidzwa. Chishandiso chechengeteko chehurumende chinotsemuka pakupesana, sezvinoonwa mukupondwa kwa2018 kwomutori wenhau Jamal Khashogi. Mukuwirirana neDemocratic Index yeEconomist Intelligence Unity, Saudia Arabia nguva dzose saimwe yavateereri venyika vadzorwi zvikurusa vehurumende dzinodzora. Chigaromende chehurumende chinoona chinjo yedemokramende setyisidziro kukufanira kwayo, sezvinoda kudzorwa kwomugari wemori wenhau kupfurikidza nemikoto yamatoko yama yakadai mas[FLT] [FLT]] (opense) apo neapose) apo vadzorwi vanogona kukumbira mutongi.

Brunei: Kutonga Kwakakwana kweSultan Mubumbiro Remitemo Rakavhiringidzwa

Brunei igweta duku, bhinya remaoiri rakawanda pachitsuwa cheBorneo. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah akatonga chifo cha 1967 uye ane chiteshi chemiteshi chesurunari mukuru, gurukota rinodzivirira, gurukota rezvemari, uye gurukota rezvemari yavanhu. Dare reMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo rakamiswa pashure porupanduko muna 1962, uye Sultan rakatonga nomutemo wekurumidziro kubvira muna 1962. Muna 2004, mutemo mutsva wakagadzwazve, asi unosimbisazve mukuru mukuru weSultan nechiremera chemitemo. Dare reSauglative rinogadzwa chose chose, uye hapana masangano ezvematongerw enyika.

Gadziriro yaBrunei yemitemo ivhenganiswa nomutemo wechiNgezi wechiNgezi nesharia, asi Sultan inogona kudzora chisarudzo chipi nechipi chedare. Muna 2019, Brunei akashandisa mutemo wokuranga wakakomba unobatanidza rufu kupfurikidza nokuba nemhaka youpombwe uye kudimburwa makumbo nokuda kwokuva, kumutsa kuchema kwamarudzi ose. Sultan yakadzivirira kufamba sokuzadzika kwemisengwa yechiIslam, uye mutemo unoramba uchishanda pasinei zvapo nokuuraya. Muganhu woumambo unobvumira mitemo yakadaro pasina kutemwaramwa kana kuti kunzvera kwokutonga.

Eswatini: Mutongi Wokupedzisira WeAfrica

Eswatini (yaichimbova Swaziland) ndiyo hurumende bedzi yakakwana muAfrica. Mambo Mswati III, uyo akakwidza pachigaro choumambo muna 1986, anotonga nomutemo. Nyika ine bumbiro remitemo rakagamuchirwa muna 2005, asi inopa masimba Mambo anoparadza: anogadza mutungamiriri mukuru, vatenzi vazhinjisa, uye anogona kupa mutemo upi noupi. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anorambidzwa kutora rutivi musarudzo, uye vadaviri vanofanira kumira savanhu vamwe navamwe. Imba yeGungano ine mitezo 65 yakasarudzwa, asi inosarudzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yamasheromadoma vomunzvimbomo iyo inodzora nenzira inobudirira masimba anoshora.

Muna 2021, kutsutsumwa kwemapromoti kwakatanga muEswatini, kuchiraira Mambo kudzika ndokubvumira kusarudzwa kwapachokwadi. Hurumende yakapindura nokuparadza kwamasimba masimba uko kwakauraya vazhinji vavapanduki. Mambo akavimbisa chinjo, kubatanidza kuzarura nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi kusvikira zvino zvaramba zvichidzorwa chose chose. Mhaka yaEswatini inoratidza kusashanda zvakanaka kwegadziriro dzechidhimonizimu: apo zvikumbiro zvedemokrati zvinokura zvikuru, madzimambo anowanzoda kubatira simba panzvimbo penyika.

Betsero Dzakanzi Nokuda Kwezvinzvimbo Zvisina Kufanira Zvehurumende

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mami voumambo hwakakwana hunogovera dzikamo, kupfuurira, uye kuita zvisarudzo zvekukurumidza izvo Hurumende dzinotonga dzinorwisa kuwana. Munyika dzine mapoka edzinza, madzinza, kana kuti orudzidziso, mambo asingatori rutivi anogona kubatira semunhu anobatanidza kupfuura kurwisana kwemagakava. Mambo weSaudi Arabia, somuenzaniso, anoonekwa somudziviriri wokutenda kwechiIslam, kwete mutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika. Nenzira yakafanana, mutungamiriri waBrunei anobatanidza kuzivikanwa kwerudzi rweMalaya nerealm.

Chimwe chibvumikiso ndechokuti mamonarch akakwana anogona kuita chinjo dzenhambo refu pasina mhesano dzesarudzo. Saudi View 2030, somuenzaniso, yakagadzirwa segadziriro yamakore 15 ane nharidzano dzakajeka, uye madzimambo akaisundira mberi pasinei zvapo nokudzivisa kwechisimba. Mukupesana, hurumende dzedemokrase munharaunda (seRebhanoni) dzinotambura kazhinji kazhinji kubva mukuoma mitezo nemhaka yokurwisana.

Mubato wemari mune dzimwe nyika dzakasimba, rutivi nemhaka yepfuma yeoiri.Vagari vemo vaBrunei vanofarikanya tarisiro youtano hwapachena, dzidzo yapachena (kubatanidza mari yokunze kwegungwa), uye hapana mutero wemari yomunhu oga. Saudi Arabia yakaisa mari yakawanda mugadziriro, ruzivo, uye varaidzo.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Kunyanduka kuri pakati pemitemo yehurumende yamambo wakakwana nenheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoratidzirwa.

  • Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anorambidzwa kana kuti anoganhurirwa zvakakomba, anodzivisa chishoro chakarongwa. Kusarudza, apo kunoitwa, kunowanzodzorwa kana kuti kudzorwa. Vagari havana nzira yapamutemo yokutsiva mambo kana kuti mhuri inotonga.
  • Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzavanhu: Censorship, kupfigirwa kwoudzvinyiriri, uye ganhuriro parusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, uye rudzidziso zvakarovedzeka. Jamal Khashoggi kuponda uye bumbiro remitemo yechirango imienzaniso yakanyanyisa yokuti simba rakakwana rinogona sei kushandiswa zvisina kufanira.
  • Njodzi dzekubudirira: Pasina mutoo wakajeka webumbiro remitemo, nhevedzano inogona kuva manyuko okusatsiga. Kutamisirwa kwesimba kwaSaudi Arabia kubva kuna Mambo Salman kuenda kuCrip Pord Mohammed bin Salman kwakabatanidza kutsigira mimwe mitezo yeboka ramambo, kuchitungamirira kutsoropodzo dzamambo. MuEswatini, roorano dzamambo dzakaparira vazhinjisarira kuva vadyi venhaka, kuchiparira kusavimba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusashanda kwemari: Nepo upfumi hweoiri huchifukidza zvinetso, mamonarch akakwana anowanzotambura nokusazivikanwa namashoko noushati nemhaka yokuti kuita zvisarudzo kwakajeka. Zviratidzo zveWorld Bank zveHurumende zvinoratidza kuti nyika idzi dzinotadza kuva nenzwi rakaipa uye kuzvidavirira, kutonga kwomutemo, uye kudzorwa kwoushati.
  • Kuramba kuchinja: Chimiro chimene chehurumende inotonga vanhu vose chinodzivisa kudzorwa kwehurumende nemhaka yokuti kuchinjwa kwesimba kupi nokupi kumatunhu akasarudzwa kwaizosekesa nzvimbo yamambo. Kuchinja kunowanzova chizoro, zvakadai sokuita madare okuronga pasina simba chairo.

Masangano amarudzi ose akadai seFreedom House anoratidzira Saudi Arabia nguva dzose, Brunei, Qatar, uye Eswatini se “asina kusununguka.” Chibatanwa chaMarudzi chakaraira aya masangano kuremekedza kodzero dzavanhu ndokugamuchira chinjo dzechokwadi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi fambiro mberi inononoka.

Nguva Yemberi: Ko Hurumende Dzoumambo Dzinogona Kuderera Zvizere Here?

Nhau inokarakadza kuti mamisiri voumambo hwakakwana hahuwanzochinjiki kuhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kwakazara norugare. Mamirire emadzimambo mazhinjisa eEurope akashanduka zvishoma nezvishoma, nesimba richibviswa kubva kuchiremera kwamazana amakore kupfurikidza nokupandukira, hondo, kana kuti kufambiswa kwemabumbiro emitemo. Munhambo yazvino uno, chinjo bedzi inobudirira kubva kuumambo hwakakwana kukuva hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muchizvarwa chimwe chakaitika muBhutan, uko mambo wechina akarega nokuzvidira muna 2006 uye bumbiro remitemo idzva rakagamuchirwa, kuchishandura nyika kuva madzimambo ehurumende neparamendemu yakasarudzwa. Zvisinei, Bhutan (*, mambo akanga akakurumbira zvikuru uye aitanga kuchinja chinjo chake amene musiyano iri nyore nyore nyore.)

Kusvikira panguva ino, mhuri dzinotonga hadzina kuda kupiwa simba. Kuramba kweArabian Spring muna 2011 kwakaputsa dzimwe nyika (Ijipiti, Tunisia) asi kwakangobata honzeri dzemadzimambo, idzo dzakashandisa kudzvinyirira, kutsigira, uye kuchinja kushoma kuti dzirarame.

Vamwe vaongorori vanotaura kuti mamonarchial angagona kuchinja kuva “matongero ehurumende” umo mambo anochengeta masimba akasimba asi achigoverana chiremera chakati nedare rakasarudzwa risati riri uchangamire hwakazara. Gadziriro yeSingapore, nesarudzo ine simba asi yenguva dzose, ingava muenzaniso wainotarisira. Zvisinei, Singapore irepublic, kwete madzimambo, uye kubudirira kwayo kunotsamira pakukura kwezvemari uye kudzora kunobudirira kunoitwa nehurumende yemadzimambo ose.

Dzvinyiriro yokunze inobva kuUnited States, European Union, uye masangano amaruramiro avanhu angaitawo rutivi, asi mamonarch akakwana kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa ukoshi hwawo hunokosha hunokosha hunokosha (zvikurukuru mafuta omusikirwo eSaudi Arabia negasi reQatar) kuzvidzivirira amene pamiuyo yakakomba. Madokero ave achizengurira kumanikidzira nokuda kwokuderedzwa kwoudenderedzwa kwapasi munyika idzodzi nokuda kwokutya kusagadzikana kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwesimba.

Mupeto: Chiratidzo Chisingatani

Miganhu yehurumende isingatsigiri hurumende inotonga inoshanda mukati memasangano ehurumende yeruzhinji azvino uno inomirira kuchinjika kunoshamisa asi kune ngozi. Inopa vagari vemo vavo mwero wedzikamo, zita ravo regamuchidzanwa, uye betsero dzemari izvo mademori akawanda haagoni kuvimbisa, asi ivo vanoita kudaro pakurasikirwa nerusununguko rukuru rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mifanikiso yakavhengana inooneka muSaudi Arabia, Brunei, Qatar, uye Eswatini haibviri kutendeukira kudiationscroseicroseric rehurumende yavose isati iri nguva pfupi ichangobva nemhaka yokuti madzimambo havana sundo yokuwana manyuko okupedzisira esimba ravo. Panzvimbo pezvo, vachapfuurira kudzora dzvinyiriro yehurumende inosarudzwa iyo inodzorwa apo inoita chitarisiko kwokutora rutivi rutivi.

Sezvo migariro yenyika yose ichichinja kukodzero dzavanhu nokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, aya mamonarchy akakwana anotarisana nedenho dziri kukura dzomukati nedzekunze. Upfumi hweoiri hwakatsigira dzikateramisa ishoma; zviverengero zvepwere zvakabatana zvikuru kupfuura zvinomboda manzwi; uye mamiriro ezvezvamatongerwe enyika angasachashivirirazve vatongi vemaatommatommaswo nokusingagumi. Zvisinei, zvino, mamonarchy ehurumende ehurumende yakakwana akabvumikisa kuva anoshivirira nenzira inoshamisa − mamiriro adzomadhimonizimu ehurumende yavanhu pasina kushandurwa nawo. Mano avo okudzora kupesana pakati pegamuchidzanwa netsika yazvino uno unosariranwa achasarudza kana kuti achazoziva kana vachipfuurira kupinda muzana ramakore rinotevera sehurumende yemivhenga.

[[[FRANTA] Kurava kwapachikamu: