Kutanga: Chiziviso chacho sechinyorwa chipenyu

Apo Continental Congress yeChipiri yakatendera Chibvumirano cheKuzvimirira pana July 4, 1776, vakagadzira zvinopfuura zvikuru kuputsika kwezvamatongerwe enyika muGreat Britain. Chinyorwa chacho igadziriro youzivi inopfuurira kuumba sei hurumende muUnited States((uye kupota nyika yose) kudidzira, kududzira, uye kuisa mitemo. Nepo Chibvumirano icho chimene chisingasungiki pamutemo, nheyo dzacho dzakaumbwa mujira reAmerican jurispruncencence, remitemo, uye kuumbwa kwemitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshandisa sei Declation of Independence kuita mitemo kunoda kuputidzika zvikuru mumashoko acho enhau, midzi, mifungo yezvouzivi, uye pesvedzero yaro inopfuurira pachinhu chiri chose kubva kudare kukutonga kupfurikidza nomutemo.

Chisakiso chesimba rapamutemo reChibvumirano chacho chiri mukutaura kwacho kwamaruramiro omuzvarirwo: ayo anotangira hurumende uye haagoni kubviswa nenzira yapamutemo. Iyi mifungo yakanga iri yechinjo muzana ramakore rechi 18 uye inoramba iri mavambo okuita mutemo wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nhasi. zvikamu zvinotevera zvinonzvera miitiro chaiyo iyo Chiziviso chakaumba nayo gadziriro dzapamutemo, dzose dziri mbiri muUnited States nomumamwe marudzi ayo akawana kurudziro mumashoko acho.

Mavambo Enhau Nedzidziso Dzemashoko Acho

Kutsigira Mugariro Wevanhu Nomutemo Womuzvarirwo

Chibvumikiso cheChiratidzo chokuti hurumende dzinowana masimba adzo akarurama mukubvuma kwavadzorwi iratidziro yakananga yerondedzero yenzanga inosimudzirwa navafungi vakaita saJohn Locke. Mu Second Treasurence of Government[ [1689]), Locke yakataura kuti vanhu vanopa rusununguko rwakati kuhurumende bedzi nokuda kwokudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro avo makurusa akadai sechipfuvuro, rusununguko, uye pfuma. Thomas Jefferson akachinjira ikoku ku “Upenyu, Rusununguko nokurondo rwemufarwa, kufutunura pfungwa kubatanidza kwakafara, chiono chinoshuvo chavanhu chinoda zvikuru.

Uhu uzivi hwetsika dzomusikirwo hunotsigira gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Matare namasangano emitemo anowanzokumbira Chibvumirano kururamisa ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, nheyo yokuti mitemo haifaniri kuputsa “Kodzero dzisingaparadziki” yakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo inonyima nokuzvidira vagari vemo rusununguko, kunyange apo mitemo iyoyo yaipfuudzirwa nevoruzhinji. Mutemo wacho unobatira somusimboti wetsika unoyerwa mutemo wakananga.

Kugadzira kwaJefferson uye “Zvokwadi Dzokuzvitutumadza”

Jefferson’s phrasing [1] “Tinochengeta idzi zvokwadi kuva dzinooneka. Yakakwidziridza maruramiro akarongwa kupfuura murangarirowo zvawo. ] r. . .Mutauro uyu wakataurwa mumifungo isingaverengeki yokutaura kuti dzimwe maruramiro anokosha kwazvo zvokuti hapana chiito chemitemo chinogona kudzidzora. Dare reU. Supreme, somuenzaniso, rakanongedzera Chibvumirano mu [FLT] v.[5][6]

Pesvedzero Yakananga paBumbiro Remitemo reU.S. uye Bhikiri raMaruramiro

Kubva Pakuzivisa Kuenda Kubumbiro Remitemo

Kunyange zvazvo Chiratidzo chakanga chisati chiri chinyorwa chinoshanda pamutemo, Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyoreswa makore gumi nerimwe gare gare rakavakwa panheyo dzaro. “Isu vanhu... tinowana Zvikomborero zveLiberty” (8ecohoesa) kutaura kweChibvumirano chokuti hurumende iripo kudzivirira kodzero. Vagadziri vamaune varongi vakaronga gadziriro yemasimba akaparadzana, kunzvera uye ganhuriro kuti vadzivise chibvumirano chine simba chakakomba chakanga chashurikidzwa. Zvirokwazvo, chisarudzo chokubatanidza Bill of Rights muna 1791 chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga yokutya kuti hurumende itsva yehurumende ingaputsa kodzero dzaJefferson yakanga yataura.

Ninth Amendment, inotaura kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati hakuzoparadzanisi vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu, kunowanzorangarirwa sechinodzorwa zvakananga kuvimbiso yeChibvumirano chekodzero dzomusikirwo dzisina kunyorwa. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadai saRandy Barnett dzakataura kuti Ninth Amendment yakanga yakaitirwa kuti ichengete chiono cheChibvumirano chokuti kodzero dzinovapo pasina hurumende idzinopa.

Mitemo yeHurumende Sevashandi

Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende risati ravapo, mabumbiro emitemo akawanda akabatanidza zvakajeka nheyo dzeChibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) yakabatira somuenzaniso webasa raJefferson uye gare gare nokuda kweBill of Rights. Nhasi, bumbiro remitemo rimwe nerimwe rine ziviso yekodzero idzo dzinoratidzira mutauro wemagwaro okuvamba enyika. matare ehurumende anowanzotarira kuChibvumirano paChibvumirano chacho pachishandiswa mitemo yavo vamene yehurumende, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nokutsvaka nokukwiza, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye dziviriro yakaenzana.

Kuchinja Kwakananga: Chiziviso chacho sechinobatsira Kutsanangura Zvirevo

Zvirongwa Zvemitemo Nezvinangwa zvaClaus

Imwe yenzira dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa idzo hurumende dzinoshandisa Mutemo kuita mitemo iri kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kwesumo idzo dzinonongedzera zvakajeka mutauro wadzo. Apo mutemi wehurumende unoisa mutemo(zvingave zvine chokuita nekodzero dzavagari vemo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, kana kuti tarisiro dzoutano) mavambo anowanzonokora mashoko kana kuti kupfupikisa murairo kuratidzira chinangwa chetsika. Somuenzaniso, Civil Rights Act ya19464 inovamba nezviwanwa zvinoputsa “mazambuko orusununguko noukurumbidzika. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende yakawanda inovanza kodzero dzakaenzana dzinovamba kupfurikidza nokukwidziridza zvokwadi inova pachena kuti vanhu vose vakasikwa.

Uku kusuma hakusi kungoshongedzawo zvako; kunogona kuumba nzira iyo matare anodudzira nayo mutauro wemitemo usina kujeka. Mu “basa rechechi” redudziro yemitemo, vatongi vanorangarira chinangwa chose chomutemo. Kana kutanga kwacho kuchikumbira Chiziviso, dare ringarava zvikamu zvemitemo nenzira inowedzera mipimo iyoyo. Iyi pesvedzero isina kunanga ine simba, zvikurukuru apo rugwaro rwomutemo runosiya nzvimbo yokurava yakawanda.

Mirangariro Yedare ne “Chirevo” Tsika

Federal uye vatongi vehurumende vakadudza Chiratidzo muzviuru zvemirangariro. [FLT] v. Board yeDzidzo (1954), Dare Rapamusoro harina kutsamira zvakananga paChibvumirano, asi kufunga kwacho kwokuti rusarudzo runoparira kunzwa kwokuzvideredza nokuva mugarikanwa kwakaenzana kwakavakirwa zvikuru muchiono cheChirango. Zvisarudzo zvapashure, zvakadai se [FLT:][FLT] [5]]] OGroberfe. [5] . Hoggmas [FLT's , inobvumira pamutemo murumbidzo yapamutemo.[FLT] [5] [5]

Zvishandiso Zvazvino Uno: Kuyerera Kunoita Mitemo Yanhasi Kubva Panheyo 1776

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nemifanikiso

Chiratidzo cheChibvumirano chokuti hurumende inofanira kumira patendero yezvitendero zvinodzorwa inheyo yomutemo weSarudzo weAmerica. Mitemo inodzora kunyoresa kwevoti, kunyora, uye mari yenhimbe yose yakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti inzwi revagari vemo vose rinofanira kuva rakaenzana. Kodzero huru dzokuvhota kodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero [$] , National Voter Religionation Act ya1993] yairuramiswa nedikadiwa kuti chibvumirano chacho chive chakaenzana. Dare guru parakarova rutivi rweChibvumirano chekodzero chekodzero chavanhu [FLT:][FLT] .[FLT] V[FLT2] [FLD] [2] [20] [5]

Masangano ehurumende anoshandisawo mutauro weChibvumirano pakuitirana nharo pamusoro pemitemo yokuvhota. Somuenzaniso, mabhiri anokudza kuvhota kwapakuvamba kana kuti kudzorera kodzero dzokuvhota kuvatongi anowanzobatanidza “kuwana” chikamu chinotaura kuti mutemo unosimudzira kubvumira kutevedzerwa kwenheyo. Nenzira inopesana, vatsigiri vemitemo yeID yedare inovhota dzimwe nguva vanotaura kuti matanho akadaro anodzivirira kuvimbika kwevhoti, nokudaro achichengeta kuva pamutemo kwehurumende (a pamutemo) kuti, paChibvumirano chimwe nechimwe, inofamba kubva kuvanhu.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nomutemo Wokudzivisa

Mutsetse weChiratidzo wakakurumbira zvikurusa wakaitwa wakaenzana.[1] “Vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana" (panova nomutemo unodzidzwa mukurumbira wokushuva; hauna kuzivikanwa kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore pashure pokunyorwa kwawo.) Asi yazova fandesheni yedziviriro yakaenzana muI145th Amendment. Dare rakashandisa simba raro kumanikidzira kuraira kugadziridzwa kwokuita mitemo inorambidza rusaruro mumabasa, dzimba, dzidzo, uye dzimba dzavose. Iyi mitemo inowanzotaura kuti Mutemo utsanangure kuti kutsanangura chikonzero nei rusaruro rwakaipa: nemhaka yokuti inozvidza chiremera chakafanana icho chiziviso.

Madare anorondedzera iyi mitemo anowanzoshandisa “nzvero yakakwirira” apo kutsauranisa (kwakadai sorudzi kana kuti munhurume) kunoshandiswa kubata vanhu nenzira yakasiana. Kurangarira kunoyerera zvakananga kubva muChiziviso: sezvo vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, mutemo upi noupi unovabata nenzira isina kuvimbika unofanira kuva neruramiso yakasimba zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro, yakakudziridzwa muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne [FLT][12] BHN[[FLT]] uye - v. [197], inoratidzira sei inoreva 1776] mitemo yetsika inoshandurwa mumite, vanogona kuronze vana, uye vanofanira kudzorwa sei.

Kufambira Mberi Kunodiwa uye Kudzivirirwa Kworusununguko

Chiratidzo che “kudzivirira” chakadudzirwa kubatanidza kwete bedzi rusununguko kubva muganhuriro dzomuviri asiwo maruramiro okuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga. Dare Rapamusoro rinoita kuti dzimwe rusununguko ruve rwakatanhamara kwazvo zvokuti hadzigoni kubviswa pasina fariro inomanikidzira, [FLT:] Magariro akafanana [[FLT:][FL:][1] Griswold v. Connecticut[[FF:] [FLT] [6] [65]] [65]) [5], iyo inozivikanwa zvakananga nekodzero yokudzora kudzora kubereka. [FLT]

Mu Chinoyera, murangariro wezvizhinji wakataura zvakakurumbira, kuti: “Pamwoyo werusununguko ikodzero yokurondedzera murangariro womunhu amene wokuvapo, werevo, wechisiko chose, uye wechakavanzika choupenyu hwomunhu.] Mutauro iwoyo unoratidzira murangariro mukurusa weChiratidzo chomufarwa wavanhu. Kurangarira kwakadaro kunoratidza kuti Declaration inoita zvinopfuura kuzivisa kunopa hwupi rugwaro rwapamutemo.Iro rinogovera mavambo kupfurikidza narwo vatongi vanorava rugwaro rwose rwemitemo.

Pesvedzero Yamarudzi Ose: Mashandisire Anoita Dzimwe Hurumende Kuzivisa

Kuwana Mapepa Ehurumende Itsva

Chiziviso cheIndex cheKuzvimirira chakabatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwamarudzi akawanda anotsvaka kugadza hurumende dzebumbiro remitemo. Chiziviso cheFrench chaMaruramiro avanhu nechomugari wemo (1789) chakakwereta zvikuru mumutauro waJefferson, uye mabumbiro emitemo akatevera (kubatanidza ayo eGreece, Poland, uye marudzi akawanda echiPutukezi cheAfrica apashure penyika dzeAmerica (chinoisa nongedzero dzakajeka dzakajeka ku “ukuru hwekodzero dzevanhu. Kunyora Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1988), dare reUnited Nations, rakadzorwa neEleanor Rooselt, rakabva pachimiro neuzivi hweAmerica. Nyaya yokutanga, “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa vakasununguka uye vakaenzana muchiremera.

Somuenzaniso, Dare reEurope Rekodzero Dzevanhu rakapa mashoko magwaro okutanga mumhosva dzine chokuita nokutongwa zvakanaka uye rusununguko rwemunhu oga. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti rugwaro rwakanyorerwa nyika imwe chete rwazova dare repamutemo renyika yose.

Pesvedzero Pakuitwa kweBumbiro Romutemo Rakavapo Pashure Pekokoroni

Nyika dzakawana kuzvimirira kubva kumasimba anodzorwa nehurumende muzana ramakore rechi20 kazhinji kazhinji dzakaratidzira magwaro adzo ehwaro apamutemo pamuenzaniso weAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia, rakagamuchirwa muna 1950, rinobatanidza kuvamba kunopikira ruramisiro, rusununguko, uye kuenzana (rune mitauro) kunosimbisa Chibvumirano cheChitendero pahuenzani uye kuenzana. Dare Rapamusoro reIndia rakadudza DO paidudzira kodzero youpenyu norusununguko pasi peChikamu 21. Nenzira yakafanana, Ppo yeSouth Africa inovimbisa kuenter - adictive Constitution (1996) inopa mhedzi yayo yakajeka yekodzero yo “kukudzwa nokuenzana kwavanhu vose, , , ichiita kuti chiziviso cheChibvumirano chacho. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti Kuzivisa kwacho hakusi hachisi chishandiso chenhau chenhau yenhau asi chipenyu chomutemo munyika yose.

Kukanganisa Neganhuriro: Musiyano Pakati Pamashoko Nomutemo

Unyengeri Hwenhoroondo uye Kuzviparadzanisa Nevamwe Pakutanga

Nepo Chiziviso chacho chakashandiswa kukudza maruramiro acho, rugwaro rwayo rwapakuvamba rwakanga rune pokanidzano huru. Jefferson aiva navaranda, uye gwaro racho harina kuita chinhu kugumisa uranda; rakanongedzera kuvanhu veIndineswo se “Mashabha asina upfumi.” Nokuda kwerinodokuva zana ramakore pashure pa 1776, mutemo weAmerica wakamanikidzira kudzorwa kwedzinza, wakaramba zvikwaniriso zvenzvimbo nokuda kwokuvhota. Vatsoropotesi vanotaura kuti Chibvumirano chacho chave chave chave chichingorumbidzwa zvikuru chose chose chose chose chose.

Asi mutauro chaiwo weChibvumirano chacho wakagovera chombo nokuda kwaavo vaibviswa. Frederick Douglas, muhurukuro yake yakakurumbira ya 1852 inoti “Chii kuMuranda chiri China chaJuly?” Akashandura Chiziviso chacho mukurwisana navanyori vacho, achiramba kuti nheyo dzacho dzaida kunyorwa. Kuronga kwevakadzi, muna 11848 Seneca Falls, nokungwarira kwakadzokorora kodzero yokutanga yokuvhota. Nokudaro, simba reChibvumirano chacho rine rutivi rukuru musimba raro rokushandiswa kurwisana nenzvimbo inodzorwa naavo inofuratira pakutanga.

Kuganhurirwa Kwokutonga Nengozi Yokurangarira Kwetsika

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinonyevera pamusoro pokunyanyotsamira paChiratidzo mukuita chisarudzo chedare. Vanopa nharo kuti chinyorwa chacho hachina kujeka zvikuru kuti chishande senhungamiro chaiyo yomutemo. Chitsama chinoti “kuwana mufaro” chinogona kureva zvinhu zvakawanda kuvanhu vazhinji, uye vatongi vanodaro chingava chiri kuisa mirangariro yavo vamene yetsika. Mutongi Antonin Scalia, mutsigiri wedzidziso yemavambo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anonyevera kuti kushandisa Chibvumirano kukudza kodzero dzakashandutswa kukuita chiito chomutemo. Mukusabvumirana kwake nemitemo yedare. OGROG] [FLD:2], [FLT], SCULT], akataura kuti vazhinji vakanga vachinja tsika kuti vasarumbirwe, vasaruki vasaruki vasarukidze muserome. Iyi ino idiro yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yechito.

Mugumisiro: Kukwidziridzwa Kunopfuurira Kwemutemo Kwezviziviso

Hurumende dzinoshandisa Chiziviso Chorusununguko kuita mitemo munzira dzose dziri mbiri dzakajeka nedzamanomano emitemo kusvikira kukurangarira kwevatongi veDare Gurusa. Nheyo dzaro dzekodzero dzomusikirwo, kuenzana, uye kubvumirana dzinoumba hwaro hwokuita mitemo yehurumende yazvino uno. Nepo Chiziviso chacho chisati chiri chishandiso chapamutemo chinobatira, chazova chamabumbiro emitemo epamutemo: mashoko acho anogona kukumbirwa kutsigira zvose zviri zviviri nzvimbo dzetsika nedzakasununguka, kururamisa simba rehurumende kana kuti kuiganhurira, uye kubatanidza mapoka matsva kana kuti madhipatimendindindi.

Simba remitemo rechokwadi harisi mududziro ipi neipi asi musimba raro rokushanduka - shanduka. Sezvo migariro mitsva inomuka / fambiro mberi muruzivo rwezvigadzirwa, tyisidziro dzinobuda kurusununguko(matare) nedzimba dzomutemo zvinodzokera kuChiziviso kuti zviwane gadziriro iyo isati iri yenguva dzose uye inochinjika. Gwaro racho sezvingabvira richapfuurira kuumba mutemo weAmerica nowenyika yose nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya, chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti haritauri kuzvinhu zvakati zvenhambo ipi neipi asi kuchishuvo chomunhu chorusununguko norusununguko.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunzvera manyuko makuru, Nhevedzano yeNational Riporder inogovera mashoko akazara nenhau dzakapoteredza. Library yeCongress inopawo mifananidzo yemifungo nenzvero[. Vadzidzi venhau dzemitemo vangabvunza Cornell Information Institute yerective re remote yepamutemo reInquisition . Izvi zviwiro zvinoenzanisirazve kuti rugwaro rumwe runobva muna 1776 runoramba ruchive simba gurusa remitemo inopfuurira kuita.