Bazu guru nenzira isingafungiki iboka rinoonekwa zvikurusa uye rine simba rehurumende yazvino uno, rine mutoro wokushandura vavariro yokutonga kuva chiito chinooneka uye kubatira somutungamiriri mukuru worudzi. MuUnited States, iri bazi harisi mubatanidzwa wavakuru vakuru asi chirongwa chakaoma, chinobatanidza utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro huru yehurumende. Kunzwisisa chirongwa charo, masimba, uye miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha kuti zvinzwisise kuti demokrati inozvitonga sei, kunosimbisa mitemo yayo, uye kupindura kuzvinetso zvose zviri zviviri zvemhuri nezvenyika yose. Nyaya ino inogovera kuvandudzwa kukuru kwebazu redare repamusoro rehurumende rehurumende, gadziriro yesangano, zviremera zvesangano, simba, uye kunzvera uko chiremera charo.

Kurondedzera Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Bazu ravakuru vakuru ndirimwe ramapazu matatu akaenzana ehurumende mugadziriro yakaparadzana yamasimba, parutivi pamapazu emitemo neatongi. Rwiyo yaro huru yebumbiro remitemo nderoku [[FLT: 0] kudzosa uye rinoshandisa mitemo [ yakaitwa nedare remitemo. Nepo mutemiswo wemitemo inonyora mitemo nedare rinotonga rinoidudzira, bazi rehurumende rinoiisa mubato mukuru wamaparedhi, masangano, uye vakuru vakuru.

MuUnited States, nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yebazu rinotonga iChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., icho chinoisa simba ravakuru vakuru muMutungamiriri mumwe. Kusafanana nemiitiro yeparamende inowanwa mudzimwe hurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga, umo mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva padare remitemo, Purezidhendi weU.S. anosarudzwa ari oga uye anobatira nhambo yakagadzwa yemakore mana. Iyi purogiramu inoparira kuparadzaniswa kwakasiana kwamasimba ose ari maviri, kuchisimudzira kuzvimirira nokusawirirana kuripo pakati pamapazu. Bazu rakura zvikuru chibviro chenguva yokutanga, kukura kubva kumadhipatimendi edare rehurumende kubatira mamiriyoni ehurumende inoshambadzwa.

Mabasa eCore eBazu raVatungamiriri

Basa rimwe nerimwe rinosanganisira mabasa akaoma kunzwisisa, masangano anobatsira, uye kukurukurirana nemamwe mapazi ehurumende.

Kurayirwa uye Kushandiswa

Kana Congress yangopfuudza mutezo uye Purezidhendi achiuisa mumutemo, bazu guru rine mutoro wokuita mashandiro aro. Ikoku kunobatanidza kutanga mirau, kutungamirira, uye kuita zviito zvokutarisira apo kuri madikanwa. Masangano eFederal akadai se Envronological Protection Agency (EPA)[FL:1] kana kuti [[FLT:] DROMES] Administration (FFL) [FFOLT]] anoshandura mitemo yakafara ichipinda mumitemo yakananga inodzora maindasitiri, inodzivirira utano hwavose, uye dziviriro mhoteredzo. Kudzika kwapamutemo kunobatanidzawo basa reBato reSabata, uye masangano anoona kushambadza. Nokuda kwemitemo inoumbwa sei, kupfurikidza nokudzikanya, kupfurikidza nokudzika kwemitemo. [FFF:]

Kutarisira Miitiro Yokumwe uye Kushandisa Zvemari

Purezidhendi anoshanda semumiririri mukuru wenyika uye mukuru wehurumende. Bazu guru rine mutoro wokutarisira ukama nehurumende dzokumwe, kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano (zvinoda tendero yedare), kusaina zvibvumirano zvokutonga, kumirira United States mumasangano amarudzi ose akadai seUnited Nations, uye kudzivirira vagari veAmerica kune dzimwe nyika. Department of State, rinotungamirirwa nomunyori weHurumende, isangano guru rezvokukurukurirana, nepo National Security Council inobatanidza mutemo unotarisana nokudzivirira, uchenjeri, uye masangano ezvemari. Simba raPrezidhente rokuziva hurumende dzenyika dzakawanda uye kudzivirira vamiririri vemi vemimiririri vanopa bazu guru renyika yeAmerica panzvimbo yenyika.

Kugadzwa Kwavakuru Vakuru Vehurumende

Purezidhendi ane chiremera chokuisa vanhu munzvimbo huru muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kubatanidza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro), nhume, uye vakuru vemasangano akazvimirira. Uku kugadza kunozviisa pasi pekusimbisa [, kugovera cheki yechekedzo inokosha pasimba rehurumende. Muitiro unoita kuti Purezidhendi ave nechokwadi chokuti mutedzero wenhungamiro yedare asi anoda kuvaka wirirano nebazu remitemo yemitemo. Mukuwedzera kukugadzwa kwepamusoro-profile, bazi rinotarisira basa ravagari vemo rinogovera kupfuurira nokutungamirira.

Kutarisirwa Kwebhangi Nemuitiro Wemari

Bazu guru rinoita basa guru mumuitiro wemari yemari yehurumende. Office of Management and Bactal (OMB), rutivi rweHofisi yeSangano rePurezidhendi, rinogadzirira chikarakadzo chemari yegore negore, icho chinoronga zvokutanga, zvitsama zvemari, uye zvirongwa zvemiitiro. Nepo Congress ine simba rechikwama uye inofanira kupfuudza mapepa, mari yaPurezi inogadza mapurogiramu nezvinopesvedzera zvenyika. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogonawo kupedza mari, achipa mari yemari mukurukurirano yemari. [[FLT] SOFF:2] .

Murayiro Wehondo Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika

Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza Purezidhendi se Commander-in-Chief yemauto akashongedzerwa. Ikoku kunopa bazu guru chiremera kuraira mabasa ehondo, kutumira mauto, uye kutungamirira Department of Defecter. Zvisinei, simba rokuzivisa hondo rinomira paProfession, kuvamba kunyanduka kwemitemo kwakaitiranwa munhau yose yeAmerica. Hondo yeMasimba eHondo ya1973 aiedza kujekesa dzikamo kupfurikidza nokuda Purezidhendi kuzivisa Hurumende mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto kuti aende kuhondo uye kuendesa mauto mukati mamazuva 60 kutoti Dare rikaramba richibvumira chiito. Mumubato wacho, vamasangano ose ari maviri vakaita mabasa ehondo pasina kuzivisa kwehondo, kuita iyi nzvimbo inopfuurira kuzivisa simba rehurumende.

Kuvakwa uye Sangano reBazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Pajiru paro pane Purezidhendi naVice Presidenti, anotsigirwa neveWhite House neHofisi yeProfesidenti. Pasi apa pane madhipatimendi eKhabhineti, masangano akazvimirira, uye basa rehurumende renguva dzose.

Purezidhendi naMutungamiriri weHurumende

Purezidhendi mukuru akasarudzwa wehurumende nehurumende, achibatira nhambo yamakore mana ine mashoko maviri akawandisa pasi peSangano re 22-president. Masimba ehurumende anobatanidza kuisa mutemo, kubudisa mitemo, kupa mhesva, kukanganwira, uye kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye mukuru mukuru mukuru wechipiri, anoshanda saPrezidhendi weDare (namavhoti anoputsa chibvumirano) uye anofunga kuti kana Purezidhendi akafa, akarega basa, kana kuti akabviswa panzvimbo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotorawo rutivi muchengeteko yorudzi nekurukurirano dzemitemo sekiyikiyi yeavhiti.

Kabhineti

Kabhini ine vanyori 15 vemadhipatimendi makuru (zvakadai seHurumende, Treasure, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Urban Development, Energy, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, uye Homeland Security). Mitezo yeCabitte inogadzwa naPrezidhenti uye inosimbiswa neDare. Vanopa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro penhau dziri mukati menzvimbo dzavo dzakatevedzerwa uye vanotarisira masangano makuru ane mutoro wokushandisa mapurogiramu ehurumende. Dare rinobatanidzawo vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vakadai saPrezidhendi naMutu weHove weStutsi weHove yeS.

Hofisi Yakananga yaPurezidhendi (EOP)

Yakaitwa muna 1939, EOP inobatanidza vashandi vepedyo vaPurezidhendi uye masangano makuru anotsigira. Hofisi yeWhite House inova nesonganiro yaPurezidhendi yeStaff, National Security Advisor, Press, uye vamwe vanobatsira kuronga, kutarisira kurukurirano, uye kushandira pamwe. EOP inewo Hofisi yeDzidzo neHofisi yeZvomu, Councilty Advisers, National Security Council, naHofisi yeUnited States Trade, pakati pavamwe. EOP inobvumira Purezidenti kushandisa pesvedzero pahurumende inopfuudza pamutemo inopfuudza.

Mahofisi Ehurumende, Masangano, uye Basa Romunyika

Kupfuura Kabhini, bazu rinotungamirira rinobatanidza mazana amasangano, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende. Zvimwe zvinoshanda mumadhipatimendi (mutomo, FBI mukati me Department yeRuramisiri), apo vamwe vari masangano akazvimirira (umh., Contigence Agency (CIA)[FL:1], [[FLT], [[FLT] FED]] , [FLT], [[FLT]] NASA ). Basa revagari vemo rinoitwa pabasa rinobhadharwa nokuda kwomuitiro wamakwikwikwi muHURI weH yeH yeHAMBI. Izvi zvinogovera unyanzvi, ruzivo rwebasa, uye kupfuurira kushanda kwehurumende.

Kutungamirira Nechisarudzo Mubazu Rinotungamirira

Hutungamiriri mukati mebazu guru hahuna kuganhurirwa kuMutungamiriri wehurumende oga. Kudzora kunoshanda kunoda kuita zvisarudzo pamwero yose() kubva kuOval Office kusvikira kumukuru wehofisi yesangano. Kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, zvinopesvedzerwa, uye zvinomanikidzirwa sei kunokosha kunzwisiswa basa rebazu guru.

Muitiro WaPurezidhendi Wokuita Chisarudzo

Mapurezidhendi anotsamira pamiitiro yakarongeka kuita zvisarudzo. Ikoku kunobatanidza misangano nezvinopa miuyo mikuru, kukumbira mabasa nebetsero kubva kuNational Security Council kana kuti vashandi vemiitiro yemo, uye kubatanidzwa namapoka ezvisarudzo. Mitemo yechisarudzo inobatanidza [ inoumba [masangano] anobatsira kugadzira zvinhu (kushandisa mari nebetsero kusarudza chisarudzo chakanakisisa), mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika (papo zvisarudzo zvinobva pamasangano anokwikwikwikwidza nezviwiriranwa), uye mutoo wekugadziridza. [FLT:] org] . [FFFFT]

Basa Ravatungamiriri Nedare

Purezidhendi anotsigirwa nesangano ravatarisiri vanogovera unyanzvi panhau dzomumba, dzemari, uye dzekuchengeteka. White House of Staff inotarisira purogiramu yaPrezidenti uye inodzora kuwanikwa, achiumba zvakasimba nhau dzinosvika Purezidhendi. National Security Advisor inoronga zano redzimwe nyika. Vanhengi vanotsigira nzvimbo dzavo dzemasangano, dzimwe nguva vachikwikwikwidzana nokuda kwezviwanikwa napurezidhendi. Mutambo pakati pevashandi veimba yeVhite napachikwata unogona kubudisa zvigadzikiso zvemiitiro yokusika kana kuti rwisano. Mapurezidhendi anofanira kutsamira pamitengo isina kugadzirwa kwemitengo inoiswa pamutemo (va vari vakavimbika asi kazhinji vasina unyanzvi hukuru hwezvidzidzo) navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanonzi vaKhavies (vane sangano asi vanotsigira zvikuru).

Kukanganiswa Nepfungwa Dzevanhu Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Mapurezidhendi anonyatsoziva murangariro wavanhu nemhaka yokuti vanotarisana nesarudzo dzenhambo nenhambo uye vanoda tsigiro yavose kufambisira mberi purogiramu dzavo. Kushambadzira mashoko, kuzivisa nhau, uye miitiro yenzanga yenzanga zvinogona kuumba zvisarudzo zvevakuru vakuru, kubva pakutanga kwemiitiro kusvikira kukurukurirano yenjodzi. Chikuva chaPurezidhendi kugona kudzora ngwariro yorudzi(chishandiso chine simba kuronga purogiramu nenharo. Zvisinei, zvinobudisa nhau zvinobatirawo sechiteshi, kuongorora zviito zvevakuru vakuru uye kuisa vakuru vakuru vakuru kuzvidavirira.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nevatungamiriri Vane Simba

Vatungamiriri vane chiremera vanotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinoedza mano avo okuita zvisarudzo. [[FLT: 0] Njodzi dzePurogatiki muCongress nenzanga zvinogona kumisa zvirongwa zvemitemo, purezidhendi anogombedzera kuvimba nemirairo yehurumende nezviito zvokutungamirira izvo zvingatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo. Njodzi dzechinetso chapasi pevhu [[FLT] (zvakadai semazati kana kuti kunyunguruka kwemari) zvinoda chiito nokukurumidza, chinozivikanwa mukusatendiswa. [[FLT:]] zvinoitika [FLT:]] [FLT:] [5] , , hondo, mauto, mauto, apo mamiriro ezvinhu anenge akajeka neadzo anenge anenge anenge agadzirirwa mumiitiro yetsika yetsika. [FT] [F] [FT] muSettictic, mamiriro okubudirira kugadziridza mamiriro ebasa, anonyandura mamiriro ezvinhu anoitwa, anoratidzirwa zvakajeka, anoumbwa nenzira dzinodzo dzonge

Nzvero Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Pasinei zvapo nezviremera zvaro zvikuru, bazu guru rinodzorwa nechekero dzinokosha dzinobva kune mamwe mapazu uye kubva kuvatambi vokunze.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Congress inotungamirira kupfurikidza nokutonga, nzvero, zvikwama, uye simba rechikwama. Matare anogona kukumbira vakuru vakuru kupupurira pamusoro pemiitiro nezviito. Muitiro wekusimbisa nokuda kwokugadza nezvibvumirano unopawo Dare chekicheke chakananga. Congress inogonawo kupa mutemo wokuganhurira chiremera chechiremera, kudzora dare rapurezidhendi, uye, muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, kubvisa Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vavagari vemo. chinyorwa cheRekoporation of Constitution

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare ehurumende, kubatanidza Dare rapamusorosoro, ane simba rokuzivisa zviito zvokutungamirira zvisingabvumirani nemitemo kana kuti zvinopesana nomutemo wehurumende. Mabhuku anodenha zvirango zvehurumende, mirau yemitemo, kana kuti zvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi zvakarovedzeka. judicary inogovera percum nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye Congress kudenha. Nhau dzemari yakadai se [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [0]] President Comment / Co. sawer [1952] uye [[FLT:] United States] v.[FFLT:3][3][197] dzakasimbisa nheyo yokuti Purezidhendi wehurumende haakirisi pamusoro pount]

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira Imba yavamiriri kuzivisa Purezidhendi nokuda kwe "Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru naMisdemys" Pashure pokubvuma kupfurikidza nevhoti yoruzhinji, Dare rinotonga uye rinogona kuisa mhaka ndokubvisa Purezidhendi nechiverengero chikuru chezvitatu zviviri. Iri simba ichenjedzo yokupedzisira yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo isina kushandiswa uye iri yezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Mapepanhau akasununguka anoshanda sembwa inorinda, kunzvera nokushuma pamusoro pemibato yebazu ravakuru vakuru. Varidzi vemibato vanogona kufumura kusazvibata. Mapoka efariro, masangano asiri ehurumende, uye vanhu vanoitawo basa mukuita kuti mukuru mukuru azvidavirire kupfurikidza nokusagona kudzora, uye dzvinyiriro yokusarudza.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Chiremera cheU.S. muGlobal Context

Bazu guru reU.S. igadziriro yapurezidhendi, inoratidzirwa nemukuru mukuru akasarudzwa akaparadzana uyo haadi chivimbo chomutemo kuti chirambe chiri muhofisi. Ikoku kunopesana nemiitiro yeparamende (mutoo, United Kingdom, Germany, India) umo mukuru mukuru wehurumende (apo anobva padare) uye apo purezidhendi mukuru wehurumende anogona kubviswa nevhoti yechivimbo. Vatungamiriri veparamende vanokombamira kuva vakabatana zvikuru nemitemo, vachigonesa muitiro wokugadza nokukurumidza asi kuparadzanisa kwakasiyana kwamasimba. Zvimwe zvinosanganisira masangano anokosha (g. France,) apo zvose zviri zviviri purezidhendi uye mutungamiriri mukuru wehurumende anogona kugoverana simba. Kunzwisisa uku kunojekesa nei vapanzi veboka rehurumende. Bazu reU.S.S.Proffanty.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nokushanduka Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Bazu guru rachinja zvinoshamisa chifo cha 1789. Kukura kwehurumende yokutonga, kukura kwezvokuchengeteka kwenyika pashure peHondo yeNyika II, uye kuoma kunowedzera kwehurumende yenyika yose zvakawedzera simba rose rokutungamirira. Mapurezidhendi zvino anopa zviratidzo zvavakuru vakuru nedare rapurezidhendi kuti varege mirayiridzo yemitemo, vadzore udzori hwokutonga kwehurumende, uye muitiro wakananga wokumwe nemubatanidzwa wetsika shoma. Uku kukura kwakamutsa nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba, uye vatsoropodzi ve "iperecial presity" uye vadziridzi kuti utungamiriri hwakasimba hunodikanwa munyika ine ngozi.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopa mikana nenjodzi dzose dziri mbiri: kuunganidzwa kwemashoko uye mano okuongorora zvinogona kuwedzera kuchengeteka kwenyika asi zvinotyisidzirawo rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, zvirwere, uye kudzoreka kwekombiyuta zvinoda mhinduro dzinodzorwa dzinoedza zviremera zviripo. Munguva ino, kuedza kuchinja basa rehurumende uye kuderedza kungwarira kwehurumende kunoramba kuri kurwisana mune zvematongerwe enyika. Bazu revakuru vakuru venguva yemberi ringangova rakaumbwa nokusawirirana uku pakati poukurumbimbidziko, kuzvidavirira, uye miganhuro yebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Bazu guru injini rehurumende, rinoshandisa mitemo, rinobata ukama hwokunze kwenyika, rinoraira mauto, uye rinodzora upfumi hwenyika. Utungamiriri hwaro nemiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo zvakaoma, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, Kabhineti, vanoshanda veWhite House, uye vashandi vakuru vehurumende. Nepo bazu guru rine simba guru, rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yechekero nedzikamo zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kubatwa kwapachivande. Kunzwisisa mabasa aro, chimiro, uye zvinetso zvinokosha nokuda kwomugari upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti dzvinyiriro itsva yehurumende nedzenyika yose, bazi richaramba richipfuurira kushandura, richida kubatanidzwa kwavose uye kutarisira kwakaziviswa kuti richengetedze utongi hwehurumende hwehurumende.