Nhoroondo Yezvakaonekwa Nevakatanga

Nheyo dzecheki nedzinodzikamisa namasimba hadzina kugadzirwa muchinhu chisina chinhu. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakabva murondedzero huru yeuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika neruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda. Chipesvedzero chakananga zvikurusa chakabva kumuzivi weNjekedzo yeFrance Baran de Montesquieu , uyo akapikisana mubasa rake 1748] Mudzimu weMitemo [ kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo simba rehurumende rinokamuramuraniswa pakati pemitumbi. Ikoku kwakanga kuri kudenha madzimambo akakwana aidzora Europe panguva.

Vagari vomuAmerica vakavawo neruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakananga nengozi dzechiremera chakasimba mukutonga kweBritain. Mambo neParamende vakachengeta simba risina kudzorwa kumitero yepevy, kunama mitemo, uye kuvimbisa pasina kuratidzirwa kana kuti kuzvidavirira kubva kunyika. Ichi chinoitika chakaita kuti varongi vanyumwire zvikuru sangano rimwe rine chiremera chakanyanya. Kuwedzera, kuedza kwokutanga paAmerica pautungamiriri hwesimba mu kunoitwa noune simba pakati pebasa rehurumende rakasimba [ [781] [18] [11] [11] yakaratidza kuva yakanyanya kuneta, nehurumende yomukati isingagoni kusimbisa mitemo kana kuti iunganise mitero. Dare reMitemo ye 1787 rakanga riri nhamburiko yamaune simba rokudzikano pakati pehurumende yakasimba neyainogona kudzivirira rusununguko rwakakwana.

Vamiriri vaidavira kuti hunhu hwaiva nevavariro yaiberekwa nahwo uye hwakakomba kuushati. Sezvinoreva James Madison yakanyorwa mu [[FLT:] Federalist No. 51[, "Kuda kutsiva chinzvimbo kunofanira kuitwa. Hurumende yose yeU.S. yakagadzirwa pamusoro pepfungwa yokuti mapazi aikwikwidzana, kuumba gadziriro yakatsigarwa apo pasina rondedzero imwe ingadzora nyore nyore. Uhuhhu huhu hunorondedzera muudzangaramwarati hwe . [FLT]

Dzidziso Yamakori: Kuparadzana Kwamasimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunokamura hurumende yehurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yaro rimene yakasiana. Uku kukamukana kwezvivako kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kushandisa ukuru hwakazara hwechiremera chehurumende. Muenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa unopa simba romutemo kuCongress, simba gurusa kuna Purezidhendi, uye simba rokutonga kumatare omubatanidzwa.

  • [ Simba rekudzora: Simba rokuita, kuchinja, uye rena.
  • [[FOL:0] Simba rinoshanda: Chiremera chokumanikidzira nokushandisa mitemo.
  • [[FUT:0] Simba redare: Simba rokududzira mitemo nokupedza kukakavadzana.

Iyi divi nhatu haisati iri nhau yebetsero yokudzora. Inoratidzira musengwa mukuru wouzivi wokuganhurira chiremera chehurumende kupfurikidza nokudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kubata makadhi ose. Nyaya nhatu dzokutanga dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinosimbisa bazu rimwe nerimwe, dzichiratidzira masimba aro neganhuriro noururami hwamaune. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoshanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, kuchiparira gadziriro ine mubatanidzwa mukuru mukuru wokutonga iyo inogovera mapfundo akawanda okupinda nokuzvidavirira nokuda kwavagari vemo.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu romutemo senyaya yokutanga neine udzame hukurusa, inoratidzira chitendero chavamiriri kuti Congress ichava bazu rine simba zvikurusa. Chivako chamabhimeyal cheCongress chakanga chiri chisadzikiso chakakomba pakati penyika huru neduku. Imba yeVamiririri inopa zvigaro zvakavakirwa pavagari vemo, kuchipa pesvedzero huru zvikuru. [ SATE[FT:3] inopa ratidziro yakaenzana kuhurumende imwe neimwe, ichivimbisa kuti kutaura kwavanhu vashomanene zvikuru kune inzwi rine revo muitiro yemitemo.

Congress ine simba rechikwama, kureva kuti inodzora kutengwa nokubhadharwa kwemitero zvehurumende. Iyi ndiyo imwe yenzvero inokosha zvikurusa iyo imba yomutemo ine mutariri mukuru webazu. Congress inewo simba rapoga rokuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika, uye kutanga matare ehurumende pasi peDare guru. Gadziriro yemitemo pachayo inogadzirwa kuva inononoka uye yamaune, inoda zvikwereti kuti ipfuure makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana asati atumirwa kuna Purezidhendi. Iyi rondedzero yakaoma yetsika inoita kuti kuo ipi neipi yenhau huru ive yakaoma kumhanya nomutemo mukuru pasina kubvumirana kwakafara.

Mukuwedzera kukuita mutemo, Congress inoita mabasa anokosha okutarisira. Matare eCongress anonzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, kutongwa, uye magwaro okukumbira. Iri simba rinonzvera chinhu chinokosha chokuva nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira nokuoneka muhurumende. Congregational Research Service ne Governament Accouncial Accounting Office Office yedare reSango) inogovera kunzvera nokuongorora kwokuzvimirira uye kutsigira mibato iyi yokutarisira.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Simba Muutarisiri

Article II inogadza bazu guru, rinotungamirira naPurezidhendi weUnited States. Vagadziri vairangarira mukuru mukuru ane chiremera chakakwana chokuita kuti mitemo itevedzerwe nenzira inobudirira asi kwete simba guru zvokuti angagona kuva mambo. Purezidhendi anobatira somukuru wehurumende, mukuru mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi simba rokuita zvibvumirano (netendero yeDare), kugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru (vawo nesimbisomero yeDare), uye rinobvumira kukanganwirwa mhaka dzomubatanidzwa.

Nzvero yakananga zvikurusa yaPurezidhendi pabazu romutemo i simba. Purezidhendi anogona kuramba mutemo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kupfuudza mativi maviri matatu mudzimba dzose. Iri simba rinopa Purezidhendi basa rinokosha mumuitiro wemitemo, nenzira inobudirira kuita kuti mukuru mukuru ave co-gislator. Mutungamiririwo ane chiremera chokupa [ mirayiridzo inodzo inodzorwa [, iyo inonangidzira zviratiso zvehurumende. Nepo mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru vehurumende ine simba romutemo, inokwanisa kudzorwa kupfurikidza nebudissswo kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo.

Bazu guru rinobatanidza madhipatimendi eKibitmal, masangano akawanda, uye hurumende. Purezidhendi anogadza misoro yamadhipatimendi aya, uyo anopa pamwe chete zano Purezidhendi uye gadziriro. Iri sangano rinodzora rine mutoro wechinhu chiri chose kubva kuchengeteko yenyika kusvikira kumirairo yemhoteredzo kugadziriro dzegarikano. Ukuru nokuoma kwebazu razvino uno zvakatungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pesimba rechiremera, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai semasimba ehondo neziviso dzekurumidziro.

Bazu Rokutonga: Guta Rebumbiro reMitemo

Chikamu III chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga, neDare Rapamusorosoro pamugumo waro. Vatongi vakagadzira vatongi kuva vapazu risina ngozi, sezvo risina udzori pachikwama kana kuti munondo. Zvisinei, vatongi vane simba rakakomba re [ judicaric rehwirudzuro [ zviremera zvokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina kudzorwa. Simba iri harina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi rakatangwa neDare rapamusorosoro mumhaka yenhau yechiratidzo [[FLT:]] Marbury v.[FLT][FLD:3]] [8]] [18]]

Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vane nzvimbo dzavo mukati me "mufambiro wakanaka". Iyi nduramo inovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye inovimbisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga. Vatongi vanodudzira mutemo mumhaka dzakati negakava, matare anoreva haagoni kubudisa mirangariro. Basa ravo nderokupedza gakava chairoiro kupfurikidza nokushandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wemitemo, uye muenzaniso.

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inobatanidza matare oruwa, matare amatunhu ezvikwiriso, uye Dare reruwa. Matare edare eruwa matare anotonga apo ufakazi hunopiwa uye matare amatare anoteerera mhaka. Dare rekukwirira rinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare roruwa nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Dare Gurusa rine chisarudzo pamusoro penhau dzipi parinotongwa, zvikurukuru kusarudza idzo dzinokurukura mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera. Tsinhiro dzeDare reMitemo rakaumba upenyu hweAmerica munzira huru, kubva kukodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kurusununguko rwemari.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Gadziriro iyi yakabatana inovimbisa kuti simba haringoparadzaniswi chete asiwo rakadzikama. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvinhu zvarinofanira kuongorora zvimwe, zvichiita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu akatsiga anoramba achipfuurira kwemazana emakore anopfuura maviri.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Padare Nemajeri

Congress ine zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvine simba zvokunzvera mamwe mapazu. Inogona kukurira mavhota apurezidhendi nembiri-tatu, ichimanikidzira mutemo mumutemo pasinei zvapo nechishoro chomukuru. Dare rinovawo nesimba rokusatendera, richibvumira kubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri, Mutongi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru namabhinya akaipa." House of Admirations inotanga kutongwa, uye Dare rinotonga kutonga uye kuvhota padaviso.

Dare rinodzora bhajeti nemhesano, richiipa simba rinokosha pamabasa ebazu makuru. Pasina kurongwa kwemari, Purezidhendi haagoni kushandisa mapurogiramu kana kuti kubhadhara vashandi vehurumende. Dare rinewo simba rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza vanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume. Zano iri uye mabasa okubvuma zvinovimbisa kuti Purezidhendi haagoni kuita nzvimbo dzinokosha pasina kutenderwa nemitemo.

Kurutivi rwokutonga, Congress inogona kuchinja ukuru uye chimiro chematare ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo isingagoni kubvisa vatongi vamwe navamwe kunze kwokusatendeudzirwa.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo uye Muzinda Wacho

Simba raPurezidhendi icherekedzo yakananga zvikurusa paCongress. Purezidhendi anogonawo kudana Congress kupinda rusando chairwo ndokurumbidza mutemo, achipa mukuru mukuru basa rakarongwa mukuumba purogiramu yemitemo. Somutungamiriri wehurumende anodzora mauto uye anogona kutumira masimba pasina mvumo yesangano rapakarepo, kunyange zvazvo Masimba eHondo eEspost eEsvomment enhamburiko dza 1973 dzokuganhurira chiremera ichi.

Purezidhendi anonzvera dare kupfurikidza nesimba rokugadza. Kupfurikidza nokuisa vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, Purezidhendi anoumba uzivi hwokutonga hwematare kwezvizvarwa. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokupa kukanganwira nokuregererazve, uko kunogona kukurira mirau mumhaka dzehurumende. Uku simba rinopa vavharo yekotsekano nokuda kwokururamisa kusaruramisira kana kuti kuratidza ngoni.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

Cherechedza kukuru kwedare kuongorora kwedare, simba rokuparadza mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Apo Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinozivisa mutemo usingabvumirani nemitemo, mutemo iwoyo unova usina maturo, pasinei zvapo nokuti waiva netsigiro yakawanda sei muCongress kana kuti kuna Purezidhendi. Iri simba rinoita kuti mutongi ave mutongi mupikisi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kana sangano rehurumende rikadudzira mutemo munzira iyo matare anoona nayo kuva asina mufungo, dare rinogona kupedza kududzira ikoko. Nokudaro dare rinoshanda senzvero pavose vari vaviri vapambadzi vemitemo navapurisa, richivimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoramba zviri mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Tapuro Inoshanda Pakutonga kweAmerica

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo yakaumba fambiro mberi yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica munzira dzinokosha. Inoita kuti batira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pamapazu, sezvo pasina bazi rimwe rinogona kuita nharidzano dzaro pasina kubvumira kana kuti kubvumirana kwedzimwe. Ikoku kunogona kuita kuti hurumende iderere uye isashande, asi vagadziri vakaona ikoku sechinhu, kwete chipukanana. Vakaita namaune gadziriro yaizoda bvumirano huru isati yagona kuitwa chinjo huru.

  • Ubhadharo: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera nokufumura chakaipa mumamwe, kuchisimudzira kujeka mumabasa ehurumende.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro: Tsika inodzivisa pfundo ripi neripi kuisa kuda kwayo parudzi rwose, ichidzivirira maruramiro avanhu vashomanene norusununguko rwomunhu oga.
  • Kuoma kwokuchinja kukuru kunogovera kupfuurira nokufanodeya kutaurwa mukudzora, kuchibvumira nyika kukurira njodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kupunzika.

Gadziriro yakatungamirirawo kurwisano dzenhambo nenhambo pakati pamapazu, zvikurukuru mukati menguva dzekubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kurambidzwa kweHurumende kunoitika apo Congress naPresidenti vasingagoni kubvumirana pamusoro pemari. Kudzorwa kwemitemo kunova zvigadziko zveHondo dzepfungwa. Mirayiro yeGuru rinokudzwa inokura uye chibvumirano sezvo purezidhendi anoedza miganhu yesimba ravo. Uku kurwisana mativi okugara nhaka egadziriro yakagadzirirwa kunzvera simba nesimba.

Kuramba Tichikurukura uye Kuitisana Nharo Kunopfuurira

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona gakava rinokosha pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwesimba ravakuru vakuru, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzechengeteko yenyika, kutama, uye zviziviso zvekurumidziro. Dzimwe nguva Dare rakapa chiremera chakafara kubazi guru, richimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kuparadzana kwemasimba kwapera here nokufamba kwenguva.

Kutonga kwedare kunopfuurira kuumba muitiro wavose panhau dzinovambira pazvoutano kusvikira kumirairo yemhoteredzo kusvikira kuzvinobudisa nhau. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, kubvumwa, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso zvakanyandura kuita kwakakomba kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchisimbisa basa guru redare muhurumende yeAmerica. Munguvayo, kudzora kwemitemo kwakatungamirira kuraira kugadziridza chigadziko chechinachichichichikaro nemimwe matare, navatsoropodzi vachitaura kuti tsika yazvino uno inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti Dare remitemo ripedze zvinetso zvorudzi.

Dzinza resimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende ndiimwe nharaunda yenyanduko inopfuurira.Tenth Amendment inochengeta masimba asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende, asi ukuru hwechiremera chehurumende hwakakura zvikuru chifo cheNew Deal.Contemporary pamusoro penhau dzakadai sokutarisira utano, dzidzo, uye murairo wemhoteredzo, uye hurumende dzinosimbisa uchangamire hwadzo mukupindura chiito chehurumende.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunzvera iyi mifungo, Constitution Center’s Interflict Constitution inopa tsananguro dzakazara dzenyaya imwe neimwe negadziridzo. Kuwedzera, USA.gov's kufungwa kwamapazu matatu [ kunopa pfupiso pfupiso yamasimba avo akasiana nemitoro.

Kuenzanisa Nyika Dzose uye Kufurira Nyika Yose

Gadziriro yeAmerica yecheki nedzikamo yave ichipesvedzera munyika yose, ichibatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwedzimwe hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Zvisinei, tsika yeU.S. yakasiana munzira dzinoverengeka. Gadziriro yapurezidhendi inoparadzanisa mapazu ehurumende nemitemo zvizere zvikuru kupfuura gadziriro dzeparamende, umo gurukota rinotorwa kubva kudare remitemo. Nyika zhinji dzakagamuchira mativi ehwirudzuro yedare, asi U.S. inopa matare ayo masimba akasimba zvikuru okuputsa mutemo.

Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatanga miitiro yakasiana nokuda kwokuganhurira simba rehurumende. Vamwe vanoshandisa matare ebumbiro remitemo anoshanda kunze kwedare remitemo renguva dzose. Vamwe vanoshandisa masangano ekodzero dzavanhu kunzvera chiremera chavanhu. Simbiso pamakwikwi apakati pehurumende. American panzvimbo dzakasiana - siana inoratidzira murangariro wakati wohunhu nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvisingagoveraniswi munyika yose, asi nharidzano huru yokudzivisa udzvinyiriri inozivikanwa negadziriro dzose dzehurumende yedemocracy.

Mugumo: Basa Rinotsungirira

Nheyo dzokutanga nedzinodzikamisa nokuparadzana kwamasimba dzinoramba dziri dzinokosha nhasi sezvadzakanga dziri muna 1787. Dzinogovera gadziriro inodzivirira hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica muukuru hwesimba iro vagadziri vemichina yesimbi vaitya kwazvo. Nepo tsika yacho inogona kuva inononoka neinokakavadzana, yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba zvinoshamisa, ichiripo hondo, njodzi dzemari, uye mapoka makuru ezvematongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa idzi nheyo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kupinda nenzira ine revo nezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Kukamukana kweMitemo yesimba hakusati kuri mhinganidzo kuhurumende inobudirira asi dziviriro muudzvinyiriri. Kunoda vagari vemo kuva vanopa ngwariro uye vanovimbisa, vanoraira kuzvidavirira kunobva mumapazu ose matatu. Munhambo yokubatana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika nechinjo inokurumidza, gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inopfuurira kubatira donzo rayo rapakuvamba: kudzivirira kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kushandisa simba risingadzorwi.