Ziviso: Vane Simba Romutemo Vane Simba

Bazu reBazu reGuta Rinotungamirira injini inoshanda zuva rehurumende yeUnited States. Rakaitwa neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Bazu iri rinopomerwa mhosva yokutendwa kwemitemo yakapiwa neCongress. Kunyange zvazvo zvipfeko zveBumbiro reMitemo reSangano rePuncil “simba rinouraya” muPrezidhendi, bazi rinobatanidzawo mubatanidzwa mukuru wemadhipatimendi ehurumende, masangano, mabhodhi, uye masangano anoita kuti mitemo yenyika iteve. Kunzwisisa Bazi reBazi kunokosha kuti rinzwisise kuti mutemo neutungamiriri zvinobatana sei nehurumende yedemocracy.

Kusiyana nokuita mutemo kweDare reBazu reSarudzo nedudziro yeBazu reReaudicial Bank, Bazu reBazu rinotungamirira ibasa guru. Rinoshandura vavariro yomutemo kuva migumisiro chaiyo() pakuunganidza mitero uye pakuendesa tsamba dzokusimbisa kodzero dzevanhu nokudzivirira nyika. Nyaya ino inoongorora chivako chebazi, masimba, ganhuriro, uye basa raro guru mukusimbisa mitemo nokutungamirira nyika.

Purezidhendi: Mukuru Mukuru uye Mutungamiriri Werudzi

Purezidhendi weUnited States ane nzvimbo yakakwirira zvikurusa munyika uye anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi ruwa rwakafara rwamasimba, asi rimwe nerimwe rinodzikamiswa nemitoro neganhuriro. Pasi apa pane mabasa makuru aPurezidhendi, rimwe nerimwe rinotsigirwa nechiremera chakananga chebumbiro remitemo.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yenzanga

Basa gurusa raPurezidhendi nderoku “ngwarira kuti mitemo ipetwe nokutendeka.” Uyu murairo webumbiro remitemo unoreva Purezidhendi haasati achingova zvake mumiriri asingaiti basa.(instendi), Purezidhendi anofanira kutungamirira bazu rose guru kushandisa miraudzo seCongress yakarongwa. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress inopfuura chiito chemvura yakachena, Purezidhendi anorayiridza Environmental Protection Agency kunyora ndokumanisira miraudzo. Apo nyika inotarisana nechinetso choutano chavose, Purezidhendi anoumba masangano ehurumende kuti apedzire. Iri simba rokuchengeta harisi chose chose chose chose; matare anogona kudzosa mabasa ehurumende anodzosa chiremera chapamheneridzo.

Mutungamiriri Mukuru

Chikamu II chinopa Purezidhendi Mutungamiriri weMakurukota eHondo neNavy. Ikoku kunopa Purezidhendi udzori hukurusa hwebasa pahondo yeU.S. Zvisinei, simba rokuzivisa hondo ndereCongress bedzi, kuchiparira kusawirirana kwakaumba nhau yeAmerica. Mapurezidhendi akaisa mauto pasina chiziviso chepamutemo (mr. Korea, Iraq, Afghanistan), uye matare akaremekedzawo chiremera chechiremera pamabasa ehondo. Mutungamiriri weHurumende ane chiremera pamusoro peNational Guard apo anodzorwa uye anogona kuraira chigadziko chenyukireya — simba rinosimbisa mutoro mukuru wehofisi.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yokumwe Nesimba Rebvumirano

Purezidhendi ndiye mumiririri mukuru wenyika: iye anotaurirana zvibvumirano (pamberi petendero yeDare 2 883) uye anogadza nhume. Zvibvumirano zveGuru, izvo zvisingadi kuti Dare rikururwe, zvazova chishandiso chinozivikanwa chokuitisa ukama hwamarudzi ose. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe nokugamuchira vamiririri — chiratidzo chehurumende chinova nezviratidzo zvakarurama. Mukuwedzera, Purezidhendi anogona kuisa zvibvumidzo zvemari ndokutarisira U.S.

Kugadzwa uye Simba Rokubviswa

Purezidhendi anogadza — nezano reDare nebvumirano — mitezo yedare, vatongi vehurumende, vamiririri, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vazhinji. Simba iri rinoumba bazu redare redare redare nerokutungamirira kwamakumi amakore. Simba rokubvisa, iro Dare guru rakatosimbisa seprenary (kunze kwamasangano akazvimirira akaita seFederal Reserve kana kuti Federal Trade Commission), rinobvumira Purezidhendi kupfumisa vakagadzwa vakuru vakuru vazhinjisa vose padai. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuzvidavirira nokurongeka kwemiitiro yaPrezidhente.

Masimba Apamutemo: Veto, State of the Union, uye Zvinorumbidzwa

Purezidhendi anopesvedzera mutemo munzira dzinoverengeka. Simba reveto rinobvumira Purezidhendi kuramba mabhiri anopfuudzwa neCongress; chivharo chinogona bedzi kushaikwa nevhoti mbiri 88tatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Purezidhendi anopawo State of the Union kero kuCongress, anoronga zvokutanga uye anoronga mutemo. Uyezve, Purezidhendi anogona ku “kusimbisa kuti matare aende kuGuru, simba rakava rakaitwa kuti rive pamutemo. Mapurezidhendi zvino anogara achipa zvikwereti, anobata misangano navagadziri vemitemo, uye anoshandisa chikuva chokukwidziridza kuti avake tsigiro yavose.

Simba rePardon

Chikamu II chinopa Purezidhendi simba rokupa mari yeRepriev nekanganwiro nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, kunze kwemhaka dzekusatendeseka. Simba iri harina kudzorwa zvikuru; Purezidhendi anogona kukanganwira vanhu mazuva pashure poutsotsi, kana kuti kunyange pamberi pokunge poutsotsi hwapiwa. Mapurezidhendi akaishandisa nokuda kwechinhu chiri chose kubvira papashure pePregionCivil War Reconst (Andractive Ford Rereference yaRichan, Donald Trump kukanganwira kwamasangano ezvematongerwe enyika). Simba rokukanganwira rinobatira secherekedzo pajeko pajeri rePricidary uye rinogona kushandiswa kururamisa kusaruramisira kunooneka.

Mirayiro Yakapiwa Vatungamiriri: Kutonga Pasina Dare

Nhevedzo yavakuru vakuru inhungamiro inobva kuna Purezidhendi anotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Nepo isingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobva mubasa raPurezidhendi samukuru mukuru. Vane simba romutemo nokuda kwamasangano ebazu makuru asi vanofanira kuvakirwa pachiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo. Dare harigoni kudzora kupfurikidza nokuisa mutemo mutsva, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kurova mumwe kana uchipfuura chiremera chaPrezidhente.

Mienzaniso Yenhau

  • [[FOL:0] proclation (1863): Abraham Lincoln akashandisa murairo wavakuru vakuru kusunungura varanda muhurumende dzeConfederate, achishandisa mutungamiriri wake .inà produagement munguva yehondo.
  • Executive Order 9981 (1948)[FL: 1]: Harry Truman desegregist yehondo yeU.S. kupfurikidza nemurairo womukuru mukuru, achifuratira Congress inozengurira.
  • Zvinoshanda Nhevedzo 906 (1942): Franklin Roosevelt akabvumira kuiswa kwechiJapanese 93 Americas — gare gare akashurikidzwa uye anozivikanwa sokupunzwa kwakakomba kwekodzero dzevanhu.
  • DACA (202)[FLT:]: Barack Obama akaita purogiramu yeDevelopment Action nokuda kwokusvika kwouhwana kuti adzivirire vatami vaduku vasina kunyorwa; murairo wacho wakadenhwa gare gare mudare.
  • Travel Ban (2017): Donald Trump akabudisa murairo wavakuru vakuru unoganhurira kupinda kunobva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim, idzo dzakavandudzwa pashure pedenho dzapamutemo dzakawanda.
  • COVID Í19 Vaccine Mandates (2021): Joe Biden akaraira vagadziri vehurumende navashandi vanorapa kuti vagochekwa, chiito chakavharwa zvishoma neDare Rapamusorosoro.

Federal Bureaucracy: MaBato, Masangano, uye Independent Commissions

Purezidhendi haagoni kuita kuti mitemo ive yoga. Bazu reGumi Guru rinobatanidza madhipatimendi 15 edare rapasi uye masangano akawanda akazvimirira, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa chaiwo. Pamwe chete rinoumba sangano rehurumende, iro rinoshandisa vashandi vasiri varwi vanodokusvika mamiriyoni maviri. Purezidhendi anogadza misoro yamadhipatimendi aya, asi vabatiri vazhinji vebasa vavagari vemo vanosara kupfurikidza nechinjo dzehurumende kuti vagovere kupfuurira.

Mahofisi Ebhabhiti

Madhipatimendi gumi namashanu ndiwo mapoka makuru ehurumende yehurumende. Rimwe nerimwe rinotungamirirwa noMunyori (kana kuti Athorney General yeRuramisiro). Mienzaniso isingacherechedzwi:

  • [[FT:0] Kubuda kweRuramisiro [DOJ][[FLT: 1]: Mutemo wehurumende, unofamba FBI, vatadzi, uye kupa zano rapamutemo kuPurezidhendi. Attorney ndiye mukuru wedare reMitezo.
  • Univertive of Defense (DOD): Inotarisa mauto – Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force. Idhipatimendi gurusa kupfurikidza nebhajeti navashandi.
  • Nzvimbo yeHomeland Security (DHS): Yakagadzirwa pashure pa 9/11, inobatanidza masangano akadai seTrosts neRudziyo rweRudziri, Kupinda nokudzorwa kwePurossomho, uye Basa rakavanzika.
  • Nzvimbo yeHurumende[: Inobata nhau dzokumwe, kukurukurirana, mabasa okuvhota, uye inotarisira vamiriri.
  • Nzvimbo yeUtano neMari yavanhu (HHS): Inodzora zvirongwa zvoutano zvavose kubatanidza Medicare, Medicaid, FDA, uye CDC.

Kuzvimirira Kwezvirongwa Nemasangano

Mamwe masangano ebazu anotungamirira aripo kunze kwegadziriro yekabhineti yokuadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.Aya anobatanidza:

  • [[[NHAU]] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Chirongwa uye chinomanikidzira mirau yemhoteredzo.
  • [[FT:0] Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)[[FL:1]: inounganidza ndokunzvera ungwaru hwokumwe.
  • [[[[NUMBI] Ufakazi neKomishoni yeExchange (SEC): Kudzora misika yemari nemufambiro wekambani.
  • Fateral Reserve System: Muitiro wemari — kunyange zvazvo uchiwanzorondedzerwa sewakasununguka, dare rayo rinogadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare.
  • kurukurirano dzechiFeredal Commission (FCC): Kudzosera kurukurirano dzomusi neredhiyo, terevhizheni, tambo, satellite, uye tambo.

Aya masangano ane simba rinokosha uye anogona kupa mitemo ine simba romutemo, inodzokororwa nokutarisirwa kwedare.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende: Mutevedzeri uye Mutsivi

Vice Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru wechipiri mubazu guru. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera mabasa maviri akajeka: kubatira saPurezidhendi weDare (kuisa zvivhoti zvinoparadza) uye kuva akagadzirira kutora dare kana Purezidhendi akafa, akarega basa, kana kuti akabviswa. Mapiona azvino uno akaita mabasa akawedzerwa, kazhinji kazhinji achipa zano pamuitiro, anotungamirira nhano chaidzo, uye anomirira utarisiri kunze kwenyika.

Vhoti dzinoparadza dzinoitwa muDare dzinobatanidza vhoti yaMutungamiriri weSanihenzi Kamara Harris yokufambisira mberi chirongwa cheAmerican Rereplation Plan naMutungamiriri weHurumende weSangano Mike Pence pavimbiso dzakawanda. Mutongi Mukuru Mukuru anotungamirirawo pagwaro revhoti dzepakoreji dzakasarudzwa — basa rakava rinooneka zvikuru pashure pekuvhota 2020.

Mutsetse wapurezidhendi wokutevedzana unotambanukira kupfuura Vice Prezidhendi: Mutauri weNzvimbo, Purezidhendi Pro Tempore weDare, achiteverwa navakuru vakuru vedare mukuronga kwechisiko.Izvi zvinovimbisa kupfuurira kwehurumende.

Makemikari Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Simba Roukuru

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vaitya kuiswa simba.Vakaita gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo izvo zvinopa mamwe mapazu maviri maturusi okudzivisa Bazu Rinodzora.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Congress inogona kunzvera zviito zvokutungamirira, kuita kuti zvinzwisiswe, kuisa nhau mudare, uye kumanikidza chipupuriro. Simba rechikwama ndicho chishandiso chakasimba zvikurusa cheCongress: rinodzora mari yose yehurumende. Congress inogonawo kukurira dare rapurezidhendi (nevhoti mbiri rematatu matatu), kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza, uye zvibvumirano zveraisence. Impicate iyi ichekedzo yokupedzisira — Imba inogona kuisa Purezidhendi we “Crimes neMisdemiers,” uye Dare redare rinotonga. Mapurezidhendi matatu akasairwa: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Brenald (wce). Hapana akawanwa, asi muitiro mukuru wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Madison (1803) uye akashandiswa kakawanda kuongorora zvigadziko zvapurezidhendi panguva yeHondo yeKorea, uye [FLT:] mienzaniso isingadaviriki inobatanidza . Hawaii [FLT; Tube Co. v. Sawer [1952], yakavhara Police Truman kukwidzwa kwezvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea, uye [FLT] truml. v [FLT] , (20) yakatsigira shanduro yechinjo yedare rokufambisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuongorora.

Matare anogona kuhwirudzurawo mitemo yesangano nokuda kwetsinhirano nemirau inoita kuti igone. Iyoyi inozivikanwa seChevron Rebencence (pashure pe Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council), kunyange zvazvo Dare rapamusoro rakaratidzira nguva pfupi yapfuura kudisa kurangarirazve ukuru.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Purezidhendi anopiwa nzvero yenguva dzose kubva kuvanobudisa nhau, nzanga, uye vagari vemo. Nepo kusati kuri kunzvera kwomuitiro kwapamutemo, murangariro wavanhu unogona kumanikidza Purezidhendi kuchinja nzira kana kuti kunyange kurega muitiro. Mhosva yeWatergate, yakafukunurwa navanyori venhau, yakatungamirira kuRevo yaPurezidhendi Nixon. Zvigaro zvazvino uno zvinoshanda mumaawa 2476 ezvikamu zvenhau uye zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, izvo zvinoparira zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira nenharo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Bazu Rinotungamirira rakakura zvikuru kubvira panguva yakatanga, richimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pesimba revakuru vakuru uye kuzvidavirira.

  • Rondedzero yavakuru vakuru [[FLT: 1]: Pfungwa yokuti Purezidhendi ane udzori bedzi pabazu ravakuru vakuru, inodenha kuzvimirira kwamasangano akawanda.
  • masimba esimba [[FLT: 1]: Mapurezidhendi anogona kuzivisa kurumidziro dzenyika kuvhura zviremera chaizvo (mutoo, mari inotsigirwa pamuganhu weTormp kupfurikidza nechiziviso chekurumidziro). Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa iyi inopa njodzi.
  • Ropafadzo yebasa[: Kodzero yaPurezidhendi yokunyima mashoko kuDare kana kuti matare. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva iyi ropafadzo mu United States v. Nixon [7974] asi risati riri rakakwana.
  • [ Hurumende yokuona nokunze: Kudzikamisa kuchengeteka nekodzero yevoruzhinji kuziva. Freedom of Information Act uye nhano dzokuona napamberi kazhinji kazhinji zvinoedzwa mudare.

Mupedzi: Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri muDemocratic Republic

Bazu raVatungamiriri isangano guru rinofanira kuita kuti mitemo iteererwe apo inoitwa kuti ive inozvidavirira. Purezidhendi anotungamirira rudzi, asi utungamiriri ihwohwo hwakaumbwa neBumbiro reMitemo, rakaumbwa neCongress nematare, uye rinopesvedzerwa navanhu. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kufunda Bazu reMuteo Mukurusa kunoreva kunzwisisa kwete bedzi masimba aro asi ganhuriro dzaro. Muhurumende inotonga zvakanaka, mukuru mukuru mukuru ose ari maviri akasimba zvakakwana kuita chiito nenzira yakasimba uye anogombedzerwa zvakakwana kuremekedza mutemo. Ganhuriro iri pakati pamapazu inovimbisa kuti hapana ruoko rumwe rwehurumende runova nesimba zvikuru, inochengeta dzikano yakateverwa navanogadzira.

[[[FT:0] Manyuko eZvidzidzo Zveimwe nguva:

Nyaya ino yakagoverwa nokuda kwamadonzo edzidzo. Vadzidzisi vangaishandisa sehwaro hwekurukurirano yekirasi uye kumwe kunzvera.