Hurumende pamwero yehurumende yehurumende, yehurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo dzinoumba mubatanidzwa wakaoma wemitemo inoumba anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Mumhepo yatinofema nezvokudya zvatinodya kuvana vedu zvinopinda uye migwagwa yatinotyaira, tinonzwisisa "Iye anoita mitemo" rutivi rwakavakirwa pakuva mugari wemo akadzidziswa. Iyi nhungamiro inopa nhevedzano yomutauro wakajeka pakutarira zviremera zveAmerica zvehurumende, kutsanangura kuti mwero yakasiana yehurumende inogadzira sei, inoita kuti iteere, uye idudzira mitemo inochengeta nzanga ichishanda. Panzvimbo pokuisa murayiro mumwe wapamusoro pasi, United States inoshanda patsika yesimba rinogoverana uye rakakamuraniswa, mufungo unozivikanwa sourongwa hwehurumende. Iyi muganhu inogadzirwa kudzivirira uye kuvimbisa kuti hurumende iri pedyo navanhu ive nesimba guru.

Fandesheni: Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Iro rinosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende yose yehurumende uye rinoratidzira ukama hwayo nehurumende 50. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo, vaisangana muPhiladelphia muna 1787, vakanga vachiitira hanya zvikuru pamusoro pekunangidzira simba rakanyanya muchinhu chimwe pashure peruzivo rwavo nehurumende yeBritain. Kupedza ikoku, vakagadzira mativi maviri makuru omugariro: kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba (kubatanidza hurumende yehurumende mumapazu matatu) uye ubati hwehurumende (kuisa simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende).

Bumbiro reMitemo rakapa masimba akananga, akadudzwa kuhurumende itsva yehurumende, yakadai sesimba rokuzivisa hondo, mari, uye kutengeserana kwenyika. Yakapawo Congress simba "rokuita Mitemo yose iyo ichava iri madikanwa neyakafanira" rokuita mabasa iwayo, chitsama chave chiri manyuko ekurukurirano huru newedzero yechiremera chehurumende munguva. Asi Bumbiro remitemo rakanga risina kuitirwa chinangwa kupa hurumende yenyika simba risina muganhu pamativi ose oupenyu.

Gadziriro Yakaoma: Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakaganhurirwa

Federalism igadziriro umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzeruwa. Ikoku kunoparira uchangamire huviri, kureva kuti vagari vanorarama muchiremera chehurumende mbiri dzakasiana, imwe neimwe ine nzvimbo yayo yapamutemo yechiito. Ruramisiro inopa masimba akati kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende (masimba akagadzwa ehurumende), inochengeta mamwe kuhurumende (masimba anoshandira), uye inogoverana mamwe pakati padzose dziri mbiri (masimba aripo). Masimba azvino anobatanidza mano okutera mutero, kuvaka migwagwa, uye kugadzira madare. Iyi ganhuriro haisati yakabatana; iyo yakachinjika zvinoshamisa munhau yeAmerica, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo yeChitako neyapa maruramiro echipuko.

Claus (Article VI)

Iyi mirau inosimbisa kuti mutemo weBumbiro remitemo unoita kuti "muPurosity," uye zvibvumirano i "Mutemo wapamusoro weNyika". Mutongi upi noupi anosungwa neizvi, pasinei zvapo nezvinotaura mutemo wenyika. Muuyo unoshanda unooneka: apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unofanira kukunda. Uyu unozivikanwa se decure ofst [. Kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta musika wakabatana nomutemo wokumwe. Zvisinei, nokuti kutemerwa kunofanira kushandiswa, mutemo wehurumende unofanira kuva pamutemo umene. Classillaus igadziriro inoumbwa pamwe chete. [[FFT]

Penjero Yegumi

Sechinopesana neSuprematy Claus nedudziro huru yeChitendero chaClaus, Tenth Amendment inotaura zvakajeka, kuti: "Masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetwa kutevedzerwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu." Iyi gadziridzo igwende rebumbiro remitemo rechiremera chehurumende. Inosimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende ndirimwe reganhuriro, masimba akaganhurirwa, nepo nyika dzinochengeta kana kuti "perery" simba radzoro. Iri simba rakachengetwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinobvumira kuita chiito kudzivirira utano, chengeteko, chengeteko, uye tsika dzavagari vemo vavo. Ikoku chikonzero nei, kusabata mutemo mukurusa wehurumende, uye pamutemo weutsotsi.

Hurumende Yenyika: Kuita Mitemo Yenyika

Hurumende yehurumende inobata nhau dzinotapura nyika yose. Ine simba rokuita munzvimbo dzinopiwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo, zvakadai sedziviriro yorudzi, muitiro wokumwe, kutengeserana kwenyika imwe, kutama, uye kuva nekodzero. Mitemo yayo inoshanda kumunhu ari wose muUnited States, pasinei zvapo nehurumende yaanogara mairi.

Bazu Romutemo (Rurefu)

Congress, yakaumbwa neImba yaVamiririri naDare, ine mutoro wokunyora nokupfuudza mitemo yehurumende. Mutengo unogona kuvamba mukamuri rimwe nerimwe (kunyange zvikwereti zvemari zvinofanira kutanga muImba) uye unofanira kupfuudza makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana asati atumirwa kuna Purezidhendi. Mutungamiriri anogona kusaina mumutemo kana kuti kuidzosa (Kokorodzano inogona kukunda vhiti mbiri-tatu). Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinoshandisa simba raro pamusoro pokutengeserana kwomukati (Clausce) kudzora ruwakawanda rwemibato yamarudzi, kubva kukodzero dzavagari vemo nedziviriro dzemhoteredzo kunzvimbo yebasa kuchengeteko nenzvimbo yezvokutengeserana. Nokuda kwezvisarudzoro zveidzoro, [FLD:0]

Bazu Rine Chiremera (Mutungamiriri & Federal Accountings)

Apo Congress inoita mitemo, bazu guru rinoiita kuti iitwe. Purezidhendi, somusoro webazu rino, anogadza nhungamiro yose nenzvimbo yokutanga nokuda kwokuchengetwa. Zvisinei, basa rezuva nezuva rokuita mitemo yakafara yokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress inowira kumasangano ehurumende. Iri rinozivikanwa se kugadzira murairo . Hurumende dzakafanana neEclotmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food ne Drug Administration (FC), uye Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) dzakapiwa chiremera neDare rokuita miraudzo. Iyi miraudzo ine simba romutemo.

Muitiro unodzorwa neAdministrative Procedure Act (APA). Mitemo inobudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa muFederal Register, inobvumira nhambo nokuda kwetsinhiro yavose, rangarira mutezo iwoyo, uye ipapo kupa mutemo wokupedzisira. Uyu Hurumende. gov alk [[FLT]] apo vanhu vanogona kurangarira nokutsinhira pamitemo yehurumende inovapo. Iyi gadziriro inorehwa kuita muitiro wokuisa mutemo wakajeka uye kuisa mubatanidzwa, kunyange zvazvo isingavhotirirwi zvakananga navakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa.

Bazu Rokutonga (Dare Rapamusoro Nematare Ehurumende)

Macademy [[FLT:] .[FLT] chishandiso chavo chine simba zvikurusa ndechekuhwirudzura , chakatangwa mumhaka yechiratidzo chenhau yenhau Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Iri simba rinobvumira matare ehurumende kuputsa mitemo inopfuudzwa naProfeta kana kuti zviito naProfeta kana akaputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Dare rapamusoro ndiro gurusa rerwisanotemwarati yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Rinopedzawo rwisa pakati pedzimwe nyika (se maruramiro emvura) uye kududzira mutemo wehurumende kuidzika nyika yose. Apo nhau huru dzinotonga pamusoro penhau dzinotonga, dzinotonga matare ose.

Hurumende: Vashandi Vehurumende Inosarudzwa Noruzhinji

Mutongi Louis Brandeis anorondedzerwa nenzira yakakurumbira se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu." Nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzine chiremera chakafara panhau dzadzo dzimene, dzinogona kuedza miitiro yakasiana - siana kuti dzione izvo zvinoshanda zvakanakisisa nokuda kwavagari vemo vadzo vakasiana. Iyi nzira yakasanosiana inobvumira kuvandudzwa nokuchinjirwa kumipimo yomunzvimbomo nemigariro.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nesimba Rokutonga

Kusafanana nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, iyo ine masimba bedzi anopiwa nayo neBumbiro reMitemo, hurumende dzehurumende dzine simba revhu . Ikoku kunoreva kuti dzinogona kuita munzvimbo ipi neipi isingarambiki zvakananga kwavari nebumbiro remitemo ravo vamene kana kuti kubviswa nomutemo wehurumende. Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji irefu zvikuru uye ine udzame zvikuru kupfuura U.S. Constitution. Dzinobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji maruramiro akananga asingawanwi muBill of Rights, zvakadai sedziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwekodzero dzakavanzika, maruramiro evanyajambwa, kana kuti kodzero yemhoteredzo yakachena. Hurumende inewo simba rokutera, kukwereta mari, uye kugadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Mitemo yeHurumende

Nyika iri yose kunze kweNebraska ine chibvumirano chemitemo chebigameral (Dare reSangano neNhare yaVamiririri). Hurumende inobata kuwanda kwokuita mutemo kunotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubatanidza mari yedzidzo, mutemo wemari, mutemo wezvinhu, mutemo wemhuri (roorano, kurambwa kwavana), uye kutengeserana kwehurumende. Muitiro weRegional pabumbiro remitemo unoratidza muitiro wehurumende mumitemo yehurumende munzira dzakawanda, asi kazhinji kazhinji unova unova mukuru zvikuru uye unosvikika zvikuru kuvagari vemo. Mitengo yakawanda inewo zvishandiso zvakananga zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, zvakadai se renteterrends nenmentations , izvo zvinobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota zvakananga mitemo kana kuti masangano emitemo. [FURGeneral Conveticals]

Gavhuna Vehurumende Negadziriro

Gavhuna ndiye mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Vane mutoro wokusaina mabhiri mumutemo, vachiisa bhajeti rehurumende, uye vachitarisira bhajeti rehurumende. Masangano ehurumende, kufanana namadhipatimendi ezvoutano enyika, masangano edziviriro yemhoteredzo (anowanzonzi DEP kana kuti DEQ), uye madhipatimendi emotokari (DMVS), anoita ndokuita mirau yehurumende. Masangano aya anoshanda zvakafanana zvikuru kuhama dzawo dzehurumende asi anoshanda mukati memiganhuro yakananga yenyika yawo. Somuenzaniso, sangano remhoteredzo yemhoteredzo, ringashandisa zvose zviri zviviri mipimo yehurumende inogoverwa neEPA nehurumende inodzorwa.

Masangano Ematare eHurumende

Dare rehurumende rinotonga mhaka hurusa muUnited States .inopfuura 90% yenhau dzose. Idzo imatare edzosero, kureva kuti anogona kunzwa rudzi rupi norupi rwenhau, kubva pamatikiti emotokari uye kutaurirwa kumatare akakomba ehurumende, chatanuro, bvumirano, uye matare okukuvara. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine vakuru vakuru vayo vamene: matare edare, matare epakati pedare, uye dare rapamusoro rehurumende (anowanzonzi Dare reSaupleme" rehurumende iyoyo). Dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende ndiro chiremera chokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo uye kurondedzerwa kwomutemo wehurumende iyoyo.

Hurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Kuda Kugara Kumusha

Maguta, mataundi, mataundi, mataundikito, uye maruwa ezvikoro hazvidudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo reU. Zvakaitwa nehurumende dzehurumende. Sezvakadaro, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo bedzi dzine masimba ayo hurumende inopa zvakananga. Iyi nheyo inozivikanwa se [ , , iyo inopa hurumende dzakafara kuti dzitarisire zvinhu zvadzo. Mumusha, guta rinogona kupfuudza nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakafanana nedzenyika. Mukupesana, nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchira [ Mumusha], iyo inobvumira kuti hurumende dzidzore zvinhu zvadzo. Mugariro weguta, guta rinogona kupfuudza nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakafanana nedzo, ruzha, kutengeserana, bhizimisi renyika dzomunzvimbomo, uye kudzorora pamutemo, pasina kubvumira murairo womutemo womunzvimbomo.

Apo Mitemo Inokakavadzana: Kupedza Makakatanwa

Mubvunzo mukuru mumutemo weAmerica ndounoita apo mutemo wehurumende kana kuti womunzvimbomo unopokanidza zvakananga mutemo womubatanidzwa. Supremacy Claus inogovera mhinduro, asi kumbiriso yacho inogona kuva yakaoma uye inowanzokurukurwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakazivisa marudzi anoverengeka okusunungurwa ayo anosarudza apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unotonga mutemo womutemo.

Taura Kuedzwa

Uyu ndiwo mutsetse wakananga zvikurusa. Kunoitika apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unotaura zvakajeka vavariro yokubvisa mutemo wehurumende munharaunda yakati. Somuenzaniso, Airline Deregeating Act inotaura zvakajeka kuti "kungasaita kana kuti kumanikidza mutemo, murairo, kana kuti imwe gadziriro... ine chokuita nomutengo, nzira, kana kuti basa romutakuri wemhepo." Ikoku kunodzivisa nyika imwe neimwe kusagadza mirau yayo imene yendege, uko kungaparira nyongano nokuda kwokufamba kwepasi.

Kupikiswa

Ikoku kunoitika mumigariro miviri. Chokutanga, apo kusingabviri mumuviri kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kana mutemo wehurumende uchida chiratidzo chakati chekotsekano uye mutemo wehurumende unoda chiratidzo chakasiana, chinopokanidza. Chechipiri, apo mutemo wehurumende unoti “chinomira semhinganidzo kukuitwa uye kuitwa kwamadonzo akazara nevavariro zveCongress." Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kwakaoma zvikuru kuti matare asarudze, sezvakunoda kutsanangura nharidzano yose yomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Kusunungurwa Mumunda

Ikoku kunoitika apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unova wakafara kwazvo uye wakapararira mumunda wakapiwa zvokuti uno "vanda munda," usingasiyi nzvimbo nokuda kwemirairo yehurumende. matare anofungidzira kuti Congress yaivavarira kuva noudzori hwapoga panharaunda iyoyo. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndiwo mutemo wokutama. Hurumende yehurumende ine mutemo mukuru wakadaro wedare rokudzora nokudzora kubuda munyika idzo hurumende dzinosunungurwa zvikurukuru pakupfuura gadziriro dzadzo dzokuita kuti vanhu vapinde munyika.

Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika yeFederal v. Chiremera cheHurumende

Kushanda kwehurumende hakusi pfungwa yokufungidzira; kunoita misoro yenhau yezuva nezuva uye nharo dzemitemo.Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kudhonzana kwenguva dzose uye kushandira pamwe pakati pemitezo yakasiana - siana yehurumende.

Muenzaniso 1: Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza

EPA inoisa mhepo yenyika nezvinonakisa mvura pasi pemitemo yakadai seCeador Air Act neClean Water Act. Zvisinei, Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzine mutoro wokushandisa iyi purogiramu yehurumende mukati memiganhu yayo. Kupfuurirazve, dzinotaura saCalifornia, pasi pechipameso chaicho kubva kuEPA, dzinogona kugadza mipimo inodzorwa zvikuru yemotokari kupfuura inodikanwa nehurumende yehurumende. Ikoku kwakaita California mutyairi ane simba wetsika yemhoteredzo yenyika. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera mipimo yorumano yeCalifornia kana kuti muganhu wehurumende. Ikoku kuratidzira "cobativement copublicism," apo nharidzano dzehurumende dzinopfuunzwa neyatiko yehurumende inodzorwa neyatiko.

Muenzaniso 2: Kudzorwa Kwemari

Uyu zvichida muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa werwisano yakananga pakati pomutemo wehurumende namakore achangobva kupfuura. Gurumya Guediced Substances Act rinoumba mbanje sechinodhaka cheSamende I chisiri chepamutemo, kuita kugadzira kwacho, kuparadzira, uye kuva nemhosva yehurumende. Bva, kutanga muma 1990, nhamba inokura yehurumende yakapfuudza mitemo inoita kuti marijuana ive yapamutemo nokuda kwokurapa kana kuti kushandiswa kwenhandaro. Iyi inoumba nzvimbo yachena yapamutemo. Hurumende yehurumende yakatosarudza zvikurukuru (hazvisizvo nguva dzose) kusaita mutemo womubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa wenyika muzvinhu izvo zvakainyoresa pamutemo, asi mabhizimisi anoramba achipedzwa nomutemo uye mabhizimisi anoshanda zviri pamutemo pasi pomutemo anotarisana nezvinetso zvakafanana nokusakwanisa kubhangirwa kwokubhangirwa nokudzivirirwa kwemari nedziviriro kwehurumende.

Muenzaniso 3: Mipimo Yedzidzo Yavose

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haridudzi dzidzo. Pasi peTenth Amendment, mutoro wedzidzo yavose unongogumira kuhurumende. Masangano edzidzo ehurumende anogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda, uye mitemo yomudzidzisi. Maruwa ezvikoro omunharaunda anotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva ezvikoro. Hurumende yehurumende inoita basa rinotsigirwa, ichigovera mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakati dzakadai seTit I (padzidzo yakaderera zvikuru) nedzidzo chaiyo (IDA). Mukudzosera mari, hurumende inogona kugadza zvinodikanwa, zvakadai sokuedza kunotevedzerwa kuri pakati peVadzidzi Vose (ESA). Chitsamisi yokuzvidavirira chomubatanidzwa pakati pomutezoti uye udzori womunzvimbomo igweveriso chinogara chinobva mukurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Muenzaniso 4: Kugamuchira kweCOVID - 19

COVID-19 denda rakanga riri nzvero yapakarepo yehurumende yeAmerica. Hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa simba rayo kutendera nhomba, kupa nhungamiro youtano kubva kuCDC, uye kugovera rusununguko rwemari kupfurikidza nemitero inodzorwa. Nyika, ichishandisa "masimba avo ehurumende" kudzivirira utano hwavanhu, yakapa zvirango zvekugara, kuraira kwokuvhara mabhastiki, uye miganhuro yemabhizimisi. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo sezvo vanhu namabhizimisi zvakadenha mwero wemirayiro yehurumende. Matare aiwanzokumbirwa kusarudza kana zviito zvehurumende zvakanga zviri kushanda kwesimba remapurisa kana kuti kudzorwa kwezvinzvimbo zvomunhu oga. Chirwerevo chacho chakaratidzira zvakajeka kuti mipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo yakasiana - siyana pamugariro woutano wavose.

Mugumisiro: Muitiro Unodzora

Mubvunzo wokuti "Ndiani anoita mitemo?] usina mhinduro yakapfava muUnited States. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana eCongress, Purezidenti, masangano ehurumende, hurumende, uye hurumende. Gadziriro ino yokuongorora nokudzikamisa, inovakirwa panheyo dzenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, inogadzirirwa kudzivirira kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi kuti simba harina kuiswa panzvimbo imwe. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana eCongress, Purezidhendi, masangano ehurumende, vatestative, vatongi, vatongi, uye madare omunzvimbomo zvinopa simba vagari vemo kuti vatsive zviri nani mumuitiro wedemo yedemocracy. Kubvumiravhotera kutungamirira itiro yavo kunzvimbo yakafanira yehurumende uye vamiririridzi vavo vanozvidavirira. Kudzikamisa chinzwa pakati pechinzwano yenyika nenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo hakuna kurongwa; ndiko kupfuurira kurondedzera mamiriro ezvinhu eAmerica namazana amakore anotevera munguva yemberi.