Hurumende yeIndia ine nhau refu yokushandisa zvirongwa zvakasiyana- siyana zvegarikano kuti ivandudze upenyu hwevagari vemo vayo. Izvi zvirongwa zvinoumba musimboti wemasangano okuchengeteka kwenzanga yenyika, zvinopedza zvinetso zvikuru zvakadai sourombo, kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, kushayikwa kwezveutano, kusakwana kwedzimba, uye kuwanikwa kwedzidzo yakaganhurirwa. Nevanhu vanodarika 1.4 bhiriyoni, mwero wokupfuudza vanhu zvakanaka muIndia hauna kuenzana munyika yose. Kubudirira kwepurogiramu idzi haisi bedzi nhau yokubudirira yebasa rokudzora asi itsika inotevedzerwa mumitemo inodzorwa mumitemo yeHurumende. Mumakumi amakore, kusvika pakusvika pakusvika pakakwirira, kumusoro, kusingadzoreki magetsi, magadzirirwo ezvokugadzirwa kwemichina inopfuumbi dzinobatsira nokuna kubetsera nokuyera mufambiro. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kunzvera kugadzirwa kwehurumende, kugadzirwa kwemitengo, kugadzirwa kwemiteve, kupfurikidza nezvirongwa, zvinotevedzerwa, zvinotevedzerwa mberi, zvinonetsa, zvinonziridza mamiriro anoramba, mumugwagwa,

Kupfupikisa Kwekugadzirwa Kwezvifambire - mira zveIndia

Gadziriro yegarikano yeIndia igadziriro yakaparirwa yakasiana inobatanidza hurumende yepakati, hurumende, masangano omunzvimbomo (panchayat nemisional), uye masangano akawanda anoshandisa. Hwaro hwakaiswa munhambo yapakuvamba yapashure pekubatira nokuumbwa kwePlantion Commission (zvino inotsiviwa ne NITIAyogog) uye kugamuchirwa kwezvirongwa zvegore zvishanu izvo zvinoisa urombo nokubudirira kwemishamba. Mitemo yaMahma Regina National Baltical Babyment Act (MNREGA) ya 2005 uye National Food Security Act (NS) yeIFS) ya2010 yezvirongwa zvemariromeidzo dzoukurusa. Nhasi, hurumende inopedza mazana amabhiriyoni emabhiriyoni emirimo yemibato yemibato (Magration Regiographic Developmentment) kubva kuMarime Demond (MREction) yezvibvumirano zvemiteshina) inoparoro yezve yezve youkurukurusaro yezve youpfumi (NX.

Zvirongwa Zvinokosha Zvekugarisana Nevanhu Nevavariro Dzavo

India inoita zvirongwa zvakawanda zvinotsigirwa nevakawanda uye zvepakati, chimwe nechimwe chakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa kufambira mberi kwakati.Pazasi pane mamwe mapurogiramu anonyanya kukuvadza uye anozivikanwa, akawedzerwa nokushandiswa kwemashoko achangobva kugadzirwa.

Mahatma Gandhi National Account Act (MGNREGA)

MGNREGA inowanzorondedzerwa sepurogiramu yavose hurusa yenyika. Inovimbisa mazuva 100 ebasa remaoko risina unyanzvi pagore remari kumhuri dzose dzomumaruwa dzine mitezo yakura inoda kushanda. Chirongwa chinoshanda kupfurikidza nechikumbiro chinoraira: mukuru upi noupi anogona kunyorera basa, uye giramu yemongi yemongi inofanira kugovera basa mukati mamazuva 15; kundikano yemari inopa mari inobvumira kushaya basa. Mu 2023-24, chirongwa chakagovera basa kudzimba dzinopfuura 15 dzechikwereti, netsamabhangi yemari yezvinenge 7686 000. Kupfuura tsigiro, MGREGRAGRA yakagadzira zvinhu zvinobatsira vanhu semasangano okuchengetedza mvura, migwagwa yomumaruwa, uye kufambira mberi. Minisi yemitengo yemitengo inopa mishumo yegore yegore negore, uye kupfuudza mishumo yemari inosvika kupfurikidza nokubhadhakanwa kwemari inosvika pa $0GRAD.[5]

Gadziriro Yokuparadzira Vanhu (PDS)

MuNational Food Security Act (NFSA), PDS inogovera zvokudya zviduku zvakaiswa mupeyi nehurumende (gorosi, mupunga wakakomba) kuva zvinenge 80 zvinobatira. Mhuri dzokutanga dzinogamuchira 5 kg pamwedzi pamutengo wegiramu. Sangano inoshandiswa nomunhetevedzo yemari inogadzirwa nehurumende. Zvitendero zvakanangidzirwa pakuwana mucheto weadin stendi kupfurikidza neAadhaarting, pfundo retsono retsono retsono (Pos) rokudzosa, uye kutakura mishambati kuti ideredze kudzura. SaChttigagh neOshas transmesssstingsss. [3]

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Mishoni Yakachena yeIndia)

Yatangwa muna 2014, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ndiyo fambiro hurusa yenyika yetsvina, inonangidzirwa kubvisa kubviswa kwetsvina kwakazaruka nokusimudzira kuiswa kwetsvina kwakasimba. Nhengo yokutanga (204-2019) yakanangidzirwa pakuvaka zvimbudzi zvepamba zvinokwana zvine mamirioni 110, kusvika pedyo nohuwaresa pamwero werudzi. Chikamu chechipiri (20-2026) chinosimbisa kuchengetwa kwenzvimbo inozadzwa yezapanyuko yetsvina nerefu yeSans yakashambata nguva dzose, kurapa kwapangwa, uye kuraswa kwakakotsekana. Purogiramu yakashandisa purofiti yokuchinja tsika (g. g. g. 2,2.1)

Pradhan Mantri Aas Yojana (Urban neMaruwa)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) inoronga kugovera “Kupa Nhaka yaVose” panosvika 2024, nemira yakaparadzana nokuda kweguta (PMAY-U) uye nzvimbo dzomumaruwa (PMAY-G). PMAY-G inogovera betsero yemari ye 121.2 lakh pamusha panzvimbo dzakajeka uye 761.3 lakh mumakomo/amburira, nenzvimbo dzinowedzera pamusoro pehurumende. Dzimba dzinovakwa nengwariro yengwavaira nemhindu kumimwe mibato mikuru yengwavaira (toet, magetsi, magetsi). Sapakati-20, mushumo woupenyu hwakavandudzwa, kunyange zvazvo nhau dzakafanana nenzvimbo dzavakadzi (kuvakwa nokupedzwa kwedzimba). Dzimba dzinovakwa nenzvimbo dzenguva yapamhindiro yebasa reUnionborbut org inogovera.

Ayushman Bharat (Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana)

Ayushman Bharat igadziriro hurusa yeinishuwarenzi youtano yehurumende munyika yose, inofukidza mhuri dzine urombo hunopfuura 10 dzinova nedzisingakuvadzi. Masangano ezvoutano anowana chifukidzo chene 765 lakh pagore nokuda kwokuvakwa kwepachipatara chesekondari uye chemari, nechinoparira masangano ezveutano anopfuura 1 960. Chirongwa chacho chinoshanda pamiitiro inotsamira pakuvimba, namasangano ezve zvoutano anoisa zvose zviri zviviri zvipatara zvavose uye zvipatara zvavanhu. Marekodhi ezvoutano eAyman Bharat Digical Mission Mission (ADM), ayo ari kuparira masangano outano akasiyana namamwe mativi ose. Chipomende chezvokugara zviri mberi kwezvipatarati, zvinobatanidza kuderera kwekuzivikanwa nezvinoonekwa nemuzvipataratina. [5]

Zvimwe Zvirongwa Zvokupfura Mhosva

Kupfuura zviri pamusoro apa, mamwe mazano anoverengeka anobatanidza kudzivirira ngozi:

  • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISANA): Anowana tsigiro ya76 000 pagore kuvose varimi vakatapa nzvimbo, anotamisirwa zvakananga kuakaundi yebhangi muzvikamu zvitatu zvakaenzana.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY):[ Inogovera batano yapachena neLPG kuvakadzi vanobva mudzimba dzine urombo hwapasi pevhu, ichideredza kushatiswa kwemhepo mumba.
  • Chirairo cheZuva: Zvokudya zvakabikwa zvinopisa kusvikira kuvana vechikoro vanopfuura 10 kuti vanatsiridze zvokudya zvinovaka muviri nokupinda chikoro.
  • Purogiramu yemari yokubatanidza iyo yakaunza vagari vemo 50 vakanga vasina kubhangirwa mugadziriro yepamutemo yebhangi.
  • National Social Ahelp Programme (NSAP): Inogovera mudyandigere kuvakweguru, chirikadzi, uye vanhu vakaremara.

Pamwe chete, zvirongwa izvi zvinogadzirisa urombo hwakawanda uye kubatwa nehosha, asi kubudirira kwazvo kunoenderana zvikuru nemashandisirwe ahunoitwa pasi.

Kushandisa Michina: Kubva Pakutevedzera Mashandiro Anoita Mari Kuenda Pakubereka

Mukaha uri pakati pevavariro yemitemo neidi yapasi unovharwa nomugadziriro yakaoma asi yakasanonyorwa inobatanidza zviteshi zvakawanda nemiitiro.

Center-Stateooperation and Movement

Zvirongwa zvegarikano zvizhinjisa zvi “chirongwa chinotsigirwa nenzira inotsigirwa nenzira inoitwa navazhinji” (CSS), kureva kuti hurumende huru inogadza purofiti, nhungamiro, uye inogoverana chikamu chemari, nepo hurumende dzehurumende dzine mutoro wokushandisa, kubatanidza kuzivikanwa kwavabhadhari, kuwanikwa, uye kunyunyuta. Chikamu chereshiyo chinosiana: nokuti MGNREGA hurumende yepakati ine 100% yemari inotambira uye 75% yendyiko; nokuti PMAY-G i 60:40 (centrestate) mumashoko mazhinjisa. NITI Ayogrog anoita basa guru mukuyera CSS uye kurumbidza kuva netsinhirano. Muna 20222, zvirongwa zviduku zvehurumende zvinobatanidzwa mugadziriro dzemasrabhurari kuti zvideredze nokuvandudza kushamba.

Kuzivikanwa Kwemazano Okudzidza Nokusarudza

Kuzivikanwa kwakarurama kwevavariro dzinobatsira kunoramba kuri chinhu chinobatsira zvikuru. Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 ndiwo manyuko makuru ezvokuziva mhuri dzine urombo mumaruwa, akawedzerwa nenzvero dzehurumende uye SeC 2021 inopfigutswa. Zvirongwa zvakadai seAyshushman Bharat, ndaza yemhuri yakavakirwa pamipimo inoshaiwa mari (g., mhuri dzisina dzimba dzechirume, SCC/ST). Kushandiswa kweAadhaar-ded-deup de-dition zvakaderedza unyengeri kana kuti kubetsera, kunyange zvazvo itiro hanya pamusoro pezvakavanzika nechinhu chisiri chomunhu mukuru zvichiramba zvichiitika.

Batsirwa Kuendeswa Kwakananga (DBT) Nokushanda Nemari

Chimwe chezvinjo huru mukugoverwa kwegarikano yeIndia igweta-gurukusimudzirwa kubva murudzi rwemari kutungamirira kutsinhano dzemari kupfurikidza neDBT. Pasi pePM-Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM), utatu hunokosha, mari ye LPG (DBTG), parafini, uye zvimwe zvokudya zvinoendeswa zvakananga kumaakaunzi ebhangi. DBT yaderedza kubvisa maburi, uye uori, zvichichengeta hurumende zviuru zvamasangano eCroress Corporation of India (NPI), zvinopfuura 500 DPTPrectionmentations zvakagadziriswa mu2023. Sisitemu yacho haina kubviswa mubato, seripotesipo inodzo.

Kutora Rutivi Nekuderedza Kukura Kwenzanga

Zvirongwa zvegarikano zvinobudirira zvikuru apo nzanga dzinobatanidzwa nokushingaira. MGNRA inoraira kuongorora kwenzanga kana kuti kutongwa kwemhedziso dzenzanga uko mitezo yenzanga inoyambuka zvinyorwa zvebasa nendyiko. Social Adisplain of Ministry of Moral Development Translators inoita kuti vagari vasare vabvunzi vomunzvimbomo vabvume. Nenzira yakafanana, PDS ine Dare reVigilances pamutezo wemitengo wezvivara. Chinyunyuto chenyika cheCPGRAM (Cregience Redress and Monificial Sy) chinobvumira vagari vemotence kuti vawa vawa vemonericiveries kuti varange vacheke pamusoro pemishoni yemishoni. Zvisinei, kungwa nokushandiswa kudzorwa kwakaderera mumaruwa okumaruwa, uye zvirevo zvizhinji hazvigadziriswi mumugariro wakakodzera.

Kuongorora Nokuongorora Zvinhu Zvakagadzirwa

Hurumende inoshandisa mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana:

  • +[FLT]
  • Nzvero dzakapetwa-kakamu: masangano eependero akadai seInstitute of Public Applications anoedza nzvero netapuro.
  • [ Dare rokutarisira: Matare akamira anonzvera bhajeti yegadziriro nemigumisiro.
  • Kubatanidza kwenzvimbo nenzvimbo: Vaunganidzi voruwa (pamusoro pebureaucrates) vanoita misangano yehwirudzuro yenguva dzose namadhipatimendi omutsetse.

Despite this framework, evaluation reports often point to data quality issues, lack of outcome-focused indicators, and delays in corrective actions.

Basa Rezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mukuchinja Kuberekana Kwemagariro

India yakatanga kuva mutungamiriri wenyika yose mukushandisa michina inoshandiswa pakuendesa zvinhu zvinobatsira vanhu vakawanda.

Kuziva Kuti Zvinhu Zvose Zvinogara Zvichingowanika

Aadhaar, nhamba yezvikamu 12 zvinobatanidza vanhu vakuru vanopfuura 99%, ndiyo fandesheni yegarikano yazvino uno. Inogonesa kusimbisa kwechienzi kudzivirira madhingi, kusimbisa chiratidzo panzvimbo yebasa (zvikurukuru, kupfurikidza namadhigineti ePoS pazvitoro zvemigove), uye inopfuudzira kupfuudzwa kwakananga. Nokuda kwaMGNREGA, vashandi vanotsigira kupinda nokushandisa bhatamarikero yemichina inodzivisa kugadzirwa kwemichina, inoderedza vashandi vanoshanda. Zvisinei, sezvirongwa zvemichina yezvokubvumikisa kukundikana kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yezvirongwa zvezvokudya (g.

Kuchinjwa Kwezvinyorwa Nezviteshi

Chirongwa chikuru chimwe nechimwe zvino chine chirongwa chikuru chokutarisira paIndaneti chinopa mari inozopiwa mari, kutengeserana nhau, fambiro mberi yemari, uye mapango. Somuenzaniso, REGA panze pengarava inobvumira munhu upi noupi kuona mapepa okuungana, mari inobhadharwa, uye zvinhu zvebasa zvakagadzirwa pamwero wemusha. PMS-Awas resiteging redzimba nemifananidzo yejiyoni. Izvi zviwiro hazvisi kukudza bedzi kujeka asi zvinogoverawo mashoko ezvirongwa negadziridzo. Zvirongwa zvemajeri zvehurumende zvakaita kuti mashoko akawanda anowanikwa nevatsvakurudzi uye vanhu vehurumende awakeri.

Kuongorora Kunoita Mashoko Kuti Ude Kuawana uye Kuti Ubudirire

Hurumende inoshandisa unyanzvi hwokuchera mashoko kuti inzwe migodhi, yakadai sokubvisa kwakawanda kubva mumaakaundi ePMS kana kuti mitoo yechienzi mukutaura kwepachipatara pasi peAyushman Bharat. Mienzaniso yezvokudzidza yemichina iri kudzorwa kudeya kuzivisa chinodikanwa cheMGNREGA chakavakirwa pamipimo yemvura nemitengo yezvirimwa, ichibetsera muuwandudzo yamazamu. Kuwedzerazve, kushandiswa kwemajereji-patori kuri kukura; somuenzaniso, chirongwa cheMGNREGA zvino chinoraira kuti pave nejekedzo yomugariro wose, kugonesa kuvapo kwayo nemamiriro ezvinhu. Nationalformatics Centrection (NIC) inoumba iyi mitengo yemipimo yemipimo muimba, inoderedza kutengesa.

Zvinetso Mukubudirira

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha, gadziriro yegarikano yeIndia inorwisana nemitsipa yebhotoro inopfuurira iyo inoderedza simba rayo nokusagadzikana.

Kukanganisa Nokuparadza

Zvinetso zviviri zvokubatanidza mhuri dzisingachinjiki (kufamba) nokubvisa dzisingafaniri (pazasi pevhu) zvinoramba zvakakomba. Somuenzaniso, Economic Survey 2023-24 yakafungidzira kuti inenge 15% yavagamuchiri vePDS havasipo, nepo vanopfuura 10% vavarombo vakasiyiwa. Kushandiswa kwemadata eSECCC (kubva muna 2011) kunoreva kuti mhuri dzakapukunyuka urombo mumakore gumi apfuura dzingangowana betsero, nepo mhuri itsva dzinorasika. Kugadziridzwa kwamanyuko namafabheti kupfurikidza nezvinovakakwa munzanga kunoderera asi kunononoka.

Uori Nekubiridzira

Kunyange zvazvo DBT neforation zvakaderedza mikana yokuwana purofiti, uori hunopfuurira mukusarudzwa kwevashandi vehurumende, kudyidzana kwevagadziri vezvinhu muchisiko, uye kunyanyotengesa zvinhu muMGNREGA. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) uye kuisa mabhisikiti anoongorora nguva dzose zvirwere zvebasa renhema kana kuti zvishandiso. MuPDS, kutengeswa kwezvokudya zvitema kuchiri kuitika mune mamwe maruwa. Kusimbisa kuongorora kwenzanga nokudzivirira kushayisa hopeti kunokosha kudzora izvi.

Mashandiro Akanaka Nezvinobva Mubasa

Kunyange apo mari inosvika vanhu vakarurama, kunaka kwebasa kunogona kuva kuri kushoma. Vatambi veMGNREGA vanowanzononotswa nemwedzi, vachimanikidza vashandi kuti vatore zvikwereti zvisina kurongwa. Dzimba dzePMAY dzingava dzisina kutsarukana nemhaka yendyiko dzemari kana kuti kusatarisirwa zvakanaka. Zvokudya zvezuva rapakati pezvikoro zvinokundikana kuva nedhirosi nemitemo yeprotein. Vatambi vemaajanti yezvipatara vanowana kuti zvipatara zvokubhadharira mari yemari nokuda kwemiitiro yakavharwa (mutero yemitero yemiitiro yemhoshonga). Silos pakati pamadhipati (g. g., utano, mvura, zvinovaka muviri) zvinoreva kuti vanobetserwa vanobetserwa vanowana tsigiro inopesana panzvimbo pemabasa okubatanidza mapurote.

Mitemo Yezvemari Neyoutarisiri

Nyika dzine utano husina kusimba (mutoo, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh) dzinotamburira kugovera mugove wadzo wemari inowirirana, kuchitungamirira kukunonotsa kubudiswa namabasa anodzorwa. Utauro hweUgandariacrate paruwa namabhuroko hunonyanyotambanudzwa, neBlock Development Gover (BDO) inodzora zvirongwa zvakawanda panguva imwe cheteyo. Chinjo dzenguva dzose nechirongwa zvinobatanidza zvinoparira nyongano. Chinyorwa chePindeclate ye Compotroller nePrectorer (CAG) paCSS kazhinji kazhinji chinosimbisa marusando mapfupiki musimba remunhu uye rovedzo pakuuraya.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi: Kusimbisa Hurumende Yebudiriro

Hurumende yeIndia inoziva nezvezvinetso izvi uye iri kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakawanda kuti ibatsire pakupa zvinhu zvakanaka, kuisa pfungwa pazviri, uye kuisa zvinhu zvacho pachinhu chimwe chete.

Chokutanga, pane kumanikidzirwa ku “nyika imwe, kadhi rimwe rokugoverwa” iro rinobvumira PDS kuwanikwa, naizvozvo vashandi vanotama vanogona kuwana zviyo munzvimbo yavo yebasa. Nenzira yakafanana, Ayushman Bharat chirongwa cheInishuwarenzi youtano chiri kubatanidzwa nepurogiramu dzehurumende kudzivisa kunyorwa. Chechipiri, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchaita basa rakatokura zvikuru: kushandiswa kwemavhairasi okutakura nhevedzano yecheni, AIP nokuda kwokudeya kutaura kuti zviri kunetsa zviripo zvinonyungurirwa, uye zvishandiso zvemari zveUN SDGGi zvinoshandiswa kubhajeka zviri kufambiswa. Chechitatu, hurumende iri kuendesa kuabhuresa “Saccolity Trance" inotsinhiranisa mipimo mizhinji mumutemo, ichiita kuti ive nyore kuvagari vemo kuziva uye maruramiro avo.

Chechina, kuvimbisana kwenzanga kuri kusimbiswa nokusimbiswazve kwemasvomhu enzanga, kuoneka mumisangano yepanichayat, uye maapps anobva mumaserura. shanu, kunyanyofunga kuri kubviswa muzvinovanzwa (zvikurukuru, zvimbudzi zvinovakwa) kuti zvive migumisiro (zvikurukuru, kuderedzwa kwehosha dzemanyoka). NITI Aayog’s Outbot Department ne Aspiratics District Programme mienzaniso yei.

Pakupedzisira, kuchengeteka iitiro hanya huru. Sezvo upfumi hweIndia hunokura, pane bviro yokukudza hwaro hwemari yegarikano (sezvinei, kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kukuru kwemitero nokuchengetedzwa kwemari) apo kuvimbisa kuti betsero dzinosanoiswa kuavo vanodzida zvikurusa. Nokuronga kwokungwarira, kupfuurira, uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika, gadziriro dzegarikano dzeIndia dzinogona kubatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwamarudzi ari kubudirira kukurira urombo hukuru muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Nzira iri mberi inoda kudzikamisa chinzvimbo nokushandiswa, asi hwaro hwemugariro wakasimba wegarikano hwakatovapo.