Nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika mabasa akaoma kutsamira paboka guru rezvishandiso kuumba mashoko, vavhoti vanyajambwa, uye pakupedzisira vachengetedze rukundo. Pakati pamaturusi aya, kuvhota kunokosha nzvimbo yechienzi uye inowanzosanzwisiswa. Nepo zita rakwo richikarakadza nzvero yetsika, kunzvera kunokosha zvikuru chishandiso chekurukurirano chakagadzirirwa kupesvedzera mirangariro yakarongwa yakarongwa mukuvhotera. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anosunda sei kunzvera kukwanisira mashoko avo kukwakaisvonaka nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa manomano amano egadziriro yenhimbe yazvino uno. Nyaya ino inonzvera maapikicha, mashandiro, mashandiro etsika, uye pesvedzero chaiyoiyo yezvokunzvera, kugovera murangariro mukuru webasa ravo mumiitiro yehurumende yehurumende.

Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza Chii?

Papfundo rayo, nzvero inomanikidzirwa ifundo inoitirwa kusava kuunganidza mashoko ane revo asi kuumba mirangariro yedavidzo. Kusafanana nenzvero dzapamutemo dzemifungo yapamutemo, idzo dzinoshandisa kubvunza mashoko enhau nemhesano kuti dziedze kuyera murangariro wavose, kumanikidza nzvero dzinoshandisa kuisa mashoko anokuvadza, kutungamirira, kana kuti mibvunzo ine revo inoitirwa kusimbisa pfungwa dzakananga. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kwokumanikidzira kunganzi, "Kungava kunobvira zvikuru kuvhotera nokuda kweCandidate A kana waiziva kuti vatsoropote nokuda kwokuva mutero? Mubvunzo umene unozvisuma ungagona kukuvadza, pasinei zvapo nokurevesa. American Marekting Association inonyandura kunzvera senzira inoita kuti kupindura mashoko pane kuunganidza mashoko, kazhinji uchishandisa mibvunzo inosimudzira murwi anopesana kana kuti anopesana. Kuvhotera kutsanangura pfungwa.

Nhau Nemavambo

Mavambo okunzvera kwokumanikidzira kudzokera shure kumhindumupindu yenzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 20. Nepo nhimbe dzapakuvamba dzakashandisa suo kusvikira kusuo, nguva yorunhare yakabvumira nokuda kwepesvedzero huru, isingazivikanwi. Imwe yenzvero dzekaresa dzakatsikirirwa dzakaitika mukati me 1996 Republican purezial primerial. uko Bob Dole asingazivikanwi akadenha nhevedzano yokubvunza kana vavhotera vaizova nomukana muduku zvikuru kumutsigira kana vakadzidza pamusoro pokuputswa kwetsika. Shoko iro rimene rakawana utanhamari zvikuru muma 1990 sezvo nhizha dzakava dzinova dzemibato dzakananga. Chirevo, chikatoko, chinokurudzira kunzvera kwakava chinhu chikuru mumakwikwikwidzano makuru, zvikurukuru muUS. nyika yemunzvimbomo, apo marusarusarudzo ruduku runogona kusarudza.

Mativi Makuru Okushatisa Kwokumanikidza

  • Mibvunzo ine mibvunzo: Inobatanidza rutongeso runokosha kana kuti maidi anorangarirwa, zvakadai se "Unodavira kuti chimiro chaX pazvoutano chakanyanyisa here?
  • Masampu anomirira: Kuvhota kwokuvhota kwokuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kunowanzova bedzi kunofungidzirwa, asi muenzaniso wacho ungarovererwa kuchiverengero chavagari vemo icho chinonyanyova chinopesvedzera, panzvimbo pechikamu chakafanana.
  • Nhimbe dzakakwirira: Nhimbe dzingafambisa zviuru zvenziyo nokukurumidza kuzadza ruwa, dzichinangidzira kuumba nhauro yacho pamberi pokunge kunzvera kwakarongwa kuzivisa chinjo.
  • Hamuna kuziviswa kwemari:[[FLT: 1] Nzvero dzemitemo dzinozivisa chaizvoizvo sangano rinotsigira; kumanikidza kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kuvanza kana kuti kutaura zvisina kufanira manyuko kudzivisa kudzokororwa.

Nepo kunzvera kwapamutemo kuchinamatira kumitoo yakaoma kuderedza fungidziro, kunokurudzira kunzvera kunoitwa kuti kuomere.

Kushandisa Kunoita Mitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Kushatisa Kunopfuudzira Kutumira Mashoko

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anonyandura nzvero muzvongedzero dzawo huru dzokunatsa gadziriro dzawo dzekurukurirano. Nharidzano huru haisati iri kuwana maidi asi pesvedzero nokuedza. Kupfurikidza nokugadzira nhevedzano dzemibvunzo, nyanzvi dzenhimbe dzinogona kuyera kuti mashoko anobata zvikurusa nezvikamu zvakati zvokuvhota ndokuisa zviwanikwa nenzira inowirirana. Nzvero dzekuvhota dzinoshanda zvikurukuru mumatanho apakuvamba enhimbe, nemhaka yokuti dzinobvumira nhimbe kuedza nenhau dzakasiana - siana pasina kunzvera kutenga zvinhu zvinodhura.

Mashoko Akaisvonaka Anotumirwa

Kushandiswa kukuru kwenhamba dzokunyorera mashoko kupfurikidza nokuyera simba rokunyengetedza ramashoko akasiana - siana. Somuenzaniso, nhimbe ingaedza mashoko maviri anokwikwidza kana kuti mafora echinyorwa. Nhevedzo yenguva dzose ingarava: "Kana Chipikirwa A kuderedza mitero nokuda kwemhuri dzeboka rapakati, kungakuita kuti uve nomukana mukuru wokuvhotera? Kuedza uku kungaita kuti uronge mishumo inogombedzerwa zvikurusa nokuda kwehurukuro dzavo, kushambadza kweTV, uye kubudisa kwamashoko.

Chinokosha kuiyi nzira kushandiswa kwe kubvumikisa uye kunyora kwakavakirwa parutyo[. Nzvero dzinobatanidza mashoko anotungamirira akadai "vamwe vanotaura" kana kuti "zvashumwa" kusuma mashoko asina kujeka sokunge kuti akagamuchirwa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mukati me 2000.S. nhimbe yapurezidhendi, John McCain akatarisana nokuvhotera muSouth Carolina achikumbira kuva anomutsigira kana vakadzidza mwana wavo akagamuchirwa zvomene kuva mwana mutema kubva muvatano yapanyika inopesana. Shoko racho rakanga riri nhema, asi mubvunzo wacho umene unoparadzira.

Kuedza Misoro Yenhimbe Yakashata Neyakanaka

Nzvero dzokunzvera dzinobetsera zvakaenzana nokuda kwokuyera zvose zviri zviviri denho namazano okusimudzira. Zvirongwa zvinogadzira nzira mbiri dzinowirirana: imwe inonzvera mashoko asina kururama pamusoro pavashori, uye imwe inonzvera mavara akanaka omudaviri wavo vamene. Mibvunzo yemaodha inobetsera kusarudza kuti imisoroi inoparira pesvedzero yendangariro yakakwirira zvikurusa. Somuenzaniso, mubvunzo ungati: "Conreffinlin Smith akavhota kuderedza mari yedzidzo yezvikoro zvokumaruwa, nepo Congressman Jones akavhotera kuiwedzera. Ikoku kunokuita here kuva bviro huru yokutsigira Jones??

Kuisa miganhu nedenho dzinotsamira pamavara kwakakurumbira. Mibvunzo yakadai seyokuti "Ungada kuvhota Y nokuda kwechiIndaneti kana uchiziva kuti vane nhau yezvirongwa zvebhizimisi zvinopanikirika? Haina kurongedzerwa kuunganidza mashoko asi kuisa mubatanidzwa. Kana yakabatanidzwa nenhamba dzisingabhadharwi kana kuti manyoro akarongwa, idzi foni dzinogona kusvika makumi ezviuru edzimba mukupera kwevhiki. Kudavidza kwakasimba kunorema: miuyo inobviswa munguva chaiyoiyo, inobvumira vanamati vechirongwa kugadziridza kushambadza kwavo veterevhizheni kana kuti tsamba dzakananga nokukurumidza.

Kuziva Zvinhu Zvinotanga Kutanga Nemasangano

Kupfuura nzvero dzemishumo, kumanikidza nzvero dzebetsero dzinonzwisisa kuti inhaui dzine chokuita zvikuru nemapoka akasiana - siana. Kupfurikidza nokubvunza mibvunzo nomutoo unotungamirira, nhimbe dzinogona kuzivisa misoro inoparira kuita kwakasimba. Somuenzaniso, nzvero inokurudzira ingapa ndaza yezviitwa zvinobvira uye kubvunza vapinduri kuti vazviise muukoshi mugadziriro yemibato inomanikidzirwa: "Iingakuita kuti uve nomukana mukuru wokutsigira muvhotera: kuvandudza utano kana kuti kuderedza utsotsi? Miuyo ipapo inonzverwa nezviteshi zvechiteshi zvevanhu zvakadai sezera, mari inotambirwa, kana kuti nzvimbo inogarwa. Iyi mibato inogonesa kugonesa nhimbe dzokutumira mashoko dzinotumirwa mumusha nokuda kwechimbi, maruwa anozvimirira akasununguka zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuchengeta chengeteko, apo inenge ichiita kuti ive mhindu huru zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuna kwavadzidzi.

Kugadzirwa Kwemabhonzo

Kunzwisisa kuti nzvero inomanikidzirwa kunoitwa sei kunojekesa kushanda kwayo. Nzvero zhinjisa dzinoitwa kupfurikidza nemifananidzo inodzorwa nemotokari kana kuti bvunzurudzo dzorunhare dzinogarwa, kunyange zvazvo rugwaro neshanduro dzapaIndaneti zviri kuwedzera. Nzvero yacho inowanzogara pakati pamaminiti matatu namashanu, ine mibvunzo inenge 12. Chiyerevo hachisi chakangoerekana asi kazhinji kazhinji chinotengwa kubva kuvatengi vanovhota vakanyorwa, zvimwe vavhoti, kana kuti vatsigiri vapa. Mibato ingavawo yakananga nzvimbo dzakananga nzvimbo dzenyika, dzakadai seruwa rwekomhembe kana kuti ruwa rwezviteshi.

Kutanga mibvunzo kunowanzova kusina kwayakarerekera kuti pave nenhau dzinodavirwa, dzakadai sokubvunza pamusoro penhau dzinokosha. Sezvo nzvero inofambira mberi, mibvunzo inowedzera kuva inotungamirira nenharo.

  1. Mibvunzo yemanyoro neyekuyera (muenzaniso, "Iwe uri muvhoti akanyoreswa here?")
  2. Mubvunzo we "mood" pamusoro ponhungamiro yenyika
  3. Mibvunzo inopfuudzira chinetso (mutoo., "Mishumo inoratidza kuti A yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokukundikana kubhadhara mabhizimisi maduku panguva. Ikoko kungatapura vhoti yako here?)
  4. Kuenzanisa mibvunzo inomanikidza chisarudzo pakati pokudzivisa kuora kweropa kwakananga nokudzivisa kuora
  5. Mibvunzo yokunyengetedza yakananga (mutoo, "Ungavhota B kana waiziva kuti vaiva nechirongwa chokugadzira mabasa here?)

Mashoko anounganidzwa haashandi mupfungwa yetsika nemhaka yokuti muenzaniso wacho unosarura uye mibvunzo yakagadzirirwa kupindura zvinoshuviwa. Zvisinei, nhimbe yacho haidi kuva nomukurumbira wesayenzi(inoda kunyengetedzwa. Ukoshi chaihwo huri munhamba yavanhu vanochinja nzvimbo yavo mukati medanidzo, iyo nhimbe dzinofamba munhepfenyuro. Kana kutsinhanisa kudzokororwa 5% yavavhoti vanoshuvirwa kumutsigiri, kunogona kuva kwechigarire munhangemutange.

Kuongorora Kunoita Kufurira

Sarudzo dzakawanda dzinogovera ufakazi hwekumanikidzira kuvhota. Imwe yemienzaniso ine mukurumbira wakaipa zvikurusa yakaitika mukati me 1996 Alberta, Canada, sarudzo yoruwa, umo Liberal Party Mudhugation Laurence Decore yakatarisana nokunzvera kwokumanikidzira kubvunza kana aizorasikirwa netsigiro kana vvutsai vake vaizowana kuti mudzimai wake akanga ari "wokumwe" (iye akanga ari wedzinza reFinland). Nzvero yakaro yakarondwa kuConservativeritive Partition. Nyaya yacho yakanga yakavakirwa kuUnited States, 2000 South Carolinaan South Republican yakamanian inomanikidzira kuvhotera kurwisana naJohn McCain inoramba iri mhaka yebhuku. Kuvhota kwaidza kwaidza kwaidzwa kwainzi Costation uye kwakabvunza, "Kuda kana kuti ungangova wakawana nokuda kwaJohn McCain kana kuti waiziva kuti akanga abereka mwana mutema? Mubvunzi mukuru wenyika yeSouth.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, nzvero dzinosunda dzakashandiswa mukuvhota kwomunzvimbomo, zvakadai semijaho yemeya yemijaho yechikoro, uko nzvero dzezvinobudisa nhau dzakaderera. Mukati menhambo 2022 dzemaruwa eDhemocratics dzinoshandiswa kumanikidza nzvero kusimbisa mashoko pamusoro pekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri pashure pechibvumirano. Imwe nzvero yakabvunza: "Kupa mitemo yokurwisa kunyanyisa yemubatanidzwa wenzvimbo yeguta iri kupfuudzwa, ungava sezvingabvira zvikuru here kutsigira mutevedzeri anorwisa kudzivirira rusununguko rwokubereka? Mubvunzo wacho wakaitwa kuti usimbise Ddemocramilia faming yenhau yacho, uye miuyo yakabetsera kuisa mukuita chisarudzo chikuru mukubudisa mashoko. Nenzira inopesana, rwisanokorwa muRepubliccations anoshandiswa kuedza utsotsi nokwenyuko, kubvunza mibvunzo yakafanana "Kana uchiziva kuti unoda kutsigira kupfudza mapurisa? ”?

Kurangarira Kwomutemo Nekwepamutemo

Kushandiswa kwenzvero dzokumanikidza kunomutsa funganyo dzetsika dzinokosha nemhaka yokuti dzinonyepedzera senzvero apo dzinonyengera noune kana kuti kuvhota. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kumanikidza kunzvera kubvisa chivimbo mumuitiro wedemokrasi kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mashoko asina kururama munyengedzo yokusatora rutivi. American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) inoshora zvakajeka kumanikidza kunzvera, ichitaura kuti kusati kuri kunzvera kwapamutemo uye kunosekesa mipimo yesayenzi yokunzvera. Zvirokwazvo, kunzvera hakubvumirwi zviri pamutemo munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEurope, kubatanidza United Kingdom, umo dzinogona kurangarirwa sechimiro chokunetsa vanhu mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Unyengeri Nokunyengera

Chinetso chetsika chapakarepo zvikurusa kunyengera. Vaya vanobvumirana vanodavira kuti vari kutora rutivi mukunzvera kusina kwakwakarerekera, apo chaizvoizvo vari kuiswa pasi peshoko rinonyengetedza. Ikoku kunoputsa nheyo yebvumiro yokuziva. Mukuwedzera, kukwidziridza nzvero kunogona kuparira runyerekupe kana kuti zvokwadi dzenhema, sezvinoonekwa mumuenzaniso weMcCain. Chinotapurwa chirefu chinenge chiri chinhu chinodavirwa zvikuru icho chisingavimbiki runhare rupi norupi runonzi ibvunzi ibvunzo, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwavanzveri venhau vane mufungo kuunganidza mashoko akarurama. Zvirongwa zvinobatanidza kudzodzosa ngozi kana zvikawanwa, asi puro pfupi yenguva pfupi inowanzopfuura mari inogamuchirwa mundangariro dzavatungamiriri vehurumende.

Kugadzirwazve Kwenzvimbo

MuUnited States, nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa dzinowanzova dzapamutemo, asi dzinodzorwa nemimwe mirau. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inoda kuti runhare dzinodzorwa nemotokari dzizivise zita namashoko esangano rinotsigira pamavambo edanidzo. Zvisinei, kumanikidza kushambadza kuzhinji kunoshandiswa kunogara kuchigona kubvunza nokukurumidza mibvunzo pasina kujekerwa kwakazara, kufuratira mutemo. Federal Ecompuciation Commission (FEC) ine muganhu wakaganhurirwa / fractssssssss) hairangarirwi nendyiro dzenhimberipo kutonge kwadzo dzakarongwa zvakajeka nomutezo. Pamwero wenyika, nyika shomanene dzinoita kuti kuonekwe kubudiswa kweapidhiro yemari inovhookesa, seyangano yeNew Hampshire Virginia.

MuCanada, kunzvera kunowira pasi peEcomments Act, uko kunorambidza kuita kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pavada kufunda. Canadian Radio-telew and TeTREGNCE Commission (CRTC) inodzorawo kutengesa uye inogona kubvisa faindi nokuda kwemiitiro inotsausa. Kuwedzera kwemarudzi ose, European Union’s General Data Protection Regatemplified (GDPR) inoisa mitemo yorumano pakugadzira mashoko omunhu oga nokuda kwokutengesa, uko kunogona kuganhurira kushandiswa kusina kutendeseka kwokuvhotera mudzimwe nyika dzeEUC.

Nzira Yokuziva Nayo Kushatisa Kwoukuru

Mireza mitsvuku inoverengeka inoratidza kuvhota kunoitwa panzvimbo pokuongorora kwepamutemo:

  • Nhare dzinowanzova refu: Legitimate nhlawulo dzeavhareji 5-10; kumanikidza kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kunopfuura nokune mibvunzo inotungamirira yakawanda.
  • Mashoko emibvunzo: Mibvunzo inobatanidza rutongeso rwakaipa kana kuti rwakananga (mutoo, "haidzo,""") inofungirwa.
  • [ Haasati achizarurira mutsigiri: Kana mushanyi akaramba kuziva ari kutsigira nzvero yacho, sezvingabvira ibvunzi inomanikidzira.
  • Kurumidza kumhedziso:[[FLT: 1] Vavhoti veLegitimate vanobvunza mibvunzo isina kutora rutivi; kumanikidza kunzvera kuedza kutungamirira mhinduro dzako nokutaura kwokupwisa.
  • [[FT:0] Uwandu hukuru: Kana ukagamuchira runhare rwakawanda kubva ku "survey" nenge vanoda kupiwa, zvimwe ibvunziro yokusunda.

Vaongorori vanofungidzira kuti kuvhota kunomanikidzirwa vanogona kukwira ndokushuma nhamba kuFederal Trade Commission (FTC) kana kuti hofisi yavo yesarudzo yenyika. Usabatanidzwa nemibvunzo yacho, sezvo kupindura kuchigona kuwedzera mano enhimbe yokuita nenzira inotevedzerwa.

mhedziso

Nzvero dzematongerwe enyika ichishandiswa chakasimba munhimbe yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno. Padzinonyepedzera senzvero, donzo radzo rechokwadi nderokunyengetedza , kuisa mashoko, kuumba mirangariro, uye kuzivisa misoro inobudirira zvikurusa yekurukurirano huru. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshandisa kusunda kunyora kwavo nenzwisiso inoshamisa, kuidza zvose zviri zviviri mashoko akanaka nezvakaipa pamativi anovhotera. Zvisinei, iri zano rinodzika mitsetse pakati pokutsigira nokushandisa kwapamutemo, rinosimudzira itiro huru pamusoro pekunyengera kwevota uye peperero yedemocracy. Sezvo mibato yemibato inova mifungo yakaisvonaka yemifungo-yati neyoro inova inova inova inongwarira. Kucherekedza zviratidzo zvokuvhotera nokunzwisisa basa rayo renyika inodzorwa kuti ionese mashoko.