Table of Contents
Hwaro Hwetsika Dzepamutemo Mukutonga Kwemazuva Ano
Gadziriro yemitemo inoshanda panheyo huru inoisiyanisa nokuita zvisarudzo nenzira youshingi: dzidziso yenhau yapakarepo. Pamwoyo peiyi dzidziso pane nhau dzinooneka zvikuru —(daviro) dzinopfuura migariro yavo yapakarepo kutanga nheyo dzapamutemo dzinogara. Iyi mhaka inoshanda sechinhu chinovanza kunzwisisa kwavo ruramisiro, kodzero, uye mutemo. Apo vatongi vanotarisana nemibvunzo yakaoma yemitemo, havatangi kubva pakukwasha; panzvimbo pezvo, vanotarira kuidzivo zvisarudzo zvokuchinja izvo zvakaumba nzvimbo yepamutemo kwamakumi amakore nemazana amakore.
Zviitiko zvemafashoni zvinomirira zvinopfuura kukunda chete kana kuti kukunda kwemapati anobatanidzwa. Zvinobatanidza kunzwisisa kwenzanga kodzero dzinokosha, masimba ehurumende, uye dzikamo yokungwarira pakati perusununguko rwomunhu oga neyavanhu vose. Kupfurikidza neizvi zvinoitika, gadziriro yapamutemo inoumba mubatanidzwa mupenyu womutemo unovamba mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga anochinja nepo inoramba ichichengeta kusachinja nokufanorongeka. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti zvinoitika zvinoshanda sei mukati megadziriro yemitemo, tapuro yazvo huru pajirisipunuro, uye nzira idzo dzinotungamirira nadzo mamiriro ezvinhu apamutemo azvinokuita nayo chisarudzo.
Kunzwisisa Mhaka Dzapanyika Nerevo Yadzo
Nyaya inokosha chisarudzo chedare chinotanga nheyo itsva yemitemo kana kuti pfungwa, kana kuti kuchinja zvikuru kutsanangurwa kwomutemo uripo. Nhau idzi dzinowana zita radzo kwete nokuzivisa asi nokupesvedzera kwadzo kusingaperi pakurangarira kwapamutemo kwakatevera uye kukwanisa kwavo kushandura nzvimbo dzose dzomutemo. Zvakasiyana nezvinoitika zvenguva dzose zvinoshandiswa kumitemo panhau dzakananga, zvinoitika zvinoputsa nzvimbo itsva, kazhinji kazhinji zvichipindura mibvunzo isina kumbopindurwa kana kuti kuoma kurangarira pamutemo kwenguva refu.
Kukosha kwenhau yechiratidzo chenhau kunowanzobva pazvinhu zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, ingapedza mubvunzo mukuru webumbiro remitemo unotapura mamiriyoni avanhu. Chechipiri, ingachinja kana kuti kuchinja zvikuru dzidziso yapamutemo yapfuura, ichiratidza kuchinja muruzivo rwedare kana kuti mipimo yenzanga. Chechitatu, ingagona kutanga kuedza kutsva kana kuti gadziriro ichashandiswa nematare kuongorora nhau dzakafanana munguva yemberi. Chechina, ingataura nezvenzvimbo iri kumuka yomutemo uko nhungamiro inodikanwa zvikuru, zvakadai seruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuvanza, kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu.
Chinosiyanisa nhau inokosha nezvimwe zvisarudzo zvinokosha itapuro yayo yokuchinja. Nhau idzi hadzingogadzirisi bedzi kusawirirana kwenhau dzepamutemo. Dzinova mifungo yenongedzero mudzidzo yapamutemo, inodudzwa mumipfupi misingaverengeki nemirangariro yedare, uye inokurukurwa muzvikoro zvemitemo kwezvizvarwa. Kurangarira kwavo kunova rutivi rwamashoko epamutemo, nezvikamu nenzvero kubva kuizvi zvisarudzo zvinopinda mutsika dzapamutemo.
Chisarudzo Chinokosha
Zviitiko zvechiratidzo chenyika zvinogoverana mativi akati ayo anobetsera kupesvedzero yavo inogara. Zvinowanzobatanidza maidi anogombedzera anosimbisa ufakazi hwavanhu hwenheyo dzemitemo dzisinganzwisisiki. Vanobatanidzwa muzvinoitika izvi vanowanzomirira mapoka akafara zvikuru kana kuti fariro, vachiita kuti muuyo wacho uve unokosha zvikuru kupfuura zvidimbu zvapakarepo. Mibvunzo yapamutemo inokurukurwa inowanzova yemirangariro yokutanga kana kuti inobatanidza rwisano pakati pemipimo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo iyo inoda kusanodzikamiswa.
Mifungo yedare munhau dzinooneka inowanzova inonzwika uye inorangarirwa nokungwarira, kukarira kupesana nokukurukura mativi makuru echisarudzo. Iyi mirangariro inowanzobatanidza nzvero huru yenhau, kunzvera vavariro yavagadziri, kurangarirwa kwemuenzaniso kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo, uye kurukurirano yemiuyo yemitemo. Kudzikama uye kunzvera muzvisarudzo zvenhau zvinopa nhungamiro nokuda kwematare enguva yemberi anotarisana nemibvunzo ine chokuita.
Dzidziso yeStarte Decuisis: Nzira Iyo Matare Apakuvamba Anotonga Nayo
Nheyo inopa nhau dzinooneka inhau dzinonzi tais, chitsama chechiLatin chinoreva kuti "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvasarudzwa. Iyi dzidziso inoti matare anofanira kutevera muenzaniso wakagadzwa nezvisarudzo zvakapfuura, zvikurukuru ayo anobva kumatare makuru ari murutivi rumwe cheterwo. Stare decisis anosimudzira dzikamo, kufanodekara, uye kusachinja mumutemo, achivimbisa kuti mhaka dzakafanana dzinosarudzwa zvakafanana uye kuti vanhu vanogona kuvimba nenheyo dzapamutemo dzakatangwa pakuita zvisarudzo.
Mudzidziso iyi, matare maduku anosungwa nezvisarudzo zvematare makuru muudzori hwawo. Somuenzaniso, matare eruwa ehurumende anofanira kutevera mienzaniso yakagadzwa nedare rawo redunhu rekukwirira neDare Rapamusorosoro. matare ehurumende anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare avo ehurumende nedare gurusa. Iri sangano redare remibatanidzwa rinovimbisa kuva rakafanana mukati mesimba nepo richibvumira kusiyana kwemimwe miganhu yakasiana - siana.
Zvisinei, kutarira hakuna kutsarukana. Matare anogona kusiyanisa mhaka dzakavakirwa pamaidi awo, achiwana kuti muenzaniso haushandi nemhaka yokuti migariro yacho yakasiana mune zvokunyama. matare makuru anogonawo kudzora zvisarudzo zvawo amene zvakapfuura apo anogumisa kuti kutonga kwapakuvamba kwakasarudzwa nenzira yakaipa kana kuti uko kunochinja migariro kunobvumira mutemo kuvandukira apo unochengeta dzikamo.
Kutanga Kure Kuchikwa uye Kuzere
Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinosiyanisa pakati pekutarira kunenge kwakananga nokunze. Kutarira kwapakati nepakati nepakati kunoyera kunonongedzera kumusengwa wematare echiduku kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare makuru mudare rimwe chetero redare rinotonga. Ichi chimiro chemuenzaniso chinosungirwa(idare rinotonga harigoni kungopesana nechisarudzo chedare chedare rakati kana kuti chirevo chakasiyana. Muenzaniso wapakati unovimbisa kuti mutemo unoshandiswa zvakafanana musimba rose.
Kutarira kwakafara, mukupesana, kunonongedzera kumuitiro wedare rokutevera zvisarudzo zvaro zvakapfuura. Nepo matare kazhinji kazhinji anonamatira kumitemo yawo yapamberi, muenzaniso wakachinjika hauna kuoma semutoo wakarerekera. matare epasarudzo namatare makuru ane chiremera chokutonga zvisarudzo zvawo amene zvakapfuura, kunyange zvazvo achiita kudaro bedzi apo kunenge kune zvikonzero zvakasimba, zvakadai seaichimbova abvumikisa kuva asingashandi mushandiro, achiva akavakirwa pamaidi ekare kana kuti nzwisiso, kana kuti anorwisana nezvisarudzo zvapashure.
Kushandisa Kunoita Matare Mapoka Akatanhamara Kumamiriro Ezvinhu Matsva
Apo vatongi vanonangana nenhau itsva, vanopinda mumuitiro wakaoma wenhau dzinoshandiswa zvikuru pamienzaniso inoshamisa: kuzivisa nhau dzapamutemo dzinowirirana, kunzvera mienzaniso inoshanda, kunzvera kuti mienzaniso iyoyo inoshanda sei kumaidi azvino, uye kusarudza kana muenzaniso wacho uchida muuyo wakati kana kuti uchibvumira chisarudzo chokutonga.
Matare haangotsvaki nhau namaidi akafanana. Panzvimbo pezvo, anotora nheyo dzapamutemo kana kuti mitemo munhau dzinooneka ndokushandisa nheyo idzodzo kumigariro mitsva. Ikoku kunoda kunzverwa kwokungwarira kweicho muenzaniso wakasarudza zvomenemene(kubata(ambuuro) mumurangariro wakanga usati uri madikanwa kuchisarudzo, unozivikanwa sedicta. Nepo kuva nemipimo kunobatanidza, digita ringava rinonyengetedza asi harisi murairo.
Vatongi vanorangarirawo kurangarira kunobva muchisarudzo chenhau. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei dare rakasvika mhedziso yakati kunobetsera vatongi kushandisa muenzaniso nenzira yakafanira kumashoko matsva akapoteredza. Kana mufungo uri seri kwenhau yechiratidzo uchishanda zvakaenzana kumugariro mutsva, matare achatambanudzira chaizvoizvo muenzaniso wacho kufukidza nhau itsva. Kana kurangarira kwacho kusingashanduri zvakanaka, matare angatsauranisa mhaka kana kuti kuganhurira mwero wenhau.
Kurangarira Kwokurangarira Mukuita Chisarudzo Chapamutemo
Kurangarira kwakawanda kwapamutemo kupesana nenhau dzazvino uno kunhau dzakapfuura uye kuona kana kufanana kwacho kwakasimba zvakakwana kubvumikisa muuyo mumwe chetewo. Pakushandisa mhaka dzechiratidzo chakatanhamara, vatongi vanozivisa maidi anokosha apamutemo ayo akasunda chisarudzo chapakuvamba ndokuaenzanisa namaidi enhau pamberi pavo. Kana mhaka dzacho dziri dzapamutemo mumativi akafanira, muenzaniso unofanira kushanda. Kana ivo vakasiana munzira dzokunyama, muenzaniso wacho haungadzoreki.
Iyi gadziriro yenhau inobvumira mutemo kutanga. nhau itsva imwe neimwe iyo inoshandisa muenzaniso wakatanhamara kumaidi akati akasiyana - siyana inobetsera kurondedzera miganhu noukuru hwenheyo yemitemo yakagadzwa nenhau yechiratidzo. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutumbi wenhau unokura wakapoteredza mienzaniso mikuru, uchijekesa mashandisire aunoita mumativi akasiana - siana uye uchiita gadziriro yapamutemo ine udzame zvikuru.
Mhaka Dzinoratidzirwa Mumutemo Webumbiro remitemo
Mutemo weBumbiro reMitemo wakaumbwa zvikuru nezvisarudzo zvenhau zveDare Gurusa izvo zvakarondedzera ukuru hwesimba rehurumende nekodzero dzomunhu oga. Idzi nhau dzinodudzira mutauro wakakurumbira zvikuru weBumbiro reMitemo, dzichipa revo chaiyo kunheyo dzisina kujeka dzakadai somuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye rusununguko rwokutaura. Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakaoma kugadziriswa, tsananguro dzeDare Rapamusorosoro kupfurikidza nenhau dzinovanza remitemo nenzira inobudirira dzinosarudza revo yemitemo nokuda kwenhambo dzakarebeswa.
Marbury v. Madison: Kugadza Gabhubhu yeRuzivo Rwezvematongo
Zvichida hapana mhaka yakava nesimba guru pamutemo weAmerica kupfuura Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Muchisarudzo ichi, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akatanga nheyo yokuhwirudzura kwokutonga / "simba rematare ehurumende rokuzivisa mitemo isiri yehurumende. Mhaka iyi yakabva mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokutonga, asi revo rayo rakakurira kure gakava rapakarepo.
Kutaura kweDare nezvechiremera kuhwirudzura kumira kwebumbiro remitemo ramabasa edare rakagadzwa rakatanga dare sebazu rakaenzana rehurumende rine simba rokunzvera zviito zvemitemo nezvoukuru. Iyi nheyo yazova inokosha kwazvo kumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica zvokuti kwakaoma kufungidzira tsika yemitemo pasina. Nhau iri yose inotevera apo dare rinoputsa mutemo seusingachinjiki soupometi.
Brown v. Board of Education: Densiting Separation
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inomira sechimwe chezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvikurusa zvinovapo munhau yeAmerica. Mhaka yakadenha dzidziso ye "kubatana asi yakaenzana" yakagadzwa mu Places v. Ferguson [1896]), iyo yakanga yabvumidza rudzi munzvimbo yenzvimbo muzvivako zvavose kweanodokusvika makumi matanhatu. Vatempi yacho vakataura kuti zvikoro zvakaiswa pasi papasipo zvakanga zvisingawiri pamutemo uye zvakapunza Kudzivirira Kurerekera Parati Claus kweGenetic Edentimeter.
Muchisarudzo chavose, Dare Gurusa rakabvuma, richizivisa kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzaniswa hazvienzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Dare rakaziva kuti kusarura kwakaparira kunzwa kwokuzvidukupisa pakati pavana veAfrica avo vakasekesa mikana yavo yedzidzo nefambiro mberi yomunhu oga. Ichi chisarudzo chakatanhamara hachina kungochinja chete mutemo wedzidzo(icho chakabatanidza sangano rakafara rekodzero dzavagari vemo ndokusimbisa kuti nhevedzano yedzinza nehurumende yaizotarisana nokunzvera kworumano kwapamutemo.
Muuyo we Brown wakatambanudzwa zvikuru kupfuura zvikoro. Kurangarira kwechisarudzo kwakashandiswa kuuraya kutsaurana mumipaka, mabhazi, mahombekombe, uye zvimwe zvivako zvavose. Yakatanga nheyo yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kubatwa kwakaenzana pasinei zvapo nedzinza, nheyo inopfuurira kutungamirira maruramiro avagari vemo nhasi. Mhaka yacho yakaratidzirawo kudisa kweDare kudzora mitemo apo kunenge kuri madikanwa kururamisa kusaruramisira kukuru.
Miranda akabatana naArizona: Kudzivirira Kodzero Mukati Mekusungwa
Miranda v. Arizona (66) yakachinja muitiro woutsotsi kupfurikidza nokuda kuti mapurisa azivise maruramiro awo ebumbiro remitemo asati abvunzurudzwa. Mhaka yakabatanidza Ernesto Miranda, uyo akareurura kumhosva pashure pebvunzurudzo dzamapurisa asina kuziviswa nezvekodzero yake yokuramba akanyarara kana kuti kuva negweta. Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti ropafadzo yeFindmer Amendment inorwisana nokuzvitonga uye Dare rechitanhatu reRendement kururama inoda idzi nyevero.
"Miranda nyevero" yazova yakadzika midzi mutsika dzemitemo dzeAmerica, yakarovedzeka kumunhu upi noupi akatarira chinoitika chamapurisa. Asi kupfuura revo yavo yetsika, iyi nyevero inoshanda basa rinokosha rebumbiro remitemo: kudzivirira vanhu pamaitiro amapurisa anobatira pamwe uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kureurura kunoda kuzvipira zvechokwadi. Mhaka yacho yakatanga mutemo wakajeka uyo mapurisa anofanira kutevera, ichiita kuti zvive nyore kumatare kuziva kana kureurura kwakakodzera.
Zviitiko zvinotevera zvakanatsa dzidziso Mira, kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro peapo kodzero yokuchengeta mwana inovamba, chinoumba bvunzurudzo, uye kunyumwira kunogona sei kukanganisa kodzero dzavo. Iyi gadziridzo inoratidzira kuti nhau dzechiratidzo dzinoparira sei kukura kunopfuurira kwapamutemo sezvo matare anoshandisa nheyo dzapakuvamba kumigariro mitsva.
Wade naDobbs kana kuti Jackson: The Evolution of Abortion Rights
Roe v. Wade [773] yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa mimba akavakirwa pamaruramiro okuvandika. Chisarudzo chakavamba gadziriro yakaganhurirwa nokuda kwokunzvera mirau yokubvisa mimba, nemwero yakasiana----ngoni nemiraudzo yapamutemo pamitaro yakasiana---- siyana yenhu. Kwaanodokusvika makumi mashanu amakore, [[FLT:]] Roe[ yakabatira senheyo yehwaro yenheyo yekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri, kunyange zvazvo yakachinjwa ne [[FLT:] Plantion v. Caselvelve .[FFLT:] [F]] [FLT]] [5], iyo yakatsiva kuyera kwechikamuromedzero che "murefuti".
Nhau ya Roe inoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba remienzaniso yechiratidzo nebviro yazvo. Mu Dobs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization[ [2022], Dare rapamusoro rapamusoro raitonga [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ROE] uye Casey], richiita kuti Dare remitemo harisati raita zvokubvisa mimba zvakarurama. Ichi chisarudzo chakadzorera nhau yacho kutsika uye chakatoratidzwa kuti muenzaniso murefu unogona kudzorwa apo ruzhinji rweruramisiro yakatemwara.
Chisarudzo icho chimene chazova nhau yecherekedzo, chinochinja zvikurukuru mutemo wokubvisa mimba uye chinonyandura kurukurirano huru pamusoro pebasa remuenzaniso, kududzirwa kwakafanira kweBumbiro remitemo, uye ukama pakati pematare nemiitiro yedemokrase. Chinoratidza kuti mhaka dzehwaro dzinogona sei kusatanga nheyo dzapamutemo bedzi asiwo kudziputsa, kushandurazve nzvimbo yemitemo munzira huru.
Mhaka Dzapamutemo Mukodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nedziviriro Yakaenzana
Kupfuura Brown v. Board of Education, zvinoitika zvakawanda zvechiratidzo zvakakudza dziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo ndokurondedzera revo yedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakakurukura rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, uye mamwe mavara, zvishoma nezvishoma kukudza denderedzwa raavo vane kodzero yokubatwa kwakaenzana pasi peBumbiro remitemo.
Rudo v. Virginia: Kuderedza Mitemo Inorwisana Nemisakanyo
Lovach v. Virginia (67) (67) mitemo inorambidza roorano yemadzinza, iyo yaivapo munyika gumi netanhatu panguva yacho. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti mitemo yakadaro inoputsa zvose zviri zviviri Nhungamiro yakaenzana naGuva RePrevention Claus yeGrand Christe ye 144th Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha uye kuti miraudzo yedzinza iri mumitemo inodzorwa zvikuru nedare.
Kufunga kwechisarudzo kwakataurwa muzviitiko zvinotevera zvinosanganisira kodzero dzeroorano, kubatanidza bergefell v. Hodges (2020]), iyo inozivikanwa nekodzero dzeroorano dzakafanana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nheyo dzakatangwa muimwe nhau yechiratidzo dzinogona sei kugovera hwaro hwokutambanudza kodzero mumakumi amakore gare gare.
Obergefell v. Hodges: Roorano Yekuenzana
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) (2015) yaidavira kuti maruramiro makuru okuroora anotambanukira kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Dare rakawana kuti kunyima maruramiro eroorano kuvakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo kwakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Groad Clause neFencial Province Claus. Chisarudzo chaida kuti nyika dzose dzibvumidze uye dzizive roorano dzevatano imwe cheteyo, kugumisa basa remitemo yenyika panhau yacho.
Iyi nhau yakatanhamara yakavakirwa pazvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvakadai se Lawrence v. Texas [2003], iyo yakarova mitemo ichiita kuti zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo zvive zvouhumbi hwevatano, uye United States v. Windsor [2013] [202013], iyo yakadzikamisa dziviriro yehurumende yeRom Act. Kupfuudzira kweizvi zvinoitika kunoratidzira kuti zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinovakira sei pachimwe nechimwe, nechakaitika chimwe nechimwe chinotambanurwa nheyo yakagadzwa muchisarudzo chapakuvamba kumamiriro matsva.
Kubvisa Rusaruro uye Rusaruro
Reed v. Reed [7971] yakanga iri mhaka yokutanga yeDare Gurusa kurova mutemo pahwaro hwetsika dzavakadzi pasi peSucreen Protection Claus. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza mutemo weIdaho uyo waipa chisarudzo chaingoda varume pavakadzi mukutarisira nzvimbo. Dare rairangarira kuti iyi nhevedzano yakavakirwa pamunhurume nemunhukadzi inoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana.
Yakavhura pahwaro hune mufungo hwehwirudzuro panzvimbo penzvero yorumano, yakavhura suo nokuda kwezvinoitika zvinotevera izvo zvakatanga kusanosanonzvera zvimiro zvechirume. Mativi akafanana Craig v. Boren[[FLT]] [[3] [[FLT]] [6] na[FLT] United States v. Virginia [196] (196]) yakavakirwa pa [[FLT:]] kuvamba mupimo wapakati unobatira zvino kurongwa hwakaenzana nohuhuhuhuhuhu, runoda kuti wiriraniswa hwakadaro hubatire zvinangwa zvinokosha zvehurumende uye zvichiitwa.
Zviratidzo Zvomutemo Woutsotsi Nezviito
Mutemo weutsotsi wakaumbwa zvikuru nenhau dzinoratidzira kodzero dzomupomerwi neganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende mukunzvera nokukwirira mhaka. Izvi zvinoitika zvinodzikamisa fariro yenzanga mukudzikamisa mutemo unobudirira mukurwisana nekodzero dzomunhu oga dzorusununguko, kuva woga, uye kubatwa zvakanaka.
Gidheoni Wainwright: Kodzero Yezano
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) yakasimbisa kuti maruramiro eSixmendment okupa zano anoshanda kumatare ehurumende uye inoda hurumende kugovera magweta nokuda kwavakwirirwi vasingagoni kuzvitenga. Clarence Gideon, akapomerwa kuputsa muhoro yedziva, akakumbira mugweta wakagadzwa wedare asi akarambwa nemhaka yokuti Florida yakagovera bedzi zano mumhaka yezvisa. Iye akazvimirira amene, akapomerwa mhaka, uye ipapo akakumbira Dare rapamusoro kubva mutorongo.
Chisarudzo cheDare chakabatana chakanzi kumirira kwapamutemo kunokosha kukutonga kwakarurama uye kuti mashoko anofanira kugovera zano kuvakwirirwi vanopomerwa mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Iyi mhaka yakatanhamara yakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwegadziriro dzekudzivirira dzavose munyika yose uye yakachinja zvikurukuru ruramisiro youtsotsi kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti urombo hahusati huchizonyima vakwirirwi mirau yakakwana yapamutemo.
Map v. Ohio: Kutonga kweExclousionary
Mapp v.O. (1961) yakashandisa mutemo weGavhuramisitwa weChina kutongesa mhaka, kurangarira kuti ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo nepfari haugoni kushandiswa mumatare ehurumende. Ichi chisarudzo chakatambanudza nheyo yakagadzwa mu Weeks v. United States[FLT] [1914], iyo yakashandisa mutemo wokubvisa kumatare ehurumende.
Mutemo wokubvisa mufambiro wakashata wamapurisa unoshanda sechidziviso kupfurikidza nokubvisa sundo yokuita nzvero isiri yapamutemo. Nepo murairo wacho wazova chinhu chinokosha cheGavhuramisime reChina. Mitongo yakatevera yakaparira kusabvumirana nomutemo, zvakadai sokusiyanisa kwakanaka kwokutenda nedzidziso yokuwana isingadzivisiki, kunoratidzira kuti nhau dzinoparira sei kukura kwapamutemo kunopfuurira sezvo matare anonatsa kushandiswa kwawo.
Terry v. Ohio: Stop naFrisk
Terry v.O. (1968) yakasimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vangaita chigadziko chipfupi chenzvero uye kutsvaka zvombo kwakaganhurirwa apo vanenge vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti mubato woutsotsi itsoka uye kuti munhu angava ane zvombo uye ane ngozi. Iri chiremera rinomirira kupesana kwakarongwa nokusangwarira nechinodikanwa chinobvira chekunzvera nepfariso.
Chisarudzo chirevo chedzivisiro dzomutemo dzinoda padziviriro dzeChina, chichiziva kuti vakuru vakuru vanoda mano okunzvera migariro inonyumwira pasina kusvitsa chisakiso chakakwirira chinobvira. Zvisinei, nhau yacho yakamutsa nharo, navatsoropodzi vachitaurira kuti kumira nachiremera zvefrastisk zvakabatwa zvisina kufanira, zvikurukuru munzanga duku. Matare anopfuurira kurwisana nokurondedzera miganhu yenyuko ine mufungo nokuvimbisa kuti TERY
Mhaka Dzinoratidzirwa Mumutemo Wokutanga Wokugadziridzwa
Kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment nokuda kwokutaura, kubudisa nhau, rudzidziso, uye gungano kwakarondedzerwa kupfurikidza nenhau dzakawanda dzinobatanidza rusununguko urwu runokosha nefariro dzehurumende dzinokwikwidzana. Izvi zviitiko zvakatanga gadziriro yokunzvera kutaura kwakasununguka uye zvakaumba hurumende yeAmerica kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kurukurirano yavose yakasimba.
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan: Kudzivirira Urusununguko Rwokubudisa
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964] mutemo wokushatisa (64) kupfurikidza nokutanga kuti vakuru vakuru voruzhinji havagoni kuwana kuvadziko nokuda kwokutaura kwenhema pamusoro pomufambiro wavo wapamutemo kutoti vabvumikisa kutaura kwacho kwakaitwa ne "mhaka yemuitiro yevatano".] Ruzivo rwenhema kana kuti ruzvidzo rwokusangwarira nokuda kwezvokwadi. Ichi chinyorwa chakagovera nzvimbo yokufema nokuda kwokutsoropodza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, chichiziva kuti kutaura kwenhema hakudzivisiki mukurukurirano yavose.
Mupimo chaiwoiwo woutsinye wakatambanudzirwa kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende kupfuura vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kuchiparira dziviriro huru nokuda kwavapomerwi venhau munhau dzinozvidza. chisarudzo chinoratidzira nheyo yokuti gakava rapachena pamusoro penhau dzavose rinokosha zvikuru kupfuura kudzivirira mukurumbira pakutaura kwenhema kwapanhambo nenhambo. Iyi mhaka yakadudzwa muzvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinotevera zvinobatanidza rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau uye inopfuurira kuumba mutemo unozvidza nhasi.
Brandenburg v. Ohio: Kuedzwa kweIncitement
Brandenburg v. Ohio yakatanga muedzo wazvino uno wepo kutaura kungagona kurangwa sechiito chisiri pamutemo. Mhaka yaibatanidza Ku Klux Klan aipomerwa mutungamiriri wetsotsi weOhio nemhaka yokutsigira masimba masimba pamusangano. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuti hurumende haigoni kuranga kutaura kunonyadzisa kutoti yanzi yatoitwa kuti inyandure kana kuti iite chiito chakakomba chisatenderwa kusateerera mutemo uye sezvingabvira inyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro."
Iyi muedzo wakaoma unogovera dziviriro yakasimba nokuda kwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanyanyisa, unoratidzira nheyo yokuti mushonga wokutaura kwakashata kutaura kwakawanda, kwete kunzvera. Brandenburg[ kuedza kwazova mupimo nokuda kwokunzvera kutaura kwekunyandura uye kunoratidzira dziviriro yakasimba yeFirst Amendment nokuda kwokutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange apo kutaura ikoko kunogumbura zvikuru kana kuti kutsigira mufambiro usiri wapamutemo muzvinhu zvechinyakare.
Des Moines: Vadzidzi Vane Kodzero Dzokutaura
.Des Moines Independent School School Community [1969] yakasimbisa kuti vadzidzi havasati vachi "dzima maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi reimba yechikoro." Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza vadzidzi vakaregwa nokuda kwokupfeka zvibayiso zvitema kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Dare rakati zvikoro hazvingagoni kuranga kutaura kwavadzidzi kutoti kwaizodzongovhiringidza zvikuru mabasa echikoro kana kuti kuvhozhokera kodzero dzavamwe.
Chisarudzo chakaziva kuti vadzidzi vanochengeta kodzero dzeFirst Amendment pavanenge vari muchikoro, kunyange zvazvo kodzero idzodzo dzingava dzakaganhurirwa munzira dzisati dzingashanda kuvakuru mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Zviitiko zvinotevera zvakanatsiridza [ translate, kutaura nehurukuro yechikoro, kutaura mashoko akashata, uye kutaura mirimo isiri pamutemo. Mhaka yacho inoramba iri pfundo rokutanga rokunzvera kodzero dzevadzidzi uye kudzikamisa dzidzo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo.
Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu
Nepo kutarira kuchisimudzira kuterama, gadziriro yapamutemo inobvuma kuti mienzaniso haichinjiki. matare anogona uye anoita kukurira zvisarudzo zvakapfuura apo migariro inoraira. Zvisinei, kuputsa muenzaniso hakurerutsirwi, sezvo kuchisekesa kufanofanorongwa nokuchinjika izvo kutarisisa kunorehwa kugovera. Madare chaizvoizvo anoda ruramiso dzakasimba dzokubva mumuenzaniso wakagadzwa.
Dare repamusorosoro rakataura zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvokufunga parinosarudza kana zvichifanira kutevedzerwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kana muenzaniso wacho wakabvumikisa kuva usingashandiki, kana wakasekeswa nezvinoitika zvemitemo zvinotevera, kana kufarira kuvimba kwaizokuvadzwa nokunyanyisa, uye kana muenzaniso wacho waizofungwa zvisina kunaka kana kuti kupesana nedzimwe nheyo dzemitemo. Kurema kwakapiwa kunenge kwakasiyana zvichitsamira panzvimbo yomutemo uye pauzivi hwedare.
Mienzaniso Inocherechedzeka Yezviitiko Zvakakunda
Zvimwe zvezvinoitika zvikuru mumutemo weAmerica zvakauya nokunyanyisa kwedzidziso yapashure. Brown v. Board yeDzidzo [ yakatonga [[[FLT:]] Pnetic v. Ferguson[[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] yakasiyana. [FLT]][4] LYP.[FLT]] yakatonga [[FLT]] V.[FLT][10][FFF]]
Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti kunyange mienzaniso yezvinoitika inogona kubviswa apo ruzhinji rweruramisiro runogumisa kuti chisarudzo chapakuvamba chakanga chisina kururama.
Basa Repfungwa Dzisingabvumirani
Kuramba mifungo muzvinoitika zvechiratidzo chenhau kazhinji kazhinji kunoita basa rinokosha mukunyanyowandisa kwapashure kwedariro. Kusabvumirana kunotsiva rondedzero dzemitemo uye kutsoropodza kurangarira kworuzhinji, kugovera mepu yedenho dzenguva yemberi kumuenzaniso. Dzimwe mhindu dzakakurumbira pakupedzisira dzakava murangariro mukuru, nokurangarira kwokupesana kweruramisiro kwamakore kana kuti makumi amakore gare gare.
Mutongi John Marshall Harlan anopesana mu Plessy v. Ferguson, achiramba kuti "Bumbiro remitemo redu ibofu reruvara," avamba kufunga kwaizokurira mu Brown v. Board of Education [ makore anodokusvika makumi matanhatu gare gare gare. Mutongi Louis Brandeis anopesana pachivande napanhau dzakasununguka dzinopesvedzera mirangariro mizhinji gare gare gare. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kupesana kunoparira sei kushanduka dzidziso yapamutemo, kunyange apo vanoramba kutakura zuva pakarepo.
Mhaka Dzinoratidzirwa Mumutemo Wokutarisira uye Wokutungamirira
Mutemo unodzora unodzora ukama pakati pevanhu nemasangano ehurumende, uchipindura mibvunzo pamusoro pechiremera chesangano, nzira dzokutonga, uye kuongorora zviito zvemasangano.
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council (19984) yakatanga gadziriro yokuhwirudzura kwokutonga kwenzvero yemitemo yavanoita. Munyasi Tchaevron[ matare anotanga kubvunza kana Congress ataura zvakananga kumubvunzo wakarurama. Kana matare akasarangarira kududzira sangano racho kwenguva refu kana zvichinzwisisika, kunyange dare ringadai rakadudzira mutemo wacho nenzira yakasiyana.
Uyu mupimo unokudzwa wave uchipesvedzera zvikuru, uchitapura nhau dzisingaverengeki dzinobatanidza mirayiro yemitemo. Dzidziso yacho inoratidzira nheyo yokuti masangano ane unyanzvi munharaunda dzawo uye kuti Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinosiya mabhuroka namaune kuti vamiriri vazadzise kupfurikidza nokugadzira mitemo. Zvisinei, Chevron[ kunonoka kwavewo kuchiitiranwa nharo, uye vatsoropodzi vachitaura kuti kunobvumira masangano simba rakanyanyowanda uye kuti matare haafaniri kurerutsa mutoro wawo wokududzira mitemo.
Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakaganhurira Chavo kumira mberi munzira dzakasiana - siana, uye kwave kuchipfuurira kuva nekurukurirano pamusoro pokuti dzidziso yacho inofanira kudzorwa chose chose. Iyi mhindumupindu inoratidzira kuti kunyange nhau dzechiratidzo mumutemo wokutarisira dzinopfuurira sei kucheneswa nokupanikirwa sezvo kufunga kwapamutemo kunowedzera.
Tapuro Yemhosva Dzepanyika Panzanga
Zvisarudzo zvemipimo yenzvimbo dzinogara nyika hazvingochinji dzidziso yapamutemo chete. Njodzi kazhinji kazhinji dzine tapuro huru panzanga, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye tsika. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinogona kudzongonyedza masangano enzanga, kunyandura kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kuratidzira ndokukurumidzisa mipimo inochinja. Kunzwisisa tapuro yetsika dzenhau dzechienzi kunopa mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha nokuda kwoukoshi hwazvo hwapamutemo.
Brown v. Board of Education haina kugumisa nokukurumidza muganhu wechikoro neamburera muhurumende dzakawanda dzakanonoka kubatanidzwa kwamakore. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chakagovera chiremera chapamutemo netsika nokuda kwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo uye chakabetsera kuchinja murangariro wavanhu pamusoro pouenzani hwedzinza. Nenzira yakafanana, Roe v. Wade[ haana kupedza kurukurirano yokubvisa pamuviri asi panzvimbo pezvo yakava nzvimbo huru nokuda kwerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga zvinopfuurira nhasi.
Zvimwe zvinoitika zvechiratidzo zvine tapuro dzinotambanukira kure kupfuura zvibatiso zvavo chaizvo. New York Times Co. Sullivan yakaumbwa zvinyorwa zveAmerica kupfurikidza nokugovera dziviriro nokuda kwokushuma kwoupeyinta kworumano. Miranda v. Arizona yakachinja miitiro yamapurisa munyika yose uye yakabatanidzwa mutsika dzakakurumbira. [[FLT:]]Obergefell v. Hodges[FLD:5] yakaratidzwa uye yakakurumidza kuchinja zvimiro zvendangariro kuukama hweteji.
Ganhuriro Dzesimba Rokutonga
Nepo nhau dzenhau dzinooneka dzinogona kuchinjwa, dzinozivisawo miganhu yesimba rokutonga. Matare anotsamira pamamwe mapazu ehurumende uye pakugamuchirwa navanhu kuti ashandise zvisarudzo zvavo. Mashoko akakurumbira akataurwa naPurezidhendi Andrew Jackson pamusoro pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa()" John Marshall akaita chisarudzo chake; zvino ngaaite kuti chive chinhu chaichoicho kuti matare haana gadziriro dzokuita kuti zvinhu zviteererwe uye anofanira kuvimba nokuteerera kwokuzvidira.
Kubudirira kwezvisarudzo zvemagariro evanhu kunowanzoenderana nezvinhu zvisingaonekwi nemutemo. Tsigiro yematongerwe enyika, kugadzirira kuchinja tsika, uye kuvapo kwegadziriro dzokuita kuti vanhu vatevedzere zvose zvinotapura kana nyaya yakakurumbira ichiwana simba rayo raidiwa.
Kushandisa Kunoita Vatengi Zviratidzo
Nokuda kwamagweta anoshandisa, nhau dzechiratidzo zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwokuva pamutemo.Varevi vanodudza idzi nhau mumipfupi, tertranda, uye nharo dzamashoko kuti vatsigire nzvimbo dzavo uye matare anonyengetedza. Kunzwisisa nzira yokushandisa nayo nenzira inobudirira mienzaniso yezvinoitika unyanzvi hukuru mumuitiro wapamutemo.
Maattorney anofanira kusanonzvera nhau dzechiratidzo kuti atore nheyo dzapamutemo dzinowirirana ndokusarudza kuti dzinoshanda sei kumigariro yavatengi vavo. Ikoku kunoda kusiyanisa pakati pokubata (pano) mutemo uri madikanwa kuchisarudzo(na dicta)) state mumurangariro wakanga usati uri madikanwa kupedza mhaka. Nepo kubata mirau inosungisa, digita ingava inonyengetedza asi usaita uremu humwe chetehwo hunoremera.
Kunzwisisa kunobudirira kunodawo kunzwisisa kurangarira kuri seri kwezvisarudzo zvinokosha. Varairi vemitemo avo vanogona kutsanangura chikonzero nei dare rakasvika mhedziso yakati ndokuratidza kuti kurangarira ikoko kunoshanda sei zvikuru kunhau itsva kunopesvedzera vatongi.Ikoku kunobatanidza kwete kungodudza nhau asi kubatanidzwa bedzi nokunzwisisa kwavo uye kuratidzira kuti kutambanudzira muenzaniso kunhau yazvino kunowirirana nenheyo dziri muchisarudzo chakatanhamara.
Kusiyanisa Zvinhu Zvisina Kunaka
Apo nhau dzechiratidzo dzinoratidzika kuva dzinotsigira nzvimbo yebato rinopikisa, magweta ane unyanzvi anofanira kusiyanisa zvisarudzo izvozvo kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti havashandi kunhau yazvino. Ikoku kungabatanidza kusimbisa misiyano yeidi, kutaura kuti muenzaniso unotaura nhau yakasiana yapamutemo, kana kuti kurwisana kuti muenzaniso unofanira kuganhurirwa kumashoko awo chaiwo.
Varairi vanofanira kuona misiyano iri pamutemo pakati penhau pavanenge vachibvuma kufanana. Dare rine mukana mukuru wokugamuchira kusiyana kwetsika uye kunoenderana nehwaro hwehwaro hwaro pane kungosiyana kunoratidzika kuva kunongova kungoita zvokufungidzira kuti kurege kuva nomugumisiro usina kunaka.
Kudzidzisa Nokudzidza Kupfurikidza Nezvinoitika Zvepasi
Dzidzo yepamutemo inotsamira zvikuru panhau dzinooneka kuti idzidzise vadzidzi kuti vafunge sei semagweta.
Iyi nzira yokuita nayo zvinhu inobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda. Kunodzidzisa vadzidzi kutora mitemo yapamutemo mumifungo yedare, kunzwisisa kuti matare anorangarira sei nhau dzakaoma, uye kushandisa mienzaniso kumigariro mitsva. Mitongo yapamutemo zvishandiso zvinokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza nheyo huru dzapamutemo, zvinopa mienzaniso yakajeka yokurangarira kwedare, uye zvakaparira kurukurirano huru yakatevera uye kunatswa.
Kupfuura zvikoro zvomutemo, zvinoitika zvinokosha zvinobatira zvinangwa zvedzidzo munzanga huru. Izvi zvinoitika zvinodzidziswa mumakirasi ehurumende dzezvikoro zvapamusoro, zvinokurukurwa muzvikoro zvesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinokurukurwa pachena. Zvinogovera mienzaniso yakajeka yemashandire anoita tsika dzapamutemo uye kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshanda sei kumigariro chaiyoiyo yenyika. Kunzwisisa nhau dzakatanhamara rutivi rwokudzidza nokunyora, kubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo nechimiro chehurumende.
Nguva Yemberi Yakashata Mumugariro Wapamutemo Unochinja
Sezvo nzanga inochinja uye ruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchitanga kumutsa mibvunzo yezvemitemo, basa renyaya dzakaitika kare uye muenzaniso wakasiyana - siyana rinoramba richiitika.Matare anotarisana nezvinetso mukushandisa mienzaniso yakasiyana - siyana yezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye yenzanga yakasiyana - siyana panyaya dzemazuva ano. Mibvunzo pamusoro pezvinhu zvepakombiyuta, uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, masangano enzanga, uye ruzivo rwezvinhu zvipenyu inowanzoda kuti matare awedzere kana kuti agadzirise mienzaniso iripo munzira dzokusika zvinhu.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzakapanikira kana dzidziso yegamuchidzanwa yokutarira inoramba yakakodzera mumativi anochinja nokukurumidza omutemo.Idzo dzinotaura kuti kuomerera kumuenzaniso kunogona kudzivisa mutemo kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvitsva uye kuti matare anofanira kuva anodisa zvikuru kurangarirazve zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba apo migariro inenge yachinja zvikuru.
Gakava pamusoro penhau dzakaitwa pamativi matsva nechinjo mukuvambwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro nokuwedzera kupesana pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakanyandura kurukurirano pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rokutarisisa uye kana Dare rava rinodisa zvikuru kurasa mutemo wakagadzwa. iyi kurukurirano sezvingabvira ichapfuurira kuumba nzira iyo matare anosvika nayo mumipimo mumakore anouya.
Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemiganhu Mitsva Yepamutemo
Kugadzirwa kwemichina yemakombiyuta inoita kuti pave nedenho chaiyo yokushandisa mipimo yakasiyana - siyana. Nhau dzeChina dzeFirst Amendment dzinosarudzwa mukuongorora zvinhu zvinofanira kugadzirirwa kuongorora mashandiro emichina. Zvitemo zveFirst Amendment zvakagadzirwa nokuda kwemanyuko enhau zvinofanira kutaura nezvezviteshi zvenzanga uye zviri mumashoko ane mitaro. Zviitiko zvezvinhu zvokugadzira zvinhu zvinofanira kusangana nemabasa okugadzira ouchenjeri uye kubereka.
Matare anotungamirira nhau idzi anowanzotarira kunheyo dziri mumitongo yenhau dzinoratidza zvinhu panzvimbo pezvishandiso zvavo chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, mu Carbient v. United States [2017], Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kuwana zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo dzeserura dzeserura kunoda pamutemo, kushandisa nheyo dzeGeneral Amendment kuruzivo rwazvino uno. Chisarudzo chacho chaireva pamusoro penhau dzemabhukwana se Katz v. United States (1967), iyo yakasimbisa kuti Kuwana zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo dzegore zvinodzivirira kariro dzine mufungo dzechakavanzika, kwete nzvimbo dzazvinongoshanda.
Ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvarunoramba ruchichinja, matare achafanira kuona kuti ndedzipi dzakamboitwa kare kare dzinopa zvinhu zvinokosha uye kuti ndedzipi dzingada kuchinjwazve kana kuti kuwedzera dzidziso itsva.
Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Pakatangira
Nepo nyaya ino ichinangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pagadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica, kunokosha kucherekedza kuti gadziriro dzakasiana-- siyana dzemitemo kupota nyika dzinobata muenzaniso nenzira yakasiana. Mitemo yavose, yakabva mumutemo wechiNgezi, inowanzotevera dzidziso yokutarisisa uye inotsamira zvikuru pamienzaniso yedare. Mitemo yemo yehurumende, yakapararira muEurope namamwe mativi mazhinji enyika, inoisa simbiso shomanene pamipimo yemitemo yakatanhamara uye yakawanda zvikuru.
Zvisinei, musiyano uri pakati pomutemo wehurumende nemutemo wehurumende wave kutonyanya kuoneka nekufamba kwenguva. matare emitemo yevagari vemo anowedzera kududza zvisarudzo zvakapfuura, uye gadziriro dzemitemo dzenguva dzose dzine mutemo mukuru wemitemo.
Zvisarudzo zvenhau dzeAmerica pane dzimwe nguva zvinopesvedzera fambiro mberi dzapamutemo mudzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nenzvero yokutonga. matare okuMamwe Masimba Makurusa angadudza zvisarudzo sechiremera chinonyengetedza pakutaura nhau dzakafanana.
Kutsoropodza Nenyaya Dzakapoteredza Zviratidzo Zvepasi
Haasi munhu wose anobvuma kuti nyaya dzinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakatanga kufamba zvakanaka kana kuti matare akatsanangura zvakarurama mutemo. zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha zvakaitiranwa nharo apo zvakabudiswa ndokuramba zvichipokanidzwa makumi emakore gare gare.
Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nhau dzemitemo dzinomirira kutsoropodzwa kwevatongi, navatongi vasina kusarudzwa vanoisa zvisarudzo zvavo zvetsika panzvimbo pokududzira mutemo nokutendeka. iyi nhau yakakurumbira zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinoparadza mutemo kana kuti kuziva maruramiro matsva ebumbiro remitemo asina kududzwa zvakajeka murugwaro.
Vamwe vanotsoropodza nhau chaidzo dzakananga sedzikasarudzwa zvisina kururama pazvikonzero zvapamutemo, vachitaura kuti matare akadudzira nenzira isina kururama gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, akafuratira muenzaniso wakakodzera, kana kuti akashandisa kurangarira kwakashata. aya masangano anowanzobva kunyanzvi navatongi vane uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwokududzira, hwakadai savanodavira Bumbiro remitemo vanodavira kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kududzirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yavanhu yapakuvamba yavanhu vose pamwe chete naavo vanofarira mutoo webumbiro remitemo mhenyu unobvumira revo yokushanduka - shanduka - shanduka.
Chinetso Chokurwisana NaMajorita
Chinetso chikuru mumutemo webumbiro remitemo ndiro "chinetso chehurumende" -- nhau yenzira yokururamisa nayo vatongi vasina kusarudzwa kuputsa zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevanogadza mitemo vakasarudzwa nehurumende. Mhaka dzemitemo dzinodzosa mitemo yakakurumbira dzinosimbisa uku kuoma. Nepo hwirudzuro yedare ichidzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kubva kuvanyengeri vakuru, kunorevawo kuti matare anogona kudzongonyedza kuda kwavanhu sezvinoratidzirwa kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa.
Vadziviriri venzvero huru yokutonga vanotaura kuti kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo ndiko chaizvoizvo uko matare anofanira kuita, kunyange zvazvo, kunyange apo hwuchiito ihwohwu husati huri hwakakurumbira. Vanoomerera pakuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza nheyo dzakati dzisingagoni kupunzwa kunyange navakuru vakuru vehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji uye kuti matare anobatira savachengeti vakuru venheyo idzi.
Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwenyaya Dzepasi
Mitongo yezviratidzo inomirira nhamburiko inopfuurira yemitemo yokushandisa nheyo dzinotsungirira dzebumbiro remitemo kumigariro inochinja. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinobatira sezvirango zvematare, magweta, uye vagari vemo, kugovera gadziriro dzekunzwisisa kodzero, masimba ehurumende, uye utongi hwomutemo. Kupfurikidza nedzidziso yechemberedzo, nhau dzechiratidzo dzinoparira dzikamo nokudekara kujeka nepo zvichibvumira mhindumupindu yapashoma napashoma sezvo matare anonatsa uye anochinjika kumiganhuro mitsva.
Zviitiko zvinokurukurwa munyaya ino (kubva Marbury v. Madison ku [FLT]Obergefell v. Hodges] jhengeta kuti zvisarudzo zvehwaro zvinoumba sei nzvimbo iri yose yomutemo, kubva kukodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kumiitiro yemitemo. Izvi zvinoitika hazvisati zvichingopedza kakavadzano; zvinotanga nheyo dzinotungamirira zvisarudzo zvisingaverengeki zvenguva yemberi uye zvinotapura mamirioni avanhu vakanga vasiri vatapuko kurutso.
Kunzwisisa nhau dzemitongo inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti tsika dzapamutemo dzinoshanda sei.Idzi zvisarudzo zvinozivisa mipimo inopa murairo wedu wapamutemo, mitoo iyo matare anoshandisa kududzira mutemo, uye kurukurirano inopfuurira pakati pechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chekare nechazvino sezvo chizvarwa chavatongi chinoshandisa mienzaniso yakagadzwa kuzvinetso zvenguva ino. Nepo nhau chakananga dzingava dzinomutsa nharo uye dzimwe pakupedzisira dzingava dzinodzorwa, gadziriro yemuenzaniso yadzinomirira inoramba iri madikanwa kumutemo.
Sezvo chaunga chinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka uye mibvunzo mitsva yapamutemo inobuda, matare achapfuurira kusarudza mhaka dzingava chizvarwa chinotevera chezviratidzo. Izvi zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi zvichavakira pahwaro hwakatangwa nenhau dzenhau dzechiratidzo dzakapfuura, kuratidzira kupfuurira nokuchinjika izvo zvinoratidzira gamuchidzanwa remitemo. Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica nenhau dzedare rapamusoro penhau, shanyira nzvimbo yepanzvimbo yedare yedare yepamutemo [[[FLT:]] kana kuti kunzvera zviwanikwa pa [[FLT] Information Institute paCornell Law School [[FLT]]
Kubatanidzwa pakati penhau dzechiratidzo nedzidziso yemuenzaniso kunovimbisa kuti mutemo unoramba uri zvose zviri zviviri wakatsiga uye une simba, wakasimbiswa munheyo dzakasimbiswa dzichikwanisa kukura nokuchinja. Iyi dzikamo pakati pekupfuurira nemhindumupindu zvichida ndiko kubudirira kukurusa kwetsika yemitemo yavose nenhaka inogara kwenguva refu yezvinoitika zvechiratidzo chakauumba. Kana munhu achibvuma kana kuti kusabvumirana nezvisarudzo zvakati, tsika yemuenzaniso inogovera gadziriro yokurangarira kwapamutemo uye kuita chisarudzo chine nheyo izvo zvinosianisa mutemo nokushandiswa kwounyengeri kwesimba.