Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Kufurira Vashori Vemagariro Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nzvero dzokunzvera dzinomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvinonyengera zvikurusa munhimbe dzazvino uno dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusafanana nenzvero dzomurangariro wapamutemo dzinobata mirangariro yavose, kumanikidza kuvhota kwakarongedzerwa kuvhota kupfurikidza nevoruzhinji vakashata, kazhinji kazhinji venhema, mashoko ari muchimiro chomubvunzo wokunzvera. Hadzisi zvishandiso zvokunzvera. Kunzwisisa kuti zvinoshanda sei, nei zvichibudirira, uye chinogona kuitwa kurwisana nazvo zvinokosha nokuda kwomuvhoti upi noupi anoda kuita zvisarudzo zvezivo pabhokisi rebhoroti.

Nyaya ino inogovera kunzverwa kukuru kwenzvero dzinomanikidzirwa: nhau yavo, mano endangariro avanoshandisa, miganhu yemitemo neyetsika yavanonzvera, uye tapuro chaiyoiyo yenyika yavanayo pakuvhota. Pamugumo, uchashongedzerwa zviri nani kuona kunzvera kunomanikidzira ndokudzivirira chisarudzo chako umene muuku kupesvedzera kusingaonekwi.

Chii Chaizvo Chinonzi Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza?

Nzvero yokumanikidzira inzira umo muimbi (kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa manyoro) anobvunza nhevedzano yemibvunzo yakagadzirirwa zvomenemene kupesvedzera murangariro womudaviriri, kwete kuunganidza mashoko. Mibvunzo yacho inowanzova ine tsinhiro dzakaipa kana kuti dzinotsausa pamusoro pomubhadhari, yakadudzwa nenzira yokufungidzira kana kuti yokupomera. Somuenzaniso: “Kana waiziva kuti Candidate Smith akanzverwa uori, ikoko kungakuita kuti uve nomukana muduku zvikuru wokumuvhotera?"

Kuvhota kwapamutemo, mukupesana, kunoshandisa mashoko asina kusiana, mienzaniso yakatevedzana, uye mutoo unojeka. Mibvunzo yakagadzirirwa kuyera murangariro pasina kuupesvedzera. Nzvero dzechimbichimbi dzinovanza nenzira yamaune uyu mutsetse. Mushanyi angataura kuva akabva mufemu yenhau yapamutemo kana kuti yunivhesiti, asi chinangwa chaichoicho kuisa muvengi mukurwisana. Mukuwirirana neAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR), nzvero inosunda i “kuedza kupesvedzera kana kuti kuchinja murangariro wedaviro pasi pekuvhotera yapamutemo." Iyi rondedzero inokosha kutsaura kunzvera kubva mukunzvera kwapachokwadi.

Nhau uye Mienzaniso Inocherechedzeka

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kwave kuripo kwamakumi amakore, asi kushandiswa kwako kwakawedzera nokukwira kwokutengesa kwapafoni kwakachipa nokungozviitikira. Iyi yemienzaniso yapakuvamba yakashata zvikurusa yakaitika mukati me 2000 Republican purezidhendi mukuru. Voters muSouth Carolina vakagamuchira danidzo dzinobvunza, kuti, “Kudai mungadai mukava nomukana muduku zvikuru wokuvhota John McCain kana waiziva kuti akanga abereka mwana mutema asina pamutemo?” Mubvunzo wakasima runyerekupe pamusoro pomwanasikana akagamuchirwa naMcCain anobva kuBangladesh. Rhama dzacho dzakanga dzichironge dziri kukambani inoshanda nokuda kwaGeorge W.

Imwe mhaka yakakwirira yakaitika musarudzo yakakurumbira ya2008. Voters muhurumende dzakagamuchira nzvero huru dzinotaura kuti Barack Obama akanga ari muMuslim uyo akaramba kudzokorora chipikirwa chaAllegiance uye kuti mudzimai wake Michelle akanga ashandisa shoko rokuti “chenjero” mukutaura kwechechi. Hapana chinhu cheizvi chakanga chiri chechokwadi, asi kunzvera kwokusunda kwakabetsera kusimbisa nhau dzenhema idzo dzakapfuurira mukusarudza kwacho kwose.

Munhambo ya2016, nzvero dzinosunda dzakanangidzira Hillary Clinton mibvunzo pamusoro pamaemail ake, Benghazi, uye utano, kazhinji kazhinji zvinopa mhaka dzisina kusimbiswa. Donald Trump akabatanidzwawo mukugombedzera kuvhotera vashori vakadai saTed Cruz naMarco Rubio mukati memitambo. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kusunda kunzvera kwakashandiswa mumijaho yomunzvimbomo, sarudzo yeboka rechikoro, uye kunyange makwikwi okutonga, kazhinji kazhinji netarisiro duku yezvinobudisa nhau.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kuvhura kwokumanikidza hakusi chinhu chinonyanya kushandiswa nevakawanda — iko rutivi rukuru rwenhimbe dzazvino uno dzisina kunaka, dzinoshandiswa nemapoka makuru uye mapoka akawanda echitatu.

Kushanda Kunoita Kushatisa: Mazano

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunovimba nemitoo mishomanene yokudzokorora zvakanaka. Imwe neimwe yakagadzirirwa kufuratira kufunga kwokutsoropodza kwomuvhoti ndokuisa songaniro isina kunaka.

Kushatisa

Musimboti wenzvero ipi neipi inomanikidzirwa iforoma yakaipa. Mubvunzo unovamba nechimiro chinokuvadza kunyajambwa: “Ungava nomufungo muduku here wokuvhota nokuda kwaX kana waiziva kuti ivo vakanga vavhotera kusimudza mitero?” Kunyange kana mhinduro dzinodavirwa dzikati “aiwa,” mbeu yepanikiro yasimwa. Kuratidzirwa bedzi kupomero kunoita kuti iwanike zvikuru mundangariro apo muvhoti anoita chisarudzo. Uyu muenzaniso wakatanhamara we [[FLT: 0]] kukwirira kwemitero vanhu vanogona kuyeuka nyore nyore.

Kunetsana Kana Kuti Mashoko Enhema

Nzvero zhinji dzinoshandisa mutauro usina kujeka namaune, dzichikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kunzvera idi. Dzinganongedzera ku “mishumo” yokuti mubhadhari “angave akapinda mumufambiro usina kufanira. Dzimwe dzinoshandisa nhema chaidzoidzo. Mukati menhambo dzapakati dza2010, kumanikidza kuvhota munyika dzinoverengeka kutaura zvenhema kuti vadaviri veDemocratic vanotsigira“ nzvimbo dzorufu” kana kuti vanoda kutema maMedicare. Chisarudzo chave chaita chinhu.

Vamwe vanosunda kushandisa “nyadzi kubvunza nzira yokubvunza nayo”, apo mushanyi anonyepedzera kuva anokwenudzwa pamusoro pokumutsa nhau yacho. “Ndine urombo kubvunza ikoku, asi kungakunetsa here kuziva kuti Candidate Jones ane chinyorwa chetsotsi? ”? Uku kunyepedzera kunoita kuti pomero yacho iratidzike kuva yakarurama zvikuru nemhaka yokuti mushanyi anoratidzika kuva anoreverera maidi asina kusununguka anozadzika.

Mutauro Wemirangariro

Mashoko akafanana ne [[FLT: 0] cortut, ine ngozi, [[FLT:] , [[FLT]] ... uye nyunyunyu [[[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]]] [[[FLT]] inhau. Mibvunzo inoitwa kuti inyandure rutyo, hasha, kana kuti kunyangadzisa izvo zvinofunga nenzira inonzwisisika. Kunzvera kungabvunza, kuti “Ikuita kuti utsamwene mari inogamuchirwa neyakanwa pazvinovhotera pazvinovhotera? [FTT]

“ Mubvunzo Une Ukaviri”

Imwe nzira inozivikanwa navose inhau inoshuviwa nekaviri, iyo inobatanidza nhau mbiri dzakasiana kuva chisarudzo chimwe. Somuenzaniso: “Munotsigira gadziriro yaGreen yokukwidza mitero yezvinhu ndokuderedza mari yamapurisa here?” Muvhoti anoshora mutero kuwedzera anogona kunzwa rutivi rwechipiri ndokuramba chose chose, kunyange zvazvo rondedzero yacho iri yenhema kana kuti yakamonyaniswa. Mubvunzo unochinja mhinduro kupfurikidza nokubvisa nhau mbiri dzisina kubatana.

“ Brush Fire” Kushevedzera uye Volume

Nzvero dzokuvhota dzinowanzoitwa mu “moto unopisa” nhambo , kuputika kukuru kwenziyo dzinonanga ruwa rwakati kana kuti uwandu hwevagari vemo. Dzinogona kuverengwa mumakumi ezviuru uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinotumirwa mumazuva okupedzisira pamberi pesarudzo, kuchisiya nguva shoma nokuda kwomudaviridzi kuti apindure. Kudanidzira kweAutomated (kurira) kunoita kuti kubvire kusvika nhamba huru yavavhoti. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, runhare hadzina kunyorwa semidzi yokunzvera; donzo bedzi ndero kuparadzira shoko.

Michina Yendangariro: Chikonzero Nei Kumanikidza Kushatisa Kuchishanda

Pasinei nokuchinja - chinja kwavanoita, kuongorora kunobudirira nokuti vanoshandisa zvikanganiso zvepfungwa zvinonyorwa zvakanaka.

Kungoratidzirwawo Zvakwo

Muuyowo zvawo wokuratidzirwa unokarakadza kuti vanhu vatange kuda zvinhu zvavanoratidzirwa varatidzwazve. Apo nzvero yokumanikidzira inodzokorora kutaura kwakaipa kakawanda (8) kunyange kana muvhoti akakuramba (apo kutaura kwacho kunova kwakarovedzeka zvikuru uye nokudaro kunodavika zvikuru. Ndosaka kusunda manyoro okunzvera kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anobvunza mubvunzo mumwe chetewo munzira dzakasiana kana kuti kutevera ne “Une chokwadi here?” kusimbisa shoko racho.

Muuyo Wezvokwadi Yokunyepedzera

Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti kutaura kunodzokororwa sezvingabvira zvikuru kuchanzi ndokwechokwadi, pasinei zvapo noururami hwakwo chaihwoihwo. Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinoshandisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokutaura kwenhema kwokuwedzera kwokuti vavhoti vanganzwa zvakare kubva kumamwe manyuko. Kudzokorora, kwakabatanidzwa nesimba rinooneka re “nhetembo,” kunogona kuparira nyengedzo ine simba yezvokwadi.

Kugadzira Nokunamira

Kuti mubvunzo unonangidzirwa sei zvikurukuru kuumba mhinduro. Kupfurikidza nokunamira mubvunzo nechimiro chakaipa, muvhoti anosunda muvhoti kufunga pamusoro pomutsigiri mumurangariro iwoyo wakaipa. Kunyange kana muvhoti asingabvumirani nepfundo racho, nhamburiko yendangariro inodikanwa kuuramba inogona kusiya kupanikira kwapashoma. Ikoku kunoshanda zvikuru navavhoti venhau vasina murangariro wakasimba wakafanotaurwa.

Kutsigira Kwomoto Nokudzivisa

Nenzira inofadza, kuedza kubvisa tsvimbo dzinonyepedzera dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuva nezvibereko. tapuro yemoto inorondedzera kuti vanhu vangava sei vakadzika midzi zvikuru muzvitendero zvenhema apo vanopiwa mashoko okururamisa. Ikoku kunoita kuti nzvero dzive dzinonyengera zvikuru: kana pomero yenhema yangosimwa bedzi, kunyange ruramiso dzakatendeseka dzinogona kukudza kuvadziko.

Tapuro Pazvisarudzo Nezvisingashandisi Mazakwatira emari

Ufakazi hunoshanda hwekubudirira kwenzvero dzokumanikidzira hwakavhengana, asi vashandi vazhinji venhimbe vanodavira kuti vanoshanda. Nzvero dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti runhare rwakaipa runogona kuvhura runhare rwakaipa nokuda kwomunzveri namapfundo 2-5 muzana. Munhangemutange yapedyo, mutsetse unogona kusarudza muuyo.

Kunzverwa kwemabhomba kunewo muuyo unoparadza zvikuru pamhoteredzo yamashoko. Kunoparira kusada kutendiswa kwavose nokusavimba. Vanowana nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa vangada zvishoma kupindura nzvero dzapamutemo, kuchideredza kunaka kwokunzvera. Uye nemhaka yokuti kusunda kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kunowanzova nyajambwa wevavhoti, vanogona kuderedza dzikamo mumaruwa amakwikwi.

Uyezve, kuongorora kwokumanikidzira kunogona kuumba nzira iyo vada kufutunurwa nezvinobudisa nhau. Kana nzvero yokusunda ikaparadzira runyerekupe rwenhema, vatori venhau vanganzwa vachigombedzerwa ku “nzvera pamutemo”, nenzira yokusangwarira kupa translate divis. Anoda kumanikidzwa ipapo kupindura nhema, achichinja nhambo yenhau kuva dziviriro yohunhu hwavo panzvimbo pekurukurirano yetsika.

Kukuvadza Kudzorwa

Kunyange kana nzvero yokumanikidzira ikaiswa pachena gare gare, kuvadziko kumukurumbira womukwikwidzi ingagona kuva yechigarire. Muna 2000, John McKain haana kutongokwanisa kuzunungusa zvizere “mwana mutema aidiwa” kutsvinya, kunyange pashure pokuwina chinhu chikuru. Kutaura kwenhema kwakapfuurira kutenderera paIndaneti uye munhimbe dzezevezeve. Muna 2004, kusunda kunzvera muWest Virginia nedzimwe nyika kwakakarakadza kuti John Kerry akanga areva nhema pamusoro pebasa rake reVietnam, achipa zvokudya vaSwift Boat Veterans nokuda kweZvokwadio yainetsa nhinhinhinhiso yake.

Kukuvadzwa kwomukurumbira kunokudzwa nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanomanikidzira kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji vasati vakanda mavhoti avo akasarudzwa (pazuva rokuvhota) kana kuti mukati mokuvhota kwapakuvamba. Muvhoti ane nguva shoma yokunzvera kutaura kwacho, uye kuyeukwa kwokudana kunogona kupesvedzera chisarudzo chavo chokupedzisira.

Kunetseka Nemitemo

Mumurangariro wetsika, kunzvera kunoshurikidzwa munenge munyika yose nemasangano ezvokunzvera ounyanzvi. AAPOR akabudisa nhungamiro dzakajeka: “Kuvhota kwapamutemo hakusi kuedza kupesvedzera murangariro wavanhu.” Sangano rinokurudzira kuti riise mitemo inoda kuziviswa kwesangano rinopa mari yokuvhota, kuti vavhoti vagogona kuyera manyuko.

Kushambidzika Kwepamutemo

Mutemo wehurumende haurambidzi zvakananga kuongorora, asi nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaedza kudzidzora.

  • California inoda kuti nzvero ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika inodya mari inopfuura $500 (Z $5 500) inyoreswe noMunyori weHurumende uye inofanira kubatanidza mutambi pamusoro pouyo akabhadhara shanyo.
  • FLORID uye Minnesota ine mitemo inoda kuti vanzveri vade kuziva mutsigiri kana kuvhota kuchikurukura chinyorwa chomunzveri.
  • New Hampshire ine mutemo unorambidza “kunzvera kwokunyengera” sezvinorondedzerwa nomutemo unoda kuziviswa kwesangano rinobhadhara danidzo uye rinorambidza kushandisa mutauro wakagadzirirwa ku“ tungamirira, kunetsa, kana kuti kunyengera.”

Zvisinei, nzvero dzakawanda dzinoitwa nePACI huru kana kuti mapoka akazvimirira anoshanda munzvimbo dzachena. Vari kushanya vangataura kuva vanobva “boka rinonzvera” pasina kuzivisa mutsigiri chaiyeiye. Zviito zvokumanikidza hazviwanzoitika, uye zvirango kazhinji kazhinji zviduku zvikuru zvichienzaniswa nendyiko yokushandisa nhimbe.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inodzora zvirongwa zvokushandisa, asi nzvero dzinomanikidzira dzinoshandisa vashanyi vapenyu hadzirambidzwi. Kunyange kuvhota kwemotokari kunogona kuva kwapamutemo kana kuchiwirirana neTCUP (Telephone Consumer Protection Act) miraudzo yazvo (88) vazhinji vachiri kuputsa mitemo iyoyo kupfurikidza nokudana nhamba pandandanda yeDo Not Call.

Kudavidza Kwemaindasitiri

Sangano rokuongorora raita kuti pave nokusimudzira miitiro yokuona zviri pachena uye yakanakisisa. AAPOR Transparency Initation inoda kuti masangano atsive kuzivisa maitiro awo, kubatanidza kuti akabhadhara kuvhota kwacho uye kuti kwakaitwa sei. Mabudiro anowanzobatanidza mashoko akadai se “Iyi inzvero yechokwadi nokuda kwe [zita riri kumusoro] uye mhinduro dzako dzichava dzakavanzika.” Kana foni isati inobatanidza kujeka kwakadaro, ijerefu dzvu.

Nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinewo mipimo yetsika. American Association of Political Concalutions (AAPC) ine bumbiro remitemo rinorambidza kuparadzira mashoko enhema nenzira ichiziva.

Nzira Yokuziva Nayo Nokurwisa Kushatisa Kwebasa

Hezvino zvirongwa zvinoshanda zvokuvhota, vatori venhau, uye nhimbe.

Nokuda Kwezviyo

  • Iva anopanikira nzvero ipi neipi inovamba nomubvunzo wakaremerwa. Kana mubvunzo wacho unobatanidza kuratidzira kwakaipa kana kuti pomero dzokufungidzira, sezvingabvira ibvunzo inomanikidzira.
  • Kubvunza mukumbiri nokuda kwoudzame. Ndiani ari kuitisa nzvero? Ndiani ari kuitsigira nemari? Muvhozhokeri wapamutemo achagovera mashoko akajeka. Munzveri anosunda achawanzobvisa kana kuti kunzvenga.
  • Usapindura mibvunzo. Unogona kungotaura bedzi kuti, “Ini handitori rutivi mukunzvera kunoshandisa mibvunzo ine revo,” uye kuturika. Ikoku kunorambira mushanyi mukana wokuisa shoko racho.
  • Revo inozhambanisa [ kudare revhoti kana kuti mumiriri mukuru wegweta. Dzimwe nyika dzine mitsetse inopisa yokushuma kuvhota kwokumanikidzira.
  • Chengeta mawebsite anonzvera maidi kufanana neCheck.org kana kuti PolitiFact kana ukanzwa pomero inoshamisa pamusoro pomutengi. Kazhinji kazhinji, sipo yakatobviswa.

Nokuda Kwavatori Venhau Nevanoongorora Chokwadi

Masangano enhau anofanira kungwarira kumanikidza nhimbe dzenhamba. Apo vavhoti vanoshuma shanyo dzechienzi, vatori venhau vanogona kunzvera manyuko ndokufumura nhamburiko. Vacheki venhau vanofanira kurapa kutaura kwokuvhota nechero dzakafanana nokushambadzira kwenhimbe. Chinokosha kudzivisa kudzokorora kutaura kwenhema pasina mashoko akapoteredza; panzvimbo pezvo, mushumo pamusoro penzira yacho imene.

Nokuda Kwenhimbe

Vaya vanoongororwa nevanhu vakawanda vanofanira kukurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu zvakananga.

  • Kubudiswa kwenhau kunozivisa kunzvera kwokumanikidzira uye manyuko ako sezvingabvira.
  • Vhidhiyo kana kuti mashoko anoramba kutaura kwenhema kwacho.
  • Kukumbira kuti murwi arambe nzira yacho.
  • Chikumbiro chokuti vavhoti vanyore runhare kana kuti vaudze kuzviremera.

Kana muvhoti akadanwa nomubvunzo wokuvhota pamusoro po “mutero, ” nhimbe yacho inogona kutevera nerunhare kana kuti mutumire anoruramisa chinyorwa. Asi uku kupindura kunodhura uye kazhinji kazhinji kunononoka.

Nguva Yemberi Yokushatisa Kwebasa Muzera Ramadhigirii

Kushambadzira kwezvematongerwo enyika zvakwakachinja kuva matsva. “Nzvero dzechiPush” nokutumira mashoko dzava kuzivikanwa navose, sezvinongoita kushambadza kwemakambani anoshambadzira mashoko enzanga uko kunowadzanyura mashoko asina kunaka. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mutambi weFacebook angabvunza kuti, “Unobvuma here kuti mitemo yaCandite Johnson yakanyanyisa?” Iyi inhamba inobudirira inosvika zviuru zvevateereri vanofarira.

Denho nokuda kwavadzori ndeyokuti iyi nzvero inomanikidzirwa yakava yakaoma zvikuru kutevera. Inogona kuiswa mumicropus kuchiverengero chakati chavagari vemo, kuchibvumira nhimbe kuparadzira zvishongo zvakasiyana - siyana kumapoka akasiana - siana. Manyuko anogona kuvanzwa mumasangano edeko kana kuti mapoka asingazivikanwi.

Ungwaru hwokugadzira hungagona kutowedzera chinetso. Kuvhara inzwi reAi kungagona kuita kuti nzvero dzenguva yemberi dzinotonyengera zvikuru. Chikumbiro chinonzwika seshamwari inovimbwa kana kuti chibatiso chenhau chomunzvimbomo chichibvunza mubvunzo wakaremerwa. Miganhu yetsika ichada kugadziridzwa sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakadana chirambidzo chehurumende pakusunda kuvhota, asi funganyo dzakasununguka nechinetso chokurondedzera muitiro wacho zvinoita kuti chive chisingabviri kurambidzwa munguva iri pedyo.

mhedziso

Nzvero dzokunzverwa dzinova nzira inonyengera nedzisina tsika dzinosekesa kuvimbika kwesarudzo yedemokrasi. Dzinoshandisa mirangariro yendangariro, kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama, uye mukurumbira wakashata (*) munyengedzero yokunzvera kwapamutemo. Nepo zvakaoma kubvisa chose chose, kuziva idziviriro ine simba. Vazivi vanogona kuziva zviratidzo zvokunzverwa kwenzvero havangawirirani zvikuru. Vatori venhau navakuru vakuru vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira mukufumura iyi mitoo inonyengera.

Pakupedzisira, mushonga wokumanikidza kuvhota igadziriro yakasanorongwa inoda kuoneka nokutendeseka kubva munhimbe. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti nzvero dzinosunda basa rinoshanda sei, tinogona kudzivirira zviri nani kuita kwedu zvisarudzo ndokuva nechokwadi chokuti sarudzo dzinosarudzwa namaidi nekurukurirano dzemitemo, kwete kupfurikidza nokuchinja - chinja kwokuvandika.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona nhungamiro dzekumanikidzira kuvhota, Factcock.org rondedzero yokunzverwa kwechinzvero[, uye iyi nzvero yePUT][[FLT]