Kunzwisisa Kushatisa: Chishandiso Chokushandisa Zvematongerwe Enyika Dzakawanda

Munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzazvino uno, mutsetse pakati pokuvhota kwapamutemo nokushandisa zvinowanzova zvisinganzwisisiki. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kunomirira imwe yemitoo inonyengera zvikurusa inoshandiswa kuumba murangariro wavanhu pasina kuziva kwomuvhoti. Kusafanana nenzvero dzegamuchidzanwa, dzakarongedzerwa kuunganidza mashoko asina kusarura pamusoro pevavariro dzomuvhoti, kumanikidza kurongwa kwamaune kunoitwa namaune kuti kuve maurirwe [[[FLT: 1] panzvimbo pokuyera. Vanoshanda pasi pokunzvera, vachibvunza mibvunzo inoparadzirwa isina kunyorwa, inosimbisa mirangariro yakaipa pamusoro pemushoo, kana kuti kuita mifungo yenhema pamusoro pemukwikwidzi. Kunzwisisa kuti basa rokuvhotera, zvikurukuru mumavhota namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, macompuzime, macodema.

Kurondedzera Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza: Kunopfuura Kunzvera Kusina Kutsarukana

Nzvero inosunda unyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika umo nhamba huru yenhamba dzefoni, mashoko efoni, kana kuti nzvero dzapaIndaneti dzinoitwa munyengedzo yokuitisa nzvero. Donzo chairo harisi muunganidzwa wemashoko asi systruction[. Mibvunzo yakagadzirirwa ku “vapinduri kumurangariro wakati kupfurikidza nokupa mashoko anotungamirira kana kuti enhema.

Somuenzaniso, foni ingabvunza: kuti: “Ungava sezvingabvira zvikuru kana kuti zvishoma kuvhota nokuda kwaCandidate A kana waiziva kuti akanga apiwa mhaka yokubiridzira?" — kunyange kana kutenderwa kukaitwa kana kuti kubviswa mumashoko akapoteredza. Iyi nzira inoshandisa chapupu icho vavhoti vanacho mumasangano epamutemo okunzvera uye vanoputsa mipimo yetsika. Legitte revhoterans anotevera miitiro yorumano kuvimbisa kutsigira kutenderwa kwechinhu chimwe chinhu; kumanikidza kubvisa namaune kuwirirana ikoko kuti vasvike nharidzano yechibvumirano.

Zvinhu Zvinonyanya Kushatisa Vanhu

  • Ukuru hweChikuru: Nzvero dzokuvhota dzinonyanyokombamira zviuru zvavavhoti nokukurumidza, kusafanana nenzvero dzechokwadi dzinotsamira pamienzaniso miduku, inomirira.
  • Mibvunzo yakatutirwa kana kuti yenhema: Mibvunzo ine kutaura kusina kubvumikiswa kana kuti kwenhema kwakagadzirirwa kukuvadza mutezo kana kuti kusimudzira nhau.
  • Hapana miuyo inounganidzwa namashoko: haiwanzonzverwa kana kuti kubudiswa; nharidzano yacho idanidzo imene.
  • Kusazivikanwa: Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji hakuzivi ari kuatsigira nemari, kuchikuita kwakaoma kuronda mavambo awo.

Nemhaka yokuti nzvero dzokumanikidzira dzinorongwa senzvero, dzinogona kutsausa vavhoti vasina kungwarira kana kuti kusimbisa panikiro pakati pavatsigiri. Kubudirira kwavo kuri munheyo yendangariro ye kuratidzirwa [: kudzokororwa kwekutaura kwenhema, kunyange muchimiro chemibvunzo, kunogona kukuita kuti kunzwe kuri kwechokwadi.

Kushatisa Kwemabhomba Munhau Dzakararama

Shoko rokuti “nzvero” yakawana chinyorwa muUnited States mukati ma1990. Imwe yemienzaniso yapakuvamba zvikurusa yakapararira zvikuru yakaitika mukati me 1996 Republicial purezidenti primiry, umo runhare rusingazivikanwi rwakapanikira kuvimbika kwaBob Dole. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwamarudzi ose kwokukupesvedzera [ ine nhau refu neyakajeka zvikuru, zvikurukuru mumhoteredzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinochinja.

Muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu dziri kubuda, umo zvinobudisa nhau zvisina kuzvimirira zvikuru uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika asina simba zvikuru, kumanikidza kuvhota kunova chombo chine simba. Vatambi vokunze, kubatanidza mapoka akasarurwa ehurumende, vakashandisa mutoo uyu wokumisa kusarudza nokuparadza chivimbo chavanhu. Kunzwisisa nguva yenhau kunobetsera kujekesa chikonzero nei kunzvera kunoramba kuri tyisidziro inopfuurira.

Zvikoro Zvapakuvamba Mumabhuku Ane Nhengo Dzakanyorwa

Mukati meHondo yeReligious, United States neSoviet Union dzakaedza mabasa endangariro akavanzika [ ayo akabatanidza unyanzvi hwokunzvera hwakarongerwa kupesvedzera vagari vokumwe. Somuenzaniso, muma 1970, nzvero dzinotsigirwa muChile idzo dzakabatanidza mibvunzo inotungamirira yakagadzirirwa kusekesa kutsigira Salvador Allende. Nepo dzisati dzakafanana nenzvero dzazvino uno, idzi mitoo yakaisa fandesheni yokushandisa foni yokunzvera separation.

Kushatiswa Kunoitwa Mapoka Muzvirongwa Zvenyika Yose

Musarudzo dzamarudzi ose, nzvero dzinosunda dzinowanzoshandiswa navatambi vehurumende, mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika edzimba, kana kuti mapoka ezvisarudzo akapfuma kuti apedze miuyo. Nharidziro haisati iri yokuchinja muuyo wesarudzo zvakananga asi ku mifungo yevhoti [ mumativi anotsoropodza ehondo kana kuti pakati pamapoka akati kuti evoruzhinji.

Fundo Yenhau: Venezuela (2017)

Mukati mesarudzo yapurezidhendi weVenezuela inomutsa nharo huru, pomero dzekupesvedzera dzakaoneka pasociation nenhau dzomunzvimbomo.Nhare dzisina kuzivikanwa dzakashorwa, dzichibvunza mibvunzo yaireva vashori vaNicolás Madoro yakanga yakashata kana kuti kuronga kushandura mapurogiramu enzanga. Iyi runhare dzakagadzirirwa kuodza chishoro nokudzivisa. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende yakaramba kubatanidzwa, vanzveri vanozvimirira vakacherekedza mutoo wekusawirirana uko kwakabatanidza kunzvera serutivi rumwe rwenhimbe dzechirongwa chakafara.

Fundo Yenhau: Myanmar (2020)

Muvhoti 2020 dzeMyanmar, nzvero dzinosunda dzakashumwa namasangano enzanga avagari vemo sorutivi rwenzira yokushandisa nayo kusawirirana kwedzinza norudzidziso. Kudanidzira kwakaitwa munharaunda dzemiganhu, kuchishandisa mibvunzo inotungamirira iyo yakabatanidza vamwe vadaviri namapoka maduku. Unyanzvi hwakanangidzirwa kudzosa vavhoti munharaunda umo rwisano dzenhau dzakaita kuti kuve nesimba guru. Internationalpote Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assition yakasimbisa iyi miitiro seinoparira kusava nokuvimbika.

Chidzidzo Chenyaya: Kenya (2017)

Chisarudzo chapurezidhendi cha1917 chakava nokushandiswa kukuru kwenzvero dzinoitwa kupfurikidza neSMS nefoni dzinodzorwa. Masangano makuru ose ari maviri akashandisa mutoo wacho kuparadzira mashoko akaipa pamusoro pevavengi vavo. Somuenzaniso, mashoko akanyevera vavhoti kuti kana mumwe munhu akahwina, kuputsika kwemari kwaizotevera. Nzira idzi dzakaratidza kupesana kwemadzinza uye dzakaparira chisimba chapashure pekuvhotera. BC dzakashuma kuti vanhu vakawanda veKenya vakagamuchira “zvinyorwa zvenhema zvemariko.

Fundo Yehosha: India (209)

Sarudzo huru yeIndia ya2019 yakaona kushandiswa kwenzvero dzinomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza neAwassapp narokufeya. Nepo India ine nhimbe yezvezvamatongerwe enyika yakasimba, kuwanda kwedanidzo kwakakuita kuti kuve kusingabviri zviremera kuronda mavambo. Mibvunzo yanangidzirwa pachengeteko yenyika norudzidziso, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ichipa rondedzero dzinopendwa dzinopa vashori sevane simba. Reuters Afushanyi akazivisa kuti runhare dzakawanda dzakarondwa kunzirondwa kunzirondwa kunzidzinodzino dzorudzi rwavadziko dzinoshandiswa navatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushandisa Kunoita Vaiti Vokune Imwe Nyika Maputsi

Sarudzo dzenyika dzakawanda dzinova dzinotapurwa zvikuru kumanikidza kuvhota apo vatambi vokunze vanotsvaka pasina kuonekwa. Nokushandisa masangano edzimhosva dzechitatu kana kuti kushandisa nhamba dzefoni dzakanangana, mapurisa ehurumende anogona kumanikidza kuvhura miganhu. Somuenzaniso, mukati 2016 shoo yapurezidhendi weUnited States, kudzongonyedzwa kwaibatanidza kukwidzisa nzira dzakafanana nedzemagariro, asi nhamburiko dzakafanana dzakaonekwa muSaruti yeEurope. Muna 2019, Union’s East StraCom Com Force inoziviswa sechitoole sechinoso chidzokoroso cheRussia. Iyi inoshaidza kazhinji kazhinji kacho

Ndyiko yacho yakaderera zvikuru: gadziriro dzokuforera dzinorongwa nemotokari dzinogona kusvika mamirioni avanhu nokuda kwezviuru zvishomanene zvamadhora. Ikoko kunosunda kunzvera chisarudzo chinokwezva nokuda kwavatambi vane bhajeti rine mwero asi zvishuvo zvakakwirira zvokudzongonyedza sarudzo.

Kuparadzira Mashoko Mumasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika: Hakusi Kunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Kuvhota hakuna kuganhurirwa kumwaka yesarudzo. Masangano ePuritatic namapoka echinyakare anoshandisa unyanzvi hwokuumba murangariro wavose pamitemo, renda, kana kuti nhau dzenzanga. Ikoku kunobvumira masangano kuparira tsigiro yemifungo youswa kana kuti chishoro, unyanzvi hunozivikanwa se astraturfing[[[FLT]]

Kunetsa Kukakavadzana Kwemitemo

Muma2010, kuongorora kwakanyanya kushandiswa muUnited States nedzimwe nyika kuti kufuridze pfungwa dzevanhu pamusoro pekuchinja kwezvoutano, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kubuda kwevanhu munyika. Somuenzaniso, boka rinoshora mutero wecarbon ringabvunza kuti: : “Ungatsigira mutero mutsva kana waiziva kuti waizowedzera mari yako yemagetsi panosvika $200 pagore? Mubvunzo wacho unoratidza kuti haungaratidzi mutero chaiwoiwo, asi unoita kuti vapinduri vapinduri vawa kuti vawire mutero wacho nomugumisiro wakaipa.

Iyi foni inogonawo kushandiswa kumasangano . Sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika ringadenha mitezo yeboka rinokwikwidzana nemibvunzo inokarakadza ushati hwomukati, kudyara. Iyi nzira yakanyorwa murwisano dzamabasa nenhimbe dzemhoteredzo.

Fundo Yenhau: Scotland Conference Referendem (2014

Mukati mezvimiriri zvechiScotland, zvose zviri zviviri “Hungu” ne“Haiwa. misasa yakatarisana nepomero dzokushandisa kuvhota. Nharo dzisina kuzivikanwa dzakabvunza mibvunzo pamusoro petapuro yokuzvimirira pamudyandigere nokushambadza. Kubvunza kwapamutemo kwehurumende yeScotland kwakashuma kuti vavhoti vazhinji vakanzwa vashandiswa zvisina kufanira, uye chivimbo chose chose mukuvhota chakaderera. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kunzvera kwokumanikidzira kunogona sei kutapura [[[FLT: 0]] miuyo yemiuyo yemidyandiro apo nhau dzinodzorwa zvikuru.

Fundo Yenhau: Hong Kong Prosests (209)

Mukati mekuramba 2019 kweHong Kong, nzvero dzinosundidzira dzakashandiswa navose vari vaviri pro-democracy ne-Beijing. Shanyo dzakadzorwa muCantonese dzakabvunza vagari vamo pamusoro pemirangariro yavo pamusoro pamasimba masimba amapurisa nepindiro yehurumende yeChina. Dzakawanda dzeidzi foni dzaiva namashoko enhema akagadzirirwa kupinza rutivi runopesana. Hing Kong Free Press[ yakashuma kuti chisiko cheshanyo chakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kusimbisa kuti ndiani akanga ari shure kwavo, kupfuurirazve kunzvera sangano racho.

Michina Yendangariro: Chikonzero Nei Kumanikidza Kushatisa Kuchishanda

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nzvero dzokumanikidzira dzichibudirira, tinofanira kurangarira mirangariro yendangariro yavanoshandisa. Varairi havasati vari varongi vane mufungo; vanotsamira pamifungo. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kudzora kusingashanduki[[FLT:]] — kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanhu kutaura kwakaipa, uko kutaura kunova “kunowanika” muyeuko, uye nokudaro kunooneka zvikuru. muuyo wehope [ anoitawo basa: kana munhu akanzwa kutaura kwenhema mumubvunzo asi gare gare gare, uko kungava kunochengeta manyuko.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha i funganyo yenhema. Apo nzvero yokusunda inobvunza, kuti, “Unobvuma here kuti X akashata?” revo ndeyokuti vamwe vazhinji vanotodavira izvozvo, vachiita kuti ive senzvimbo inotevedzerwa nevakawanda. Ikoku kunogona kuparira tapuro yebindwagon, zvikurukuru mumijaho yakasimba.

Kuenzanisa Nemamwe Mazano Asina Kunaka

Technique Primary Goal Push Polling Advantage
Social media bots Amplify content Direct one-on-one interaction
Fake news websites Spread false stories Perceived legitimacy of a “poll”
Deepfake videos Create visual lies Low cost and easy automation
Push polling Implant information Difficult to trace and regulate

Kunetseka Mune Zvepamutemo

Miganhu yetsika yokunzverwa yakajeka: chimiro chounyengeri. Zvisinei, muUnited States, kuvhota hakusi kwapamutemo zvakajeka kutoti kuchiputsa mitemo pa ipapagn remari rerevorv kana kuti [FLT]fraud. Masangano mazhinji anoda kudana kuziva ari kuabhadhara, asi anomanikidza vavhimi kuti vawane mari kana kuti vashandise nhamba dzavasiri vatsvaki.

MuEuropean Union, General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) inoisa ganhuriro pashanyo dzisina kukumbirwa, asi kuichengeta kugura miganhu kwakaoma. Nyika dzakafanana neCanada dzine mitemo inodzorwa zvikuru, asi kunyange ikoko, dzakatsikirirwa. Kusawirirana pakati pemitemo nemitemo kunoramba kuri denho nokuda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose.

Kubatsira Kunoita Kuperera

Kunzvera kwokumanikidza kunosekesa kutendeseka kwevavhoti munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Ivo vaiparadzira mashoko asina kururama pasina kuzvidavirira.
  • Zvinoderedza kuvimba munzvero dzapamutemo, zvichiita kuti zviome kuti nhimbe nezvinobudisa nhau zviunganidze mashoko akarurama.
  • Vanogona kudzivisa muvhoti nokuderedza vatsigiri vomunhu anoda kuvhota.
  • Vanoparadzanisa nzanga kupfurikidza nokusimbisa mirangariro yakashata.

Vavhoti pavanotadza kusiyanisa kuvhota chaikoiko nokuongorora, maindasitiri ose anoongorora anotambura.

Kuwana uye Kurwisa

Kurwisa kuvhota kunoraira nzira yakasiyana- siyana. Vatori venhau, masangano esarudzo, uye makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu vanofanira kushanda pamwe kuti vazive nokufumura izvi zvirongwa. Hezvino zvirongwa zviri kushandiswa:

Kuongorora Kufona Nokuchinja Kutariswa Kwakwo

Masangano akafanana ne International Foundation for Electoral Systems akavhura gadziriro kuti arekoshe nokunzvera runhare. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa kunzvera kwapashure runhare uye kudzokororwa namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anozivikanwa, anogona pane dzimwe nguva kuziva manyuko. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwamakombiyuta runoita kuti ikoku kuve kusavimbwa.

Nhimbe Dzedzidzo Yavose

Nhano dzedzidzo dzinodzidzisa vavhoti nzira yokuona nayo kuvhota kunosunda zvichida idziviriro inobudirira zvikurusa yenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, kuderera kuti nzvero yapamutemo haisati ichizotongovamba nokutaura kunoisa mhaka mundangariro. Masangano akadai se Pew Research Center [[FLT: 1] inobudisa nhungamiro dzokuziva nzvero dzechokwadi.

Kuchinja Kwomutemo

Dzimwe nyika dzakapindura kupfurikidza nokuomesa mitemo yemari.

Madialytic neAl

Maarufabheti emichina yazvino uno anogona zvino kuziva mitoo yemavhoriyamu nemibvunzo. Hurumende nemapoka enzanga yavagari vemo zvava kutanga kushandisa aya maturusi kuti vazive nhimbe dzenzvero dzakabatanidzwa munguva chaiyoiyo. Kunyange zvakadaro, kumhanya kwezvombo pakati pokuwana nokunzvenga kunopfuurira.

Nguva Yemberi Yokushatisa Kwebasa Munguva Yetsika Netsika

Sezvo runhare ruchiderera nokuda kwemibatanidzwa yokutumira mashoko yakadai seAchesapp, Telegram, uye Signal, kuvhota kuri kupeta. Nzvero dzePush dzinoshandiswa kupfurikidza namashoko akananga[ zvakaoma kudzivirira nemhaka yokuti dzakanyorwa. Vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogona kurongera zviverengero chaizvo zvavanhu nenzira yakarurama, vachishandisa mashoko anobva muvhoti kana kuti mavhoti. Kumuka kwemagenerati rerative FIA kunobvumirawo kuchinjirwa kumibvunzo yakananga kuzvaanozivikanwa, vachiita kuti kuzivikanwa kuve kwakatooma zvikuru.

Uyezve, kushandiswa kwenzvero dzokumanikidzira muhondo yakavhengana sezvingabvira] ichawedzera. Vatambi vehurumende vangazviisa kwete bedzi mukati mesarudzo asiwo mukati menjodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakadai semaspending pascroms kana kuti zvirango. Mitsetse pakati pekushanda kwendangariro, mashoko anoparadzirwa, uye nzvero ichapfuurira kuva yakavanzika.

Kuti vadzivirire utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu, vanotarisira kuisa zvinhu zvinofanira kufungwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuti kukurukurirana kwose kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kufeyafeya, kuzivisa manyuko okutsigira mari. Zvinorevawo kupa simba zvinobudisa mashoko zvakazvimirira kuti zviongorore uye zvizivikanwe. Pakupedzisira, mushonga une simba zvikuru wokumanikidza kuvhota inyanzvi uye inopanikira — unonzwisisa kuti haisi mubvunzo uri wose unobvunzwa mu “kunzvera” kutsvaka mhinduro; vamwe vanotsvaka kuongorora zvitendero.

Mupedzi: Zvinoda Kungwarira

Nzvero dzokuvhota dzinobvumikiswa, asi dzinowanzofuratirwa, chombo muzvombo zvokushandisa zvisarudzo. Kuvambira Venezuela kusvikira kuMyanmar, kubva Kenya kusvikira India, kushandiswa kwazvo nyika negadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Dzinodzora mirangariro, dzinodzivisa rutongeso, uye dzinoparadza chivimbo chedemocracy. Nepo pasina mhinduro imwe inogona kudzibvisa, mubatanidzwa wechinjo yapamutemo, dzidzo yavose, uye kuzivikanwa kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogona kuganhurira tapuro yazvo. Vagaricates, vatori venhau, uye vavhoti ivo vamene vanofanira kuramba vakasvinurira zviratidzo zvokunzverwa kwenzira — nemhaka yokuti nhano yokutanga yokudzivirira dhimoniga yoruzhinji inozivikanwa apo mumwe munhu ari kuedza kukusunda.