Kunzwisisa Zvirongwa ZvomuRaje Sabha uye Misangano Yenjodzi

Raje Sabra, seimba yapamusoro yeBidamaral Parmeter yeIndia, inoita basa rinokosha mumutemo wehurumende, kumirira nyika, uye kuongororwa kwehurumende. Nepo marusando ayo enguva dzose achitevera karendasiti yakagadzwa (zvikamu zvitatu pagore (Bridget, Monshoon, uye Winter) (Bumbiro reMitemo yeIndia rinogovera masangano anokosha zvikuru kuti apedze nhau dzenyika. Zvirongwa zvinokosha nemisangano yekurumidziro zvakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti Dare reUnited States rinogona kuita njodzi namaune, kukurumidza kudzikama, mutemo, kana kuti kuita chiito kuzviitiko zvisingafanoonekwi zvichizoitwa. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwevadzidzi vehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa nemitemo, mutemo, uye kutarisirwa kwehurumende. Nyaya iyi inogovera kuongorora kujeka mune zvose, kuronga, uye kuronga kwemitemo, uye kukanganisa mira mira.

Mavambo Ebumbiro reMitemo uye Chiremera Chokudzika Mitemo

Kukumbirwa kweParamende kunodzorwa zvikurukuru neChikamu 85 cheBumbiro reMitemo reIndia. Kunoraira kuti Purezidhendi panguva nenguva achakumbira Imba imwe neimwe yeParamende kuti asangane panguva nenzvimbo zvakadai sePurezidhendi achifunga kuti yakakodzera, neproviso yokuti mwedzi mitanhatu haisati ichizopindira pakati pokugara kwayo kwokupedzisira murusando rumwe uye musi wakagadzwa nokuda kwokugara kwayo yokutanga murusando runotevera. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa nhamba duku yokugara asi inobvumirawo kuchinjika kwomukuru mukuru wehurumende kudana misangano yokuwedzera apo kunenge kuri madikanwa. Simba yokukumbira rusarusarudzo chairwo haisiri yakakwana; inoshandisirwa pazano reDare rinotungamirirwa noMutungamiriri wePumbidzi. Muitiro, chirongwa cheChibvumirano chinorumbidza kuungana, Purezidhente pasi peChikamu 85, uye chiShanga cheSabharatina cheSabhari panhau panguva iyoyo.

Misangano yeEmergency (yagara ichinongedzerwa kwairi se “kugara kwapachivande” kana kuti“ musangano wakasiyana murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo asi inobatwa sechikamu chiduku chemarusando chaiwo. Shoko rokuti “musangano wakarongwa” rinoshandiswa zvisina kurongwa apo kudikanwa kwokurangarira kuri kukurumidzira zvokuti nguva yeziviso inoderedzwa zvikuru. Mitemo yetsika yeRajiya Sabba, inozivikanwa se Riles of Procre and Faist of Countal muState of States [[FLT]], inogovera nguva yokushanda. Mitemo yeChirevo yaMageni inodzora nguva yeChirevo (Muvi we-Puni weIndia) kugadziridza musi uye kugarwa, kumira kumira kuSangano yePrezidhente.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti “rusando rwakasiyana narwo” runogonawo kuitwa pakukumbirwa kwechiverengero chikuru chemitezo. MuMutemo 5A, kana kusati kuri pasi pechitanhatu chechiverengero chenhamba yemitezo yeRaje Sabhaha runopa ziviso mukunyorera Munyori-Akawanda kuti ivo vanoshuva kugara chaiko kuti vakurukure nhau chaiyo youkoshi hwapachena hwapachena, mutarisiri angarangarira kuva nokurumidziro uye kusakwa, kurumbidza Purezidhendi kuti nzvimbo chaiyo isheswe. Ikoku kunogovera gadziriro yechishoro chechishoro kana kuti mitezo yakazvimirira kumanikidza kurukurirano kunze kwerudungwe rwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chokupedzisira chiri kuna Purezidhendi.

Nokuda kwokuravazve paChikamu 85 namasimba okukumbira, nongedza ku Constution of India (Article 85) paBumbiro reMitemo reOfIndia.net

Kutsauranisa Pakati Pezvikamu Zvenguva Dzose, Zvorupo, uye Zvekurumidziro

Kuti tidzivise nyongano, kuri madikanwa kuronga mapoka matatu:

  • Zvikamu zvemitemo: zvakarongwa pachine nguva mberi (Bridget, Monsoon, Winter) uye zvinofukidza purogiramu yakafara yemitemo. Zvinowanzopedza mavhiki anoverengeka.
  • Zvikamu zvemipimo: Yakanyorwa kunze kwekarenda yenguva dzose kuti ione nhau chaiyo(g., gweta rechiratidzo, chinoitika cheyeuko, kana kuti njodzi yenyika. Cherekedzo inopiwa mazuva anoverengeka kana kuti mavhiki pachine nguva mberi, uye purogiramu dzinowanzoganhurirwa.
  • Misangano yeIndaneti[[FLT: 1]: Sututi yamarusando chaiwo inodanwa neziviso duku (pane dzimwe 24 ne48 maawa) mumhinduro kutyisidziro yapakarepo kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu asina muenzaniso(e.., chengeteko yenyika, ngwavaira yomusikirwo inoda tendero yekurumidziro yeparamende yeyamuro, kana kuti njodzi yebumbiro remitemo.

Mumuitiro weparamende yeIndia, shoko rokuti “rusando chairwo” rinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwemapoka ose ari maviri, asi mitemo yeziviso negadziriro yezvirongwa inosiana. Somuenzaniso, rusando chaivo rwakaitwa muna September 2023 kuti rukakavadzane naWomen’s Reservation Bill yakarongwa vhiki pamberi pezvi, nepo musangano wekurumidziro wokukurukura kukurumidza kuzivikanwa nehondo uchiitwa pachiziviso chipfupi.

Nhano Dzokupeta Dzokupeta Chikamu Chacho

Kupinza uye Kunzvera

Muitiro unotanga nehurumende (zvikurukuru Dare reCabinet on Paramente Affairs) uchisarudza kuti rusando chairwo rwuri madikanwa, kana kuti nokukumbirwa nemitezo pasi poMuraudzo 5A. Muchinoitika chehurumende, Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi kana kuti Mutungamiriri weParamende Affaits anofanira kutanga kupa rumbidzo yapamutemo kuna Purezidhendi. Purezidhendi, akasungirwa neyamuro yeDare reMitemo (Chikamu 74), anopa ziviso pasi peChikamu 85(1). Nokuda kwomutezo chemitezo inogarwa neamburirano. Chigaro chinofanira kutanga kuzivisa kuti nhau yacho ndeyoukoshi hwavose uye kuti chikumbiro chine tsigiro chinodikanwa (chikamu chimwe chitanhatu chemitezo).

Kutevedzana Kwemashoko

Kana chiziviso chaPurezidhendi changobudiswa muGazette yeIndia, Raja Sabha Sabha Mabhara anoraira mumwe nomumwe mutezo mumwe nomumwe, pamwe chete nepurogiramu yokutanga kana kuti ndaza yebhizimisi. Mumiitiro yenguva dzose, chitsama chamazuva manomwe cheziviso chedaviso chaiyo, kunyange zvazvo ichochi chinogona kudziviswa muzvinoitika zvokukurumidzira neMutezo waMasteri. Chinoronga chinoratidzira musi, nguva, nzvimbo, (zvinowanzova Horo yeMain yeParamende kana kuti, panhambo, Central Hall nokuda kwemagariro ehama), uye zvinhu zvebhizimisi.

3. Gadziriro yeAgenda

Purogiramu dzerusando chairwo ndedzenhando. Hurumende ingakarakadza mutemo mumwe, chisarudzo, kana kuti kurukurirano pasina kuvhota (Under Rulaulo 176). Mukupesana, marusando enguva dzose ane purogiramu refu inoumbwa namabhiri, mibvunzo, uye mishumo yedare. Nokuda kwamarusando chaiwo, Dare reBhisiness Advisory (BAC) reRaja Sabha, rina chigaro naMparera wePalamellary Affairs, rinosangana kupedza ndaza yebhizimisi neyatirowo yenguva. Mumisangano yekurumidziro, BACC ingamiswa, uye Cairman anosarudza zvakananga bhizimisi.

4. Kufamba Kwepurogiramu

Marusando chaiwo anotevera mitemo mimwe cheteyo yetsika semarusando enguva dzose pamusoro porutsvindo, kuvhota, uye jovhenga. Zvisinei, Haanya anowanzokumbira Mutemo 267 kuti amise mutemo upi noupi ungadzivisa bhizimisi. Somuenzaniso, chinodikanwa nokuda kwokuziviswa kwechibvumirano chepepa (inowanzova mazuva maviri) chinogona kubviswa. Quorum (mitezo 25) inofanira kuvapo; kana pane imwe nzvimbo kushaiwa kwemasvoko, kugara kunodzorwa. Nhau dzinotemwa senhau dzechiduku, dzakadai somutongo kana kuti chisarudzo, dzinoitiswa neboka chairo redare rinototorerwa neboka rinotodiwa.

Zvamunoita Pamisangano Yekurumidziro

Misangano yekurumidziro inoratidzirwa nekurumidziro yakanyanyisa nomuitiro muduku. Chirongwa chapamutemo ndichimwe chetecho --Article 85(*) asi nhano dzinoshanda dzinomanikidzirwa:

  • Chisarudzo [: Mutungamiriri weHurumende anogadza musangano wekabhini, uyo unorumbidza kuraira kwapakarepo. Purezidhendi anoziviswa uye anopa ziviso mukati mamaawa.
  • Tnoice kumitezo: Munyori-General vasonganiri kupfurikidza norunhare, SMS, email, uye zviremera Zvipikirwa. Mapoka akatsikwa angaparadzirwa gare gare. Mitezo inokarirwa kuva inowanika pachiziviso chipfupi; mitemo inobvumira nguva inobvumira chiziviso sechipfupiso chinonzwika (kazhinji kazhinji maawa 24).
  • Agenda: Zvirongwa zvinogara zvavhurwa uye zvinowanzova chinhu chimwe chete(e.g., chisarudzo chokutendera Kutonga kwaPrezidhendi pasi peChikamu 356, kana kuti kusimbisa murayiro wekurumidziro. Hapana zvikwereti zvitsva zvinogona kutangwa pasina kuparadzirwa, asi pepa rakatotangwa kare rinogona kutangwa.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Nguva [: Hasha anogadza ganhuriro dzorumano dzenguva nokuda kwehurukuro (muremu, maminiti 10 patezo) kuti ave nechokwadi chomusangano wacho unopera nokukurumidza. Musangano ungava chivi chakapikirwa chinofa pashure pokunge chinhu charaswa, kana kuti chingaitwa nenzira yakarongwa naPurezidhendi.

Somuenzaniso, musangano wekurumidziro wakaitika musi wa26 November 2008, pashure pokurwiswa nemuMumbai. Raje Sabha akadanwa kuti agare musi wa27 November kuti ape chisarudzo chokushora kurwisa kwacho uye kukurukura matanho okuchengetedza nyika.

Nokuda kwenzwisiso pamusoro pekugara kwekurumidziro kwakadaro, ona PRS Legislative Research – Paramende Zvirongwa [[FLT: 1].

Basa Rasachigaro naPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi weIndia ndiye mukuru mukuru webumbiro remitemo anokoka, anotuma, uye anodana nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Nokuda kwemarusando chaiwo, Purezidhendi angasarudza kutaura kugara pamwe chete (sezvinei, pakutanga kweParamende itsva kana kuti musi wegore negore). Zvisinei, Purezidhendi haagoni kuramba kokero kana Dare rikapa zano, kunze kwemigariro isingawanzoitwi umo zano racho risiri roupoterioti.

Mutariri weRaje Sabhaha (Mutungamiriri wePinezi) anoshandisa uchenjeri hunokosha pamarusando chaiwo.

  • Chisarudzo pamusoro pokusabvira kwekufamba kwenzvimbo chaiyo muMurau 5A.
  • Ngatimisei mitemo yenguva dzose yebhizimisi (sezvinetso, cherechedza nhambo) muMutemo 267 kuti ipfuure gakava rokukurumidzira.
  • Kunoita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvakarongeka uye kunogona kudzosera imba kana kudzongonyedzwa kukaitika, uye izvi zvinogona kukanganisawo.
  • Rinotungamirira kuvhota uye rinozivisa mugumisiro wacho.

Haiwa, iye haazi wogavhuna, Sezari wougavhuna, kana vose varipo, imba inosanangura mugari pakati pemitezo yayo, kuti agarepo.

Miganhu Nezvinovhiringidza

Pasinei zvapo nokuchinjika, marusando chaiwo nemisangano yekurumidziro zvinoiswa muganhuriro dzinokosha:

  • Mitemo yeMapiri [[FLT: 1]: Chikamu 85 nemirau hazvigoni kushandurwa. Somuenzaniso, rusando chairwo harugoni kushandiswa kupfuudza mutengo unoda kunyorwa kusati kwaitwa muGazette (zvakadai sechigadziriso chebumbiro remitemo) pasina kutevera nhano dzakagadzwa.
  • judicial Review[[FLT: 1] : Dare rapamusoro reIndia rakarangarira kuti simba rokukumbira chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika, asi harisati richitongodzivirirwa chose chose kunzverwa kwedare kana kuchiratidzwa kuti kukumbira idai kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzinokosha (mr., kunonozetsa namaune rusando kuti udzivise vhoti yechivimbo). Muchinoitika cha [[[FLT:]] Special Reference No.1 ye2002 [GUD]] (Kudzosonesa muganhu), Dare rakadzokorora ukoshi hwezvikodzero zvechipo.
  • Nguva dzemagwenya: Nepo misangano yekurumidziro ichibvumira ziviso pfupi zvikuru, mitemo inoda kuti zvirongwa zvikurukure kumitezo inenge maawa mashomanene kusati kwambomira. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kutungamirira kudenho pahwaro hweruramisiro yomusikirwo.
  • [[FOLT:0] Quorum neMufambiro: Kana Imba isina taorum (isingasviki mitezo 25,), Gavhuna anofanira kutsiva. Ikoku kwakaitika panhambo nenhambo apo mapati anoshora anenge anyangarika. Mukuwedzera, mitezo inosungwa neKarati yetsika; kusazvibata kunogona kutungamirira kukudzima.
  • Agenda Discrition purogiramu chaiyo haigoni kuchinjwa kuva rusando rwavose. Kana hurumende ichiedza kutanga bhizimisi risina ukama, mitezo inogona kumutsa mipimo yenhevedzano pasi poMutemo 243. Mutariri ane chiremera chokuvharira kurukurirano kuzvinhu zvakaziviswa.
  • Kuzivisa[: Pashure porusando chairwo rwapera, Purezidhendi anopa murairo wokudzinga. Ikoku kunogumisa rusando; bhizimisi ripi neripi risina kupedzwa kutoti raipfuudzirwa zvakananga (pamarusando chaiwo). Uku kunosiana nechivi chaichitsiviwa chinofa, uko kunochengeta rusando rwuri rupenyu.

Zviitiko Zvekare Zvemapurogiramu Anokosha Neanoda Kugadziriswa

Marusando anoverengeka anokosha anoratidzira kuronga uye revo:

  • Semishoni yeEmergency: Pashure peziviso yekurumidziro yenyika pana 25 June 1975, rusando chairwo rweParamende rwakaunganidzwa muna July 1975 kuti itenderere chiziviso pasi peChikamu 352. Rusando rwakanga ruchipfupi, uye zvirongwa zvakaganhurirwa kuchisarudzo chokutendera kurumidziro.
  • Sestution on Kashmir: Pashure pekudenha paParamende kwe13 December 2001, rusando chairwo rwedzimba dzose dziri mbiri rwakakumbirwa musi wa14 December kupfuudza chisarudzo chokushurikidza denho uye kukurukura chengeteko yenyika. Musangano wacho wakanga uri pedyo netsigiro yehurumende.
  • 2014 Semishoni chaiyo ye AP Reorganing: Rajiya Sabha akava nerusando chairwo musi wa17-18 February 2014 kupfuudza Andradesh Reorganing Bill, yakagadzira Tengayana. Rusando rwakatambanudzwa kupfuura kare kare kuvimbisa kuti chikamu chipfupi, rwakapiwa kungwara kwezvematongerwe enyika.
  • 2023 Studition Special on the Women’s Reservation: Paramende yakaita rusando chairwo rwamazuva mashanu kubva muna 18-22 September 2023 muchivako chitsva cheParamende. Rajiya Sabha yakakurukura uye yapfuudza Nari Shakta Vandian Adhinam (Chitsigiri chavakadzi) netsigiro huru, asi rusando rwacho rwakabatanidzawo zvimwe zvinhu zvemitemo zvakadai seMutungamiriri weEcomputer Bill. Rusando urwu rwakanga rwakatanhamara nokuda kwokuva wokutanga muchivako chitsva uye nokuda kwokuronga nguva huru.

Nokuda kwekuverenga nguva kune udzame kweRaje Sabha, shanyira [[FLT: 0] Official Raja Sabba Website.

Tapuro Pakubudirira Kwomutemo Nokuzvidavirira Kwedemocratic

Marusando chaiwo nemisangano yekurumidziro zvinobatira zvinangwa zviviri: zvinogonesa hurumende kuita chiito nokukurumidza munjodzi, asi zvinogoverawo nzvimbo yokunzvera chishoro. Somuenzaniso, rusando chairwo runonzi rupfuure mutengi wemari unobvumira Rajiya Sabha kunzvera gadziriro dzayo dzisati dzava kubvumirwa. Chirongwa chakamanikidzirwa chinowanzoreva kuti kunzvera kunoderedzwa (a-a-i kubva pakati pemhanza nenzvero. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti dzimwe nguva dzimwe nguva hurumende dzinoshandisa zvisina kufanira marusando chaiwo kuti dzirege kudzosa miitiro yemitemo yenguva dzose, zvikurukuru apo boka rinotonga rinenge risina voruzhinji muRajiya Sabra. Zvisinei, chinodikanwa cheSvolum namano emitezo yokusimudza mafambiro enhevedzano sedziviriro.

Misangano yepamedu yejeri inovimbisa kuti kubvumira kwevakuru vakuru kwemusangano weparamende kunowanwa nokuda kwezviito zvakadai sokupasa Mutongi waPurezidhendi pasi peChikamu 356 (zvinofanira kutenderwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri mumwedzi miviri). Pasina mano okukurumidza kuungana, mukuru mukuru angashanda pasina utarisiri hwemitemo kwenguva dzakarebeswa, zvichideredza nheyo yomutoro weboka.

Kuenzanisa: Zvikamu Zvinokosha Mune Dzimwe Dzimba Dzapamusoro

Kuenzanisa kupfupi nemimwe miitiro yebudaral kunosimbisa kusvika kweIndia. MuUnited Kingdom, House of Lords inogona kurangarirwa mukati menhambo naLord Speaker pachikumbiro chehurumende chebhizimisi rekurumidziro, zvakadai sechiito chehondo. MuUnited States, Dare rinogona kudanwa murusando chairwo naPrezidhendi pasi peChikamu II, Chikamu 3 cheMitemo yeMitemo. Muitiro weIndia uri pedyo neUK, nomukuru mukuru mukuru (kupfurikidza naPrezidhendi) akabata simba guru, asi nomutezo wemitezo yakasiyana nemitezo pasi poMutongi 5A uyo unobvumira vashomanene kuraira kugara munzvimbo chaiyo. Iyi, kunyange zvazvo isingawanzoshandiswa nenzira inobudirira, rutivi rwakatanhamara rwomuitiro weparamende weIndia inosimudzira kodzero dzechiIndia.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwokuenzanisa kwemiitiro yeparamende, ona Inter-Parliamentary Union – Parline Digimedial.

Kucherechedza Kunoshanda uye Miitiro Yakanakisisa

Kuchivakirwa pachinyorwa chenhau, miitiro inoverengeka yakanakisisa yakatanga nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti marusando chaiwo anoita donzo rawo pasina kusekesa miitiro yeparamende:

  • Zivisa Mitezo : Kunyange mumisangano yekurumidziro, chiziviso chiduku chamaawa mashomanene chinofanira kugoverwa, pamwe chete norugwaro rwakarongwa, kubvumira kutora rutivi runozivikanwa.
  • [[FT:0] Strict Agenda: Hasha inofanira kuita kuti mutemo wokuti zvinhu zvinoziviswa bedzi zvikurukurwe, kudzivisa rusando pakuva kurukurirano yavose.
  • [ Kutarisirwa kwenguva: Kushandiswa kweganhuriro dzenguva, sezvinorumbidzwa neBusiness Advisory Committee, kunovimbisa kuti Imba inopedza bhizimisi rayo pasina kutambanudza zvisina kufanira.
  • Kunyora kwadzikwa: Manyoro akazara amarusando chaiwo anobudiswa muRajiya Sabha Detations uye anokosha nokuda kwenongedzero yenhau neyapamutemo. Kunyorwa kwemifungo yeiyi kurukurirano kwakavandudza kusvika [=[FLT:] Raibhurari yeParliament[.

mhedziso

The procedures for Rajya Sabha’s special sessions and emergency meetings represent a carefully calibrated balance between executive authority, parliamentary flexibility, and constitutional safeguards. Rooted in Article 85 and fleshed out by the Rules of Procedure, these mechanisms allow India’s upper house to address urgent national matters without waiting for the regular calendar. The authority to summon rests with the President on Cabinet advice, but members also possess a statutory right to demand a special sitting. Emergency meetings, though rare, demonstrate the system’s ability to respond to crises within hours while maintaining a minimum level of democratic deliberation. Limitations—such as quorum requirements, agenda restrictions, and judicial oversight—prevent abuse. As India’s parliamentary democracy evolves, the use of these procedures will continue to be a litmus test for the government’s commitment to legislative propriety and responsive governance. Students and practitioners alike should master these rules, for they are the bedrock of crisis management in the world’s largest democracy.