Gadziriro yesarudzo dzameya muUnited Kingdom ine nhau yakapfuma iyo inoratidzira rwendo rwakafara rwenyika kuudzori hwedemokrasi, kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo, uye kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo. Kuvambira pamitambo yedare nezvirongwa zvedare kusvikira kunzvimbo yakakwirira yanhasi, vakasarudzwa zvakananga vane masimba makuru, mhindumupindu yezvisarudzo muUK inhau yokuchinja kwapashoma napashoma asi kukuru. Nyaya ino inonangidzira kuti nhau iyoyo kubva kumavambo ayo eMiddle Ages kusvikira kuruwa, kunzvera chinjo huru, nharo huru, uye chinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvivako izvo zvakaumba kuti vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vanoumbwa sei uye vanozvidavirira.

Mavambo Enguva Dzomunguva Yepakati EMayoralty

Hofisi yemeya muEngland inovambira shure kuzana ramakore rechi12 nerechi 13, apo Mambo akapa makoma emataundi namaguta, achiabvumira kutanga masangano anonzvera. Meya wokutanga akanyorwa akasarudzwa muLondon muna 1189, achitevera terogiro yaMambo Richard I. Ava vanameya vapakuvamba vakasarudzwa nenzira yakatanhamara neboka duku ravagadziri kana kuti vaBurburgesses (vatengesi vane mukurumbira wakaisvonaka) navarimi kupfuura vanhu vose. Basa rakabatanidzwa rokutarisira, dare, uye mibato yemiitiro, kubatanidza kutungamirira dare reguta, kuchengeta nhevedzano, uye kumirira taundi mukurukurirano nehurumende.

Munhambo yose yeMiddle Ages, mutoo wokusarudza wakasiana----chinja zvikuru. Mamwe mataundi akashandisa gadziriro ye "kusarudza," umo meya aipinda akasarudza mutsivi wake, achidzorwa nedare. Vamwe vakagamuchira vamiriri vashoma, navasununguri bedzi vezvinhu vaifanirwa kuvhota. Mumataundi akadai sa York, Norwich, uye Bristol, sarudzo yaigona kuva nhau dzouganda, nemapoka anokwikwikwidzana aivhotera nokuda kwokudzora. Zvisinei, vazhinjisavanhu vakanga vasina kutaura kuti ndiani akava meya wavo. Gadziro rakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza simba ravakuru vehurumende vomunzvimbomo, kwete kuratidzira kuda kwakakurumbira.

Ishe Meyori weLondon: Mhaka Yechienzi

Guta reLondon rakatanga tsika yaro rimene yakajeka. Lord Mayor weLondon anosarudzwa gore negore namakambani anogara muguta (masangano akashata) uye Common Council, muitiro wakaramba usingachinji zvikuru kwamazana amakore. Iyi sarudzo, yakaitwa paMichaelmas Day (September 29), inobatanidza "kuratidzwa kwemaoko" paGuildhall, inoteverwa neziviso yetsika. Nepo basa raLord Mayor zvino rinodokuva rogarosese musero (nesimba roukuru rehurumende rinochengetwa neGuer London Authment), muitiro wekare unopa wirirano mhenyu kumisi yakare yeMiddle anenge  A.

Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi18, masangano asina kuumbwa emanisiparati akanga ava ane mukurumbira wakaipa weuori, uye udzori hwezvipo. Sarudzo dzeMayora [ mumataundi akawanda dzakasarudzwa nenzira inobudirira nemitezo mishomanene yedare rinochinja. Kuchinjira kwokutanga kwokuvandudza kwakauya mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, kuchisundwa nokudikanwa kunowedzera kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nokujeka.

Zana Remakore rechi19: Kuchinja Kwezvakagadzirwa naMasipazi Nokuwedzera Kwezvisarudzo Zvakakurumbira

Musipal Corporations Act 1835 yakanga iri nguva yakadzorwa nokuda kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo muEngland neWales. Yakabvisa masangano ekare, akavhara ndokutanga gadziriro yakafanana yamadare akasarudzwa etaundi. Munsi meChite, vatongi vaidikanwa kuita sarudzo yegore negore nokuda kwavakuru vedare, avo vaizosarudza meya pakati penhamba yavo. Kwenguva yokutanga, meya akasarudzwa nenzira isina kunangarika navamiriri avo vamene vakanga vasarudzwa nemubhadharo wemariko. Ikoku kwakanga kusati kuri kunanga democracycy, asi kwakanga kuri nhano huru kubva pakudzorwa kwavakuru vakuru.

Murayiro wacho wakatambanudzawo purojeti kuvabhadhari vose vechirume (yakazokudzwa kubatanidza vabhadhari vemitengo yavakadzi pasi peMunicipa Franchise Act 1869). Ikoku kwakareva kuti sarudzo yemacayo [[, kunyange zvazvo isina kunanga, zvino yakanga yava kuiswa muchivako chevoruzhinji. Basa rameya rakaramba riri retsika nerokudzora, misangano yedare uye kushanda somukuru wehurumende. Asi nheyo yokuzvidavirira yehurumende yakanga yatangwa.

Kusiyana - siyana MuUnited Kingdom

Scotland yakatevera nzira yakasiana. Musi wa 1833 wakatanga gadziriro yamadare etaundi akasarudzwa, asi "provost" (anowirirana nameya) haana kusarudzwa nenzira yakananga. Panzvimbo pezvo, matare akasarudza mutezo pakati pavo vamene, muitiro wakapfuurira zvakanaka kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechi 20. MuNorthern Ireland, tsika yakafanana neyaMangliland neWales pashure pegovera, nameya vakasarudzwa namakurukota kubva muna 1922 zvichienda mberi.

Pakasvika kupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, kusarudzwa kusina kunanga kwameya kwakanga kwava mupimo muUK. Nzvimbo yacho yaiwanzova shoko rimwe regore, kazhinji kazhinji raitenderera pakati pavakuru vakuru vamagennanisi. Meya zhinji dzakanga dziri vanhu vomunzvimbomo vanoremekedzwa .(vatengesi vemor, vapi vemari, kana kuti vezvematongerwe enyika vakarega basa) avo vaishandisa hofisi kusimudzira rudado rwehurumende nezvinoparira udyire. Zvisinei, vatsoropote vakapikisa kuti kushaikwa kwemurairo wakakurumbira kwakaita kuti mameya ashande mabhiya asha ashai ashairwe mubatanidzwa webato aisazivikanwa uye anyanyotsamira pamichina yebato.

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Kumanikidzwa Kusarudza Zvakananga

Muzana ramakore rechi20 rose, danidzo dzenhambo nenhambo dzakabuda nokuda kwokusarudzwa kwakananga kwameya, zvikurukuru mumaguta makuru umo meya wetsika akava nesimba duku chairo apo kugadzira chisarudzo kwezuva nezuva kwakanga kwakabatana nematare edare navakuru vakuru vebasa. Kuumbwa kwemaruwa makuru neGreater Council (GLC) yeLondon muma 1960 nama 1970 kwakawedzera mwero nemhatsa yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kuchinyandura kurukurirano pamusoro pedikanwo yakasimba, inooneka youtungamiriri hwebasa.

Kuparadzwa kweGLC muna 1986 kwakabva London pasina chiremera chimwe cheguta rose, kunyandura kuraira kwemuzvinasha mutsva, akasarudzwa zvakananga kuti aronge zvokufambisa, kuronga, uye kukura kwezvemari mudzimbahwe. Iyi pfungwa yakawana kudzorwa muma 1990, yakatsigirwa navezvamatongerwe enyika veLabour naLiberal Democrat vakaona muenzaniso wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu senzira yokudzorera nayo hurumende yomunzvimbomo ndokugovera pfundo rakajeka rokuzvidavirira.

Kutanga kweMaya Wokutanga Akarovedzwa Nenzira Yakananga

Muna 1997, hurumende yakanga ichangobva kusarudzwa yeLabour pasi paTony Blair yakabudisa pepanhau jena, Modern Population: Mukugun neInter , yakakarakadza kubvumira matare kubvumira masangano matsva okutonga, kubatanidza meya akasarudzwa zvakananga ane masimba makuru. Irori rakateverwa nehurumende yeAbomark Act, iyo yakapa zviremera zvomunzvimbomo muEngland neWales chisarudzo chokuvandama kuti zviende kugadziriro yakasarudzwa zvakananga yameyameya. Ruvambo rwokutanga rwakadaro rwakaita muna 2001, uye meya wokutanga akasarudzwa muUK (kunze kweLondon) akasarudzwa muna 2002 nokuda kwechikamu che [FOK:]

Pakati pa2002 na2010, mamwe mataundi nemaguta akatevera, kubatanidza Hartlepool, Doncaster, uye North Tyneside. Kuedza uku kwapakuvamba kwakakwezva ngwariro huru yezvinobudisa nhau, murutivi nemhaka yevanhu vane mavara vakaoneka, vakadai saRay Mallon (aichimbova mukuru mukuru mukuru wemapurisa akasarudza meya weMiddlesbraugh) uye Stuart Drummond (uyo aimhanya se "H’Angus Monkerque" mascot ndokuwana muHarplepool). Chinyorwa chakavhengana cheava vokutanga kuoneka chakakurumbira mukuita basa nokukwidza maguta, vamwe vakashonga mumagakava anoramba achipfuurira pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvemufananidzo.

Mazai Emazuva Ano: Makwara Maviri

Nhasi, UK inoita masangano maviri akasiana e Sarudzo. Yokutanga, meya wemabhii , inoramba iri tsika mumataundi mazhinji namaguta maduku. Mutsika ino, meya anosarudzwa gore rimwe nerimwe nedare kubva pakati pemitezo yayo. Basa racho harisi rezvamatongerwe enyika, rinonangidzirwa pamisangano yevhu, rinopinda zviitiko zvehurumende, uye rinomirira nzanga. Maujararia maguta mazhinji mazhinji, uye dare ravo rinosarudzwa zvaro.

Vakundi Vakarongwa Nenzira Yakananga

Gadziriro yechipiri, yakasarudzwa zvakananga, zvino inoshanda muchiverengero chinokura chamaguta makuru nezviremera zvakabatanidzwa. Ava vanameya vakasarudzwa nevhoti uye vanoramba vane chiremera chinokosha [ masimba okuuraya [ pahurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza kuronga bhajeti, kurongwa kwemari, kutakura, imba, uye kukura kwemari. Mameya akasarudzwa nenzira yakarongwa anobatira mipimo yegore mana, uye mavhotabheti avo anodzorwa achishandisa SPreverse Vote syste (kana kuti, nokuda kwezviremera zvakabatanidzwa, chinjo yePrejita yorusaitiro, , shopu yePreFFF Trep Post).

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa ndiro [[FLT: 0] May weLondon, yakatangwa neGreater London Authority Act 1999. Sarudzo yokutanga yakaitwa muna May 2000, ne Ken Livingstone[[[FLT:]] yakawina sechibvumirano chazvimiriyoni. Chifo chapanguva iyoyo, Meya yeLondon yazova imwe yemahofisi ane simba zvikurusa muUK, nokudzora bhajenya remariketi dzakawanda, Martropolitan Police, trans for London, uye zvirongwa zvikuru zvokugara. Gameammarks, [[FLT:] Brosonson [FF], [FFF], [FT]

Vane Simba Vakabatanidzwa

Pashure pekubudirira kwemutevedzeri weLondon, hurumende yakatambanudza pfungwa yameya yakasarudzwa zvakananga kuzviremera zvinobatanidzwa − mapoka emakurukota anoshanda pamwe chete panhau dzinoshanda. Mametro Meyator" okutanga akasarudzwa muna 2017 nokuda kwenharaunda kubatanidza Greater Manchester, Liverpool City Retution, West Midwards, uye Tees Valley. Ava vanameya vane masimba pamusoro pezvifambiso, unyanzvi, dzimba, uye kukura kwezve zvoupfumi mumatunhu avo.

Kusarudzwa kwameya dzemetro kwakarumbidzwa nokuwedzera kuoneka kwenharaunda nokukwezva mutengi, asi vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuvhota kwakaderera (kazhinji kazhinji 30%) uye kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pomutungamiriri wedare namaMP. Kunyanguvezvo, kombamiro kuvanameya vakasarudzwa zvakananga inopfuurira, nehurumende inorangarirazve kubvisa rondedzero inoita kuti rondedzero idete.

Tapuro Pakutonga Kwomunharaunda Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Chinjo kuna vanameya vakasarudzwa zvakananga yakava netapuro inotapurwa pahurumende yomunzvimbomo. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti inogovera kuzvidavirira kwakananga : vavhoti vanoziva kuti ndiani anopa mhaka kana kuti anopomerwa mhaka nokuda kwezvisarudzo, uye meya anogona kucheka nomumabharakitiro wemubato kuti apedze chinjo. Somuenzaniso, Meya weManchester Mukuru akashandisa masimba akarendenyurutswa kusuma "gadziriro yebhazi franschisching" uye kubatanidza mhinduro kumurangamura weCHOVAID-19. Meyaray wemupatal akatsigira mugariro wapachena uye zvirongwa zvekugadzirwa.

Zvisinei, gadziriro yacho inewo mipini. Kuiswa kwesimba mumunhu mumwe kunogona kusekesa basa ramagennant ndokuita "magariro" ezvamatongerwe enyika anoodza mwoyo kubatira pamwe. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kuzvinoitika apo vanameya vakabonderana navatungamiriri vedare kana kuti mirangariro inofuratirwa, zvichitungamirira kupomero yeautocracy. Kupfuurirazve, kushaikwa kwecherekedzo yakasimba yomukati kana kuti yeyeukoshi (kunze mumigariro yechienzi) kunoreva kuti meya asingagoni kubviswa pakati penhambo pasina chiito chinodhura chomunzvimbomo cheParamende.

Mukuwirirana ne gaba rejenareti, sarudzo dzamameya dzinoona nguva dzose kutora rutivi kwakaderera kupfuura sarudzo dzavose, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji dzichikunda sarudzo dzedare romunzvimbomo. Sarudzo yeLondon yemocharal yakanyora 42%, ichienzaniswa na 60% murusarudzo rwavose rwa 2024. Ikoku kunokarakadza kuti nepo sarudzo dzameya dzinokwezva ngwariro, ivo vachiri kutarisana nedenho mukupinza muvhoterano yakazara.

Fundo Yenyaya: London Mayoralty

Meya yeLondon inopa muenzaniso wakajeka wenzira iyo inosarudzwa nenzira yakananga yakachinjazve udzori. Chifo cha 2000, meya mumwe nomumwe akaunza purogiramu yakasiyana nepurogiramu. Ken Livingstone akatanga kuraira kwemakwikwi, akatanga kadhi reOyster, uye akachengetwa nemari yakaitwa naCrossroll. Boris Johnson akadzosa maOlympic a 2012, akakudza chirongwa chokubhadharo, uye akasimudzira kukura kwenhandare yendege. Sadiq Khan akaisa ngwariro padzimba dzinobhadhaka, kunaka (Ultra Low Egingficing Sone), uye kufambiswa kwavose.

Masimba emeya weLondon akasimba asi haana kuganhurirwa. Kunyange zvakadaro Gungano reLondon rinogovera nzvero uye rinogona kugadziridza bhajeti nembiri mbiri. Nharaunda dzakawanda dzemiitiro, dzakadai sedzidzo netarisiro yenzanga, dzinoramba dziripo nevokuzvishandira. Iyi nharaunda yomutoro pane dzimwe nguva yakatungamirira kunyanduka, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedzimba nezvisarudzo. Kunyange zvakadaro mugari wemo wemo wemo wemona weLondon yose yakabvumikisa kuva nhasha dzakarenguruki, uye hofisi yazova sangano rinoremekedzwa.

Zvimiro Zvenguva Yemberi Mumiedzo Yemayoral

Kutarira mberi, miitiro inoverengeka ingangoumba nguva yemberi ye sarudzo muUK. Chokutanga, kukura kwemhevedzo yemetro Meyaral kunooneka kuti kunoumbwa kupfuurira, hurumende ichinzvera zvibvumirano zvokuchinja zvinhu zvakadai seHampshire, Suflody, uye Cumbria. Izvi zvinoda zvikuru kusikwa kwameya akasarudzwa zvakananga semamiriro emari nemasimba. Ikoku kwakanyandura kurukurirano pamusoro pokuti kana kuwirirana kwakadaro kunoisa chibvumirano chimwe chemitengo chakashairwa panzvimbo idzo dzingada utungamiriri.

Chechipiri, gadziriro yemagetsi nokuda kwameya inoramba ichikurukurwa. SPRIMED Vote (SV), inoshandiswa nokuda kwameya vakasarudzwa zvikurusa, yakatsiviwa muEngland neFirst Past Post (FPPP) nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakabatanidzwa pashure pe 2022 Evolutions Act. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti FPTP ine ngozi dzokuwana tsigiro iri pasi pe 50% uye kuti gadziriro yemitengo yakawanda (yakadai seFost PPTP) inowedzera kuva nohuromo. Hapana hurumende ichiri yakaita chinjo yakadaro.

Chechitatu, gakava pamusoro pamasimba e rinopfuurira. Vamwe vatsigiri vanoda kuti "metro Meyator" ave namasimba anodzosa mutero (zvakadai somutero wemari yomunharaunda kana kuti mwero webhizimisi) kutsigira zvirongwa zvomunharaunda. Vamwe vanonyevera kuti kupa kunyanyova nembiriso yezvigadziko kungagona kuwedzera kusaenzana kwenharaunda. The Serving Up White Paper (2022) yakapikira ku "kudzosa nokuresa" fambiro mberi.

Pakupedzisira, meya wemiitiro anotarisana nenguva yemberi isina chokwadi. Nepo mataundi mazhinji namaguta achikoshesa gamuchidzanwa, kune dzvinyiriro inokura kutsika yazvino uno kana kuti kuparadza basa racho, zvikurukuru semakurukota anorwisana nebhajeti. Vamwe vakatsiva meya wemiitiro ne "chipo chedare" (mutungamiriri wedare anotungamirira pamisangano pasina zita renhau), vachichengeta ndyiko dzenguvo nezvinoitika zvehurumende. Vamwe vakaichengeta asi vakaiita zvakajeka kuti ive isiri yezvamatongerwe enyika, inotenderera pakati pemasangano ose.

Kuona Zvinhu Nemaonero Azvakaita Vamwe

Chinoitika cheUK cheSarudzo yemoyal chinogona kuenzaniswa nedzimwe nyika. MuUnited States, vanameya vakasarudzwa zvakananga itsika yamaguta makuru, kazhinji kazhinji vane masimba makuru nejereti rakasimba. MuGermany, vanameya vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nevhoti yakakurumbira yakananga munyika dzakawanda, namashoko anosvika makore masere. France yakanga yasarudzwa zvakananga kubvira pamutemo wemongiza we1884, uye meya weParis munhu ane simba. UK akakwereta masangano ose aya asi akatanga muenzaniso wemichero yemichero yakasiyana nemimwe, inobatanidza magamuchidzanwa etsika nehurumende yazvino unotonga yehurumende yazvino uno.

mhedziso

Nhau nemhindumupindu yesarudzo dzameya muUnited Kingdom zvinoratidza rwendo rurefu kubva pakusarudza kwakatanhamara kusvikira kukuzvidavirira kwakakurumbira. Meya weMiddle Ages, akasarudzwa nechiverengero chiduku cheburnesses, akatsiviwa nechinjo isina kunanga yezana ramakore iyo yakatanga sarudzo isina kunanga kupfurikidza nematare akarongwa namadhigirii. Zana ramakore rechi20 rakaunza vanameya vakasarudzwa zvakananga, uye zana ramakore rechi21 rakaona wedzero yokukurumidza yomuenzaniso muzviremera zvakabatanidzwa.

Nhasi, sarudzo yeUK' idivi remhemberero dzekare nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno. Meya wetsika anoramba ari munhu anokosheswa munzanga dzakawanda, nepo meya akasarudzwa zvakananga azova hofisi ine simba yezvamatongerwe enyika muLondon, Manchester, West Midlands, uye kuseri. Sezvo devolution inopfuurira uye gakava pamusoro poudzori hwehurumende yomunzvimbomo, sarudzo yehurumende icharamba iri chinhu chikuru chokuita kuti vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vasarudzwe, uye kuzvidavirira, kuvanhu vavanoshumira.

Denho inopfuurira iri kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwenhungamiro yakasimba, inooneka nenheyo dze kutora rutivi kwematomu , transparency, uye mipimo nedzinodzikama . Nhau yesarudzo yemeyari muUK iri kure kure, iri kunyorwa nebhoroti iri yose.

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