Kutanga: Simba Rebhallot

Kurumbidza kumira senzvimbo inotangira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kupa vagari vemo simba rokuumba hurumende yavo nokupesvedzera murairo wetsika dzavose. Apo vanhu vanokanda mapepa avo, havasi kungosarudza bedzi mudariro; vari kusimbisa chibvumirano chenzanga, vachiratidzira zvokutanga zvavo, uye vachiita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. Nyaya ino inonzvera nhau yakapfuma yokuvhota, vasarudzo vazvino uno, marudzi akasiyana - siyana ezvirongwa zvevhoti, ukoshi hukuru hwokutora rutivi, uye denho dzinopfuurira idzo dzinotyisidzira perero yegadziriro yokuvhota. Kunzwisisa aya mativi anokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kuita nenzira ine revoka.

Kutanga Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Murangariro wokuvhota wakachinja zvinoshamisa kubva pamavambo awo mumaguta ekare kusvikira kugadziriro dzakapararira dzanhasi. Pakutanga, frankchise yakanga iri ropafadzo yakachengeterwa vanhu vakatanhamara, inorondedzerwa nokuva nepfuma, kuva murume kana mukadzi, kana kuti boka renzanga. Nhamba huru dzenhau dzinoenzanisira urwu rwendo rurefu uye runowanzokakavadzano kunzvimbo yose.

Mavambo Ekare Nezviitiko zvomuMiddle Ages

MuAthens yekare muzana ramakore rechi5 BCE, vagari vemo vechirume vaigona kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo nezvisarudzo zvokutungamirira. Zvisinei, vakadzi, varanda, uye vasiri vagari vakabviswa. Roman Republic gare gare yakasuma magungano aimirira, asi zvakare, kutora rutivi kwakaganhurirwa. Kusaina [[FLT: 0] Magna Carta [1215] kwakadzivisa simba rakakwana ramambo weEngland ndokusimbisa nheyo yokuti mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo. Iri chinyorwa chakaisa nheyo yakaderera nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yapashure, kunyange zvazvo kuvhotera kwakaramba kwakaganhurirwa kuvagari vemo yevhu nevanokudzwa.

Kumuka Kwehurumende Inomiririra

Chinyorwa cheEngland cheRevotions che 1689 chakasimbisa maruramiro akati eParamende nevhota, asi kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi19 apo kukwidziridza kwakavamba kufutunuka nenzira ine revo. MuUnited States, Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga kusiya zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota kuhurumende, izvo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvakaganhurira kuvari vezvinhu vechichena. [[FLT:] yaimanikidzira nokuda kwe [[FOL:] yapase pose poseposel [[[FLT] [1] [1] muma 1800 kupfurikidza neRotationssssss at ques artics muBritain neRevotionstionstions [5] Act: Fractives nekodzero dzekodzero dzavakadzi nekodzero dzekodzero dzechikadzi muAmerica.[FG.5] Chibvumirano chamakumi amakumi amakumi amakore [Foctive]

Kuwedzera Munyika Yose Nechinjo Dzazvino Uno

Muzana ramakore rechi20 rose, nyika kupota nyika dzakawedzera dare. New Zealand yakava nyika yokutanga kuzvishandisa vamene kupa vakadzi vhoti muna 1893. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, nyika itsva dzichangobva kuzvitonga kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidzwa mumitemo yadzo. Nhasi, inoda democracy iri yose inoshanda panheyo ye “munhu mumwe, vhoti,” kunyange zvazvo kutora kwakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzine kunyoresa kwevoti, nepo dzimwe dzichida kunyoresa kunyoreswa. Kurwira kodzero dzokuvhotera kunopfuurira, nenharo pamusoro pemitemo yevhoti, fenfank , uye shootemu yenzanga dzinonzi . Nokuda kwenguva inodzorwa yezviito zvinozivikanwa zvechikwiriranwa, ona [Fluffreicture]

Mashandiro Anoita Basa Rokugadzira Mazambiringa

Kunyange zvazvo mavhota anosarudzwa achisiyana - siyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana, kusarudza kuzhinji kunotevera nhanho dzinotevedzana.Kunzwisisa matanho aya kunobatsira vavhoti kuti vadzore mitoro yavo uye kuziva pangava nemiganhu kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvingamuka.

Kunyoresa Nemari

Munyika zhinjisa, vagari vemo vakakodzera vanofanira kunyoresa vasati vagona kuvhota. Kunyoresa kungaitika kwoga (sokubvira munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope) kana kuti kukumbira kushandiswa kwokushingaira (sokufanana nehurumende dzakawanda dzeU.S.). Nhevedzano, zvinodikanwa zvokugara, uye zvizivikanwa zvinogamuchirika. Kunyanguvezvo, muUnited States, Nationalal Voter Religionation Act ya 1993 [Moti Voter] yakaita kuti kunyoresa kuve nyore kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagari vemo kunyoresa apo vaiwana rezinesi yomutyairi. Kunyanguvezvo, zvigumbuso zvinoramba zviri manyuko okuzvikwereti, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuwana kwakaderera, vakweguru, uye vanhu vokumaruwa.

Nhimbe Namashoko Ezviyo

Nhimbe dzechisarudzo inhambo umo vadaviri, mapati, uye mapoka ezviwanira mhindu anotsvaka kunyengetedza. Nhimbe dzinovimba nokuzivisa, kurukurirano, kunyora mashoko, uye kunzvera kwamakombiyuta kwakawedzera. Voter vanofanira kusanonzvera mashoko enhimbe kuti vaparadzanise idi nenhema. Zviremera zvizhinji zvinoparadzirawo nhungamiro dzapamutemo dzavavhoti navanosarira. Idiviti rediviso, rakadai se FactCC.org, betsera vagari vagari vemo vawaro.

Kukanda Bharuti

Marobhoti anogona kukanda mapepa awo nemitoo inoverengeka:

  • [ Kuvhota paZuva reSarudzo panzvimbo dzakasarudzwa.
  • [[[ITSORO] Kuvhota kwapamberi pezvi panzvimbo dzakati kuti Zuva Rokusarudza risati rasvika.
  • vhota yemapasi kana kuti yapasipo , inobvumira vavhoti kudzorera matura neposvo kana kuti bhokisi rokudonhedza. Uyu mutoo wakura zvikuru, zvikurukuru mukati medenda reCOVID-19, uye unoramba uri musoro wekurukurirano yechengeteko nokupinda.
  • [ Michina yokuvhota inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo kunetseka pamusoro pokucheka uye kuvimbika kwesoftware kwakatungamirira dzimwe nyika kudzokera kupepa.

Kuverenga Majeri Netsamba

Pashure pokunge nzvero dzapera, mabhora anounganidzwa ndokuverengwa. Zvirongwa nokuda kwokuwandisa zvinosiana: mamwe masangano anoshandisa mascanner eoptical, mamwe nhamba yemaoko. Nhevedzo kubva munhimbe, mapoka ewawadhi, uye varedhi venhau vanoona muitiro. Mitengo, mishumo, uye denho dzapamutemo zvinogona kunonotsa kunyoreswa nehurumende uye mapoti ezvisarudzo omunzvimbomo vasati vagadzwa mukusarudza kwapurezidhendi. Kujeka nokururana kwedavirwa kwedaviro ino zvinokosha nokuda kwokuvimba navanhu vose.

Zvikamu Zvezvisarudzo Nezvinangwa Zvazvo

Hakusati kuri sarudzo dzose dzakafanana; marudzi akasiana - siana anobatira mabasa akasiyana - siyana mukati megadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Pasi apa ndiwo mapoka anozivikanwa zvikurusa.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo yavose inosarudza kuti ndiani achava nenzvimbo yavose pamwero wenyika, hurumende, Sarudzo dzehurumende dzinoitika gore rimwe nerimwe kunyange gore, nezvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi makore mana ari ose nezvisarudzo pakati penhambo dzapakati penhambo nenhambo pakati perimwe. Gadziro dzeParamende, dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, dzinoita sarudzo yavose kuti dzisarudze mitezo yeImba yeCommons, zvikurukuru makore mashanu ari ose kutoti kusarudzwa kwokukurumidza kudanwa.

Kusarudza Kwepombe NekwaCaucus

Iwaya makwikwi omubato okusarudza mudavi webato nokuda kwesarudzo yavose. Varimi vanogona kuvharwa (mitezo yebato bedzi yakanyorwa) kana kuti kuzarurwa (muvhoti upi noupi angatora rutivi). Mitambo inokurukura apo vavhoti vanokurukura uye ipapo vanovhota kupfurikidza nokuratidza maoko kana kuti shoo yapachivande. Nepo maPrimeter anozivikanwa zvikuru, macaucreuse anoramba ari muhurumende shomanene dzeU.S., dzakadai seIowa naNevada.

Kutanga Kuita Zvinhu

Mune mesendim, vagari vemo vanovhota zvakananga pagadziriro yakananga kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunokarakadzwa nedare. Kutanga muitiro uyo vagari vemo vanokarakadza mitemo mitsva kana kuti kugadziriswa kupfurikidza nokusaina kupfurikidza nokukumbira, pashure pako mwero unooneka pabhorati. Switzerland nenzira yakakurumbira inoshandisa mamesendi enhau kazhinji kazhinji, kubvumira vavhoti kuyera chinhu chiri chose kubva pamuitiro wehondo kusvikira kukupinda munyika. MuU.S., nyika zhinji dzine zvitedzo zvebhuroti panhau dzakadai serasika remutero, mutero, uye kubvisa mimba.

Zvisarudzo Zvomunzvimbomo Nezvechienzi

Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzinozadza nzvimbo dzakadai sameya, mitezo yedare reguta, vakuru vakuru vedare rechikoro, uye vasarudzo ava kazhinji kazhinji vane muvhoti akaderera kupfuura makwikwi enyika, bva ivo vanotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubatanidza kugadzikisa, dzidzo yavose, uye mapurisa. Sarudzo chaidzo dzinoitwa kuti dzizadze nzvimbo inoparirwa nokurega basa, rufu, kana kuti kubviswa kwomurongi, kana kuti kusarudza mubvunzo mukuru (g., chisungo itsauko).

Chikonzero Nei Tichiparidzira Vamwe Zvinhu

Kukwidza maoko hausi kodzero chete; ibasa rehurumende rine zvarinoita kunzanga, uye kuvhota kunosimbisa kodzero yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye kunoita kuti hurumende irambe ichiteerera vanhu.

Mufananidzo Nenzwi

Vhoti iri yose chiratidzo chezvinodiwa nezvinokosheswa. Kana zvikamu zvikuru zvevagari vemo zvichigara pamusha, fariro dzavo dzingafuratirwa navagadziri vemitemo. Nenzira yakapesana, kusarudza kukuru kunoparira miuyo yakawanda inomirira. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti hurumende dzinokombamira kuva dzinogamuchira zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvavavhoti vanotora rutivi nguva dzose, uko kuri chikonzero nei nhamburiko dzokuwedzera kukwira bhadharo dzichiva dzakakomba nokuda kwokusasarura.

Kuzvidavirira

Tsarudzo muitiro mukuru uyo vagari vemo vanoranga kana kuti vanotusa. wezvematongerwe enyika anokundikana kupa zvipikirwa kana kuti simba rinokuvadza anogona kuvhotwa muhofisi. Tyisidziro yokukundwa kwevhoti inoparira kugamuchira uye kudzivisa ushati. Mitemo, yeuka sarudzo, uye kuoneka kwemari kunowedzera kuzvidavirira kwose.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechikwata uye Kubatana Munzanga

Kutamba rutivi rwehurumende runobatanidza vanhu nenzanga yavo nehurumende. Kunosimudzira pfungwa yokuva voga uye kuita zvisarudzo zvakabatana. Kuenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kunowanzova kubvumirana nokuvimba zvikuru mumasangano uye mwero yakaderera yamasimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwa nhau dzavo dzokuvhota, vane bviro huru yokupinda muzvimwe zvimiro zvoupenyu hwehurumende, zvakadai sokuzvipira, kupinda horo dzetaundi, kana kuti kushandira zvinzvimbo.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Pakuwedzera

Pasinei zvapo nekuva kwayo nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, basa rokuvhota rinotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinokosha zvinogona kuderedza kutora rutivi nokuvimba.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nekuodzwa Mwoyo Kukuru

Kudzvinyirira kworusando kunonongedzera kumitoo yakagadzirirwa kuderedza simba rokuvhota ramapoka akati. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza mitero yokuvhota, kunzverwa kwokunyora nokunyora. Munguva dzazvino uno, mitemo yeID inoganhurira, kubvisa mavhota, kuderedza nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro dzorumano dzinotapura nomutoo wakatanhamara mamirioni evoti. Felton syncrance symbos symbol. Maererano ne Brenan Center for Justice[[FLT]], aya matanho anogona kudzvinyirira mamirioni emitemo yokuvhota. Felsanfranchizer .

Mhinganidzo Dzokupinda

Mipinyi yokuzvidzora uye yezvemashandiro anoita zvinhu inodzivisa vagari vemo vakakodzera kuvhota. Vanhu vakaremara vangawana nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzisingasvikiki, nepo avo vasina zvokufambisa kana kuti maawa ebasa anochinjika vachiparapatika kuti vavhote mumunhu. Miganhu yemitauro nokushayikwa kwezvinhu zvinoshandurwa zvinoganhurirawo kutora. kuvhota tsamba kunopa mhinduro, asi kunoda mabasa etsamba akavimbika uye kunogona kumutsa zvinetso kune vasina kero yakagadzwa kana kuti vasina chivimbo mukuita.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema pamusoro pavatendi, miitiro yokuvhota, uye kuvimbika kwesarudzo kwasvika mwero inotyisa. Zvikamu zvenhau zvenzanga zvinogona kukudza zvose zviri zviviri zvikanganiso zvamaune uye nhimbe dzokubvisa mashoko. Voter vangatsauswa pamusoro penzvimbo dzokuvhota, miganhu yokunyoresa, kana kuti zvinodikanwa. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pokunyengera kwakapararira kunogona kubvisa chivimbo mugadziriro inosarudzwa uye kunyandura zviito zvokutyisidzira. Hurumende namasangano enzanga avagari vemo ari kushanda kurwisa kushatiswa kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzezivikanwo yavose uye kuzvidavirira.

Kugadzira Marimanindi uye Kuisa Partisan Ruwa

Gerrymander kudzorwa kwemiganhu yeruwa yevhota kuti ibetsere boka rakati. Kupfurikidza no “kuvhota” kana kuti“ kuisa vavhoti mumaruwa akati, vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogona kusarudza nenzira inobudirira miuyo yesarudzo. Muitiro unosekesa nheyo yemimireza inoruramisira uye uderedza makwikwi okusarudza. National Conference of State Legislatures inogovera upfumi pakuchinjazve, kubatanidza masangano anozvimirira anoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika kuderedza tsvengedzero.

Kutya

Sarudzo dzazvino uno dzinotsamira zvikuru pamichina yemichina inogadzirwa, zvichiita kuti dzive pangozi yokurwiswa nekombiyuta. Kudzongonyedzwa kwedzimwe nyika, kudzorwa kwemapepa okuvhota, uye kurwiswa kwemichina yokuvhota kune ngozi chaidzoidzo. Nepo Sarudzo zhinjisa muUnited States ichishandisa mapepa anogona kuongororwa, mativi mazhinji achiri kushandisa michina yokuvhota isina pepa. Kusimbisa kuvhota kwekombiyuta, kuongorora nguva dzose, uye kuchengeta kutarisira vanhu kunokosha kudzivirira kuvimbika kwevatongi.

Masangano Okugadzira Zvinhu Nezvinokonzerwa Nawo

Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzezvisarudzo kunobetsera vagari vemo kududzira miuyo yesarudzo uye kutsigira chinjo.

Chokutanga-Past-the Post (Platurality Voting)

Inoshandiswa muUnited States, United Kingdom, uye Canada, tsika inopa mugariro kuna mukwikwidzani namavhoti mazhinjisa muruwa rumwe norumwe, kunyange kana vasingagamuchiri voruzhinji. Kwakapfava asi kunogona kutungamirira kukuvhota, “mavhoti,” uye kushaikwa kwemienzaniso. Mapoka maduku anowanzorwisa kuwina zvigaro, uye tsika inokombamira kuita kuti pave nokukwikwidza kuviri.

Kumirira Kuitwa

Mumiitiro inowirirana, mapati anowana zvigaro zviri muwirirano yezvivhoti izvo anogamuchira munyika yose kana kuti mumaruwa makuru. Nyika zhinji dzeEurope (zvikurukuru, Germany, Sweden) dzinoshandisa uyu muenzaniso, uyo unoda kubudisa masangano emisika ane makamu akawanda nehurumende dzakabatana. Mapati eExtremist anogona kuva nesimba riri nyore zvikuru, asi tsika inowanzova nechokwadi chokuti manzwi mashomanene anomiririrwa.

Rank-Choice Voing (Instant- Runoff)

Kuvhota kwapachivande kunobvumira vavhoti kuisa vada kuvana munhevedzano. Kana pasina mutsigiri anosvika voruzhinji, muvhoti wokupedzisira anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa kune chimwe chisarudzo. Muitiro uyu unodzokororwa kutozosvikira mukundi abuda. Anogamuchirwa mumaguta akadai saSan Francisco naMinneapolis, uye anodzorwa munyika muMaine neAlaska, kuvhota kwapamubatanidzwa kwenzvimbo kwakarongwa kunodzivisa kuvhotera kwakaipa, kunoderedza “mutendi wepeyi,” uye kunovimbisa kuti muwinwi ane tsigiro huru.

Basa Rezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Muzvisarudzo Zvazvino Uno

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakachinja anenge mativi ose esarudzo, kubva mukunyoreswa kwomuvhoti kuti kuparadzirwe.

Muchina Wemagetsi uye WeInternet

Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seEstonia, dzakaita zvokuvhota paInternet, dzichibvumira vagari vemo kukanda mavhota kubva pakombiyuta ipi neipi. Kunyange zvazvo zviri nani, kuvhota paIndaneti kunomutsa zvinetso zvikuru zvokuchengeteka, kubatanidza ngozi yemasero makuru okutema uye kusakwanisa kuva nechokwadi chemunhu anenge avhota pachivande. Utongi hwakawanda hwave huchingwarira pamusoro pokuvhota paInternet nokuda kweichikonzero ichi. Kuvhota kwakavakirwa pakombiyuta kwave kwakakarakadzwa sechinotsiva chakachengeteka, asi kunoramba kuri denho dzinoedza uye zviso zvinoda kuonekwa.

Zvinyorwa Zvemabhuku Zvinonyoresa

2016, nyanzvi dzemavhoti dzinowana mapepa okunyoresa evhoti mukombiyuta. Kuongorora magetsi enguva dzose pachishandiswa kombiyuta, mahofisi okuchengetedza, majekiseni okuchengetedza, uye kudzora kukwanisa kupinda pakombiyuta kunokosha kuti vadzivirire masangano aya.

Mashoko Anotaura Nezvezvinhu Zviduku - duku

Nhimbe dzinoshandisa mashoko anopesana kuziva sezvingabvira vatsigiri namashoko anogadzirirwa kuchiverengero chavagari vemo chakananga. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka, kunomutsawo itiro hanya dzakavanzika uye kunogona kuiswa zvombo kuti kuparadzire zvirimo zvinopesana kana kuti zvinotsausa. Cambridge Analytica inonyadzisa yakasimbisa kuti mashoko akakohwiwa zvisina kufanira anogona kushandiswa sei kudzora mufambiro wavavhoti. Kudzorwa kweziviso yemapikicha ezvamatongerwe enyika kunoramba kuri nzvimbo inokwikwikwidza.

Mugumisiro: Nguva Yemberi Yokusarudza Kwechinzvimbo Chinosarudzwa Nehurumende

Kuvhota uye kusarudza masangano makuru anofanira kuchinjira kuchinjo dzenzanga, ruzivo, uye zvamatongerwe enyika. Nheyo huru . dzinoti mugari ari wose akakodzera anofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokukanda bhosvoti uye kuti mabhora iwayo anofanira kurangarirwa zvakarurama senguva dzose. Zvizvarwa zvinogona kubetsera kusimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nokuramba vakaziviswa, kuvhota, kutora rutivi murusarudzo rwuri rwose, uye kutsigira chinjo dzinobvisa miganhu ndokudzivirira perero. Munyika umo vanhu vazhinji vachiri kurwira maruramiro okuvhota, kushandisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri iropafadzo nebasa. Ubati ushe hwedeoruzhinji hunotsamira pakushanda, kuzivisa, uye kutora rutivi rusingatyi kwavanhu vahwo.