Simba Remitemo Resimba Rokuchengetedza

Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bumbiro remitemo rinopa chaizvoizvo masimba emitemo akananga pamusoro pechengeteko yenyika. Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., somuenzaniso, chinopa Dare simba rokuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta, uye kuita mitemo yokudzora kwehondo. Gadziriro dzakafanana dziripo mune dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga, umo maparamende ane zvikamu zvechikwama uye anofanira kubvumira kugadzwa kwemasimba. Iyi mitemo inovimbisa kuti vamiririri vavanhu vane chirevo chakananga munhau dzoupenyu norufu, inodzivisa mukuru upi noupi wehurumende yehondo anoshandisa chiremera chehondo chisingadzorwi.

Kupfuura masimba ehondo, masangano emitemo anorondedzera gadziriro yapamutemo yamasangano ouchenjeri, zvirongwa zvokunzvera, uye mabasa okudzivisa ugandanga. GENCE Surveillance Act (FISA) muUnited States, somuenzaniso, yakaitwa neCongress kuti idzore kuongorora kwemagetsi, uye inoda kuti pavezve noungwaru netarisiro. MuUnited Kingdom, Masimba anoparadza muUnited, anoisawo miganhuro yapamutemo yokudzivisa 2016[FLT] . Iyi mitemo haisati isati ichidzorwa; masangano anodzorwa nguva dzose kuti aende kutyisidzirwe, anodiridza chengeteko nekodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kudzora Mari Sechinoderedza Simba

Zvichida masangano ezvishandiso akananga zvikurusa anoshandiswa idzoro pamusoro pemari yenyika. Kunzvera kunotema chinhu chiri chose kubva pamwero yeboka nezvishandiso kuti zvinzvere gadziriro dzezvombo zvezera rinotevera. MuUnited States, National Defense Insiging Act (NDA) chikamu chikuru chomutemo unoisa zvokutanga zvemitemo uye unobvumira mari inotengwa nokuda kweBato reNDA kuumba, kurambidza mibato yakati (zvakadai sokutambudza kana kuti kuvharwa kwezvivako), uye mishumo inobva kubazu romukuru wehurumende.

Kutongwa kwemari kunoshandawo senzvimbo yokutarisira. Matare anobvunza vakuru vakuru vadziviriri pamusoro pechinhu chiri chose chinobva pakudhura papurogiramu yeF-35 kusvikira kukugadzirwa kwematura enyukireya. Kutyisidzira kwemari yemari kunogona kumanikidza mukuru mukuru kuchinja muitiro kana kuti kupa mashoko akawanda kuCongress. Muparamende, dare rezvemari rinoongorora muganhu wokuzvidzivirira pachishandiswa muganhu, richivimbisa kuti mari yomubhadharo inopedzwa zvakanaka uye mumutsa zvinhu zvinokosha.

Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCOVID-19, masangano akawanda emitemo anodzivirira mari chaiyo kuutano hwevanhu, achiratidza kuti zvisarudzo zvemari yokuronga mishonga zvinoratidza mipimo yenzanga netyisidziro dzapakarepo. Zviito zvakadaro zvinoratidza kuti simba remitemo rinotambanudza kupfuura kutenderwa kuduku,(idzo dzinoumba mano chaiwo nechimiro zvemauto.

Michina Inodzora Mitemo Yapamutemo

Kunzwa, Kuongorora, uye Kuongorora Mutungamiriri Wevanhu

Kutungamirira ikokumira kwesimba remitemo. Matare anomira mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, zvakadai seDare reMirimo yeHouseland Security Committee neHouse Homeland Security Committee, anoita dare renguva dzose panhau dzechengeteko. Uku kunzwa kunounza vakuru vakuru (kubatanidza Munyori weNhengo dzeHurumende, Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence, uye vakuru vakuru vehondo vanopupurira pasi pemhiko. Manyoro anovapo nemiraudzo inozivisa kurukurirano yavose uye anogona kutungamirira kukuchinja wirirano yemitemo.

Nzvero chimwe chishandiso chinokosha. Mukutevera kudenha kwe September 11, Congress yakatanga 9/11 Commission yokunzvera kundikano dzouchenjeri. Rumbidzo dzesangano dzakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweMutungamiriri weNational Intelligence naHofisi yeNational Intelligence, kuzivisazve nzanga yenjere dzeU.S. zvakafanana, UK Palamente’s Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) inonzvera basa re MI5, MH, naGCQ, inoshuma kuti apo inodzivirira mashoko anonyorwa.

Basa Revaongorori Vakawanda

Mitemo inowanzotanga zvigaro zvakazvimirira mukati memasangano echengetedzo. Department of Defense Office of Inspector General, somuenzaniso, inonzvera nokunzvera kupomera kwemhindu, tsvina, uye kushatiswa. DoD Munzveri mukuru wenhau anoshuma nguva dzose kuDare, kupa vagadziri vemitemo chekichekedzo yazvimirira padzoro dzomukati dzomukuru. Iyi inovimbisa kuti mabasa echengeteko yorudzi anowirirana nomutemo uye kuti chakaipa chipi nechipi chinonyorwa nokukurumidza.

Nharo Pamusoro Pesimba Rekurumidziro

Rimwe renzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzesimba remitemo dzinoitira hanya masimba engozi. Mabumbiro emitemo nemitemo zvinopa vakuru vakuru mano okuita chiito nokukurumidza munjodzi, asi vagadzi vemitemo vanofanira kurondedzera ukuru nourefu hwemasimba akadaro. MuUnited States, National Emerticementation Act inoda kuti purezidhendi azivise mamiriro ezvinhu okukurumidzira mukunyora uye agadzirise miitiro yokuti Dare riipedze kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chakabatana. Asi, purezidhendi vazhinji vakashandisa zviziviso zvekurumidziro kutsausa mari, kuisa zvirevo, kana kuti kukurudzira National Guver, kazhinji kazhinji kunzvera miganhuro yemitemo yeChibvumirano.

Denda reCOVID-19 rakasimbisawo kusawirirana pakati poutano hwavanhu nechengeteko. Masimba munyika yose aifanira kudzikamisa chiremera chokuisa zvigadziko nokurambidza kufamba apo vaitarisira. Vamwe vaiti vemitemo vakadzorera kumirano yevakuru vakuru yavakafunga kuva yakakwirira, vachimanikidza nharo muparamende pamusoro penhambo dzengozi. Ikoku kunosimbisa basa redare sedziviriro mukurwisana nokuiswa kwesimba, kunyange munguva dzetyisidziro dzinovapo.

Mumwe muenzaniso iUK’s Civil Continpotution Act 2004, inobvumira hurumende kuita mitemo yekurumidziro asi inoda kuti iiitwe pamberi peParamende nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. chiito chacho chinoganhurirawo mirau yekurumidziro kumazuva 30 pasina mvumo yeparamende, kuvimbisa kuti masimba makuru zvikuru ndeenguva pfupi uye anofanira kudzokororwa. Masangano akadaro anokosha kuti achengetedze kuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mukati menjodzi.

Kuongorora Nyaya: United States Congress uye Paramende yeUK

United States Congress

Dare reU.S. rashandisa chiremera charo kubvumira uto rehondo kupfurikidza neChibvumirano nokuda kweUsero rweMatomu eMikhosi (AMF). 2001 AUMF, yakapfuudzwa pashure pe 9/11, yakapa purezidhendi chiremera chakafara chokushandisa “simba rose rakafanira nerakafanira” mukurwisana naavo vane mutoro wokudenha. Uyu mutemo wakashandiswa kururamisa mabasa ehondo muAfghanistan, Iraq, uye kupfuvura, kunyange mapoka asina kuvapo muna 2001, boka rebistarian muCongress rakasunda kana kuti kutsiva 2001 AUMF, kusimbisa kuti razova nzverongedzero isingagumi yehondo. Gakava racho rinosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nomutoro wedare rokuongorora pamutemo nokuda kwerwisa hondo dzinopfuurira.

Congress inoitawo basa guru mukubvumira nokutarisira zviito zvokuvhara. Pasi peNational Security Act ya1947, purezidhendi anofanira kushuma “panguva ino” kumatare oungwaru edare pachinhu chipi nechipi chokunyepera. Chinodikanwa ichi, kunyange zvazvo chinowanzotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva asina kujeka, chinopa vagadziri vemitemo hwindo mumabasa angadai akavanzika. Matare anogona kumisa kutsigira mari nokuda kwokushanda kwokuvhara nokuisa ganhuriro kumitengo, kuchipa ganhuriro ine simba pamusoro penzanga yakangwara.

Paramende yeUK

MuUnited Kingdom, simba rokuzivisa hondo rinoshandiswa neHurumende musimba roumambo, asi kokorodzano dzebumbiro remitemo dzakachinja kuti dzide tendero yeparamende nokuda kwechiito chehondo. Muna 2003, hurumende yakatsvaka ndokuwana vhoti inobvumira kuvhozhokera Iraq, kunyange zvazvo vhoti yacho yakanga isiri inobatira. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 2013, Imba yeCommos yakavhotera kurwisa hondo muSyria, ichidzivisa hurumende kuti isabatana nemhepo. Dare iri rakagadza muenzaniso wokuti vafundisi vakuru vakuru vakuru vatsva vachatsvaka chibvumirano chehurumende vasati vaita mauto okurwisa.

UK Paramende inonzverawo dziviriro kupfurikidza neDare reDefence, iro rine kubvunza pamusoro penhau dzinovambira munguva yemberi yedziviriro yenyukireya kukuwana midziyo. Dare reDefence [[[FLT: 1] rinobudisa mishumo iyo inowanzopesvedzera mirau yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kwayo mupurogiramu yemotokari yakagadzirwa nenhumbi dzehondo dzakafukunura kunonozeka nenhau dzekotsekano, kuchisunda Minisitiri yeDefence kusvikira kuzvibvumirano zvekuvandudza.

Matambudziko Achiripo: Kutya, Kutya Kuhwanda, uye Uchenjeri

Mitemo Yokuchengetedza

Nzvimbo yemichina yazova nzvimbo huru muchengeteko yenyika. Mabhuku ane mutoro wokuisa mitemo inodzivirira gadziriro dzinonetsa, inoda kuziviswa, uye inobvumira mabasa eIndaneti. MuUnited States, Cybersecurity Information Universe Act (CISA) ya 2015 anokurudzira makambani epachivande kugoverana mashoko okutyisidzira hurumende, nepo MISCIS] CYbersecurity Frames inogovera mipimo yokuzvidira. Zvisinei, nharo pamusoro pouzivi hwemashoko okubhairira, mashoko okuviga, uye kuongorora dzinopfuurira. Vamwe vatsigiriri vemitemo nokuda kwe “kusvika kwapamberi , nepo kukurukurirana kwakavanzika kwakavanzika kusingavaki.

Munguva ino, European Union yakapa mirayiridzo yeNetwork and Information Security (NIS) muna 2016, ichida kuti nyika dziri nhengo dzishandise mano ekombiyuta uye zviitiko zvinoshuma. Murayiro wacho wakagadziridzwa muna 2022 kuti upedze mamwe makambani uye ugadziridze zvirango zvakatsiga. Kurwisa kwemitemo munzvimbo ino kunokosha nokuti tyisidziro dzeIndaneti dzinokurumidza kuvapo, uye mitemo yekare inogona kusiya nyika dzisina dziviriro. Mapareta anofanirawo kutaura nezvokushandiswa kwehondo kwoungwaru, zvombo zvinongoshandiswa neambuvarirano yekombiyuta.

Kutyisidzira Nokusanzwisisana Kwakabondera

Kudavidza, masangano emitemo anopindira mune dzimwe nyika mukuvhota, kubvumira vanhu kuti vasarudze mashoko enhema, uye kutsigira masangano ezvemari.

Somuenzaniso, UK’s Counter-Terrorism and Bource Security Act 2019 yakaita mhosva itsva dzine chokuita nokuparadzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvemagandanga uye kurovedzwa kwevanhu nokuda kwougandanga. Chiito chakataurwawo paIndaneti kuti ienderere mberi. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare reU.S. rakatonga basa renzanga mukuparadzira kubuda kwemashoko okune dzimwe nyika, zvichitungamirira kukurayira kuti pave nokujeka kukuru nemitemo. Izvi zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinoda kungwarira kudzivisa kudzorwa kworusununguko rwokutaura nepo zvichiri kudzivirira kuchengeteka kworudzi.

Ungwaru Hunoratidza Kuti Munhu Ane Ungwaru uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Masangano enjere anoshanda pasi pemitemo inorondedzera uye kugadziridza. National Security Act ya1947, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ya2004, uye mitemo yakatevera yakaumba nzanga yeUnited States ine simba renzwisiso renguva nenguva. Zvibvumikiso zvemirayiro zvenguva nenguva zvinopa vagadziri vemitemo mukana wokugadziridza zvinhu zvinokosha, mishumo yevhuro, uye miganhuro yehurukuro. Makore achangobva kupfuura aya, Congress akanation yakanangidzira pakugadziridza Siculture Surveillance Court, ichivimbisa kuti zvirongwa zvakaita seChikamu 702 cheFISA haisi zvinodzo zvekodzero dzechiga cheAmerica zvekuzvigaro zvemunhu oga pasina kudzivirira kwakakodzera.

Mukupedzisa mapeji eSnowden, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapfuudza mitemo mitsva yokutarisira. Federal Intelligence Service Act yeGermany yakavandudzwa kuumba dare rinotarisira reparamende ndokuisa miganhu yorumano pakuteerera. MuAustralia, Intelligence Services Act 2001 yakagadziridzwa kuti iwedzere basa reInspecter-Jiner of Intelligence and Security. Iyi chinjo inoratidzira kuti dare remitemo rinogona kugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo nezvine chokuita vanhu nepo rinenge richichengeta mano ouchenjeri anoshanda.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwenyika Yose uye Kuparadzaniswa Kwemashoko

Kuchengeteka kwerudzi hachisi chinhu chinoitwa mudzimba chete. Mitemo inotora rutivi mukuchengeteka kwamarudzi ose kupfurikidza nokubatanidza zvibvumirano zvokuzvidzivirira, kutendera zvibvumirano, uye kuva mutezo mumagungano apakati pezvibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, Dare reUnited States rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano zvakadai sebvumirano yokuderedza zvombo zvenyukireya neRussia, ichiipa basa rakananga mukudzora zvombo. Nenzira yakafanana, Paramende yeUK inoita nharo pamusoro pezvibvumirano zveNATO uye mavhotera pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvemari zvekutsigira nokuda kwegadziriro dzinogoveranwa dzedziviriro.

Masangano mazhinji emitemo imitezowo yeNaTO Parlemary Assembly, iyo inounganidza vaiti vemitemo vanobva kunyika dziri mitezo kuti vakurukure denho dzechengeteko uye kurumbidza mitemo. Mishumo yegungano pamusoro penhau dzakafanana netyisidziro yemibatanidzwa yakabva kuRussia kana kuti revo dzeChina’s Belt ne Road Initivery inozivisa nharo dzenyika nechimiro chewirirano. MuEuropean Union, Dare reEurope reMaparamende reMakurukota rinobata nhau dzechengeteko, kubatanidza kutsigira Ukraine nezvibvumikiso zvinorwisana nehurumende dzinodenha. Iyi mibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa inobvumira kupesvedzera miganhuro yehurumende kupfurira mberi kwemiganhuro yavo, inosimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende yeEurope muukama hwenyika yose.

mhedziso

Simba romutemo harisi muitirowo zvawo muchengeteko yenyika; isimba rinoshanda, rinokosha rinoumba zvokutanga zvokuzvidzivirira, mabhajeti, uye gadziriro dzapamutemo. Kuvambira pakugoverwa kwebumbiro remitemo ramasimba ehondo kusvikira kuutarisiro hune udzame hwemibato yengwaru, matare anovimbisa kuti miitiro yechengeteko irambe ichizvidavirira kuvanhu uye ichidzorwa nomutemo. Kutenderwa kwegadziriro yokuronga mari kunopa mano okudzora chimiro chehondo, nepo kunzwa nokunzvera zvinoratidzira budiriro nekundikano. Masimba ekurumidziro nedenho dzazvino uno kufanana netyisidziro dzekombiyuta zvinoda ngwariro yenguva dzose, kuvimbisa kuti matanho echengeteko anoshandurwa pasina kushatisa nheyo dzehurumende.

Zviitiko zveUnited States Congress neUK Parmeter zvinoratidza kuti matare emitemo akachinja sei masimba awo nokufamba kwenguva, achipindura kutyisidziro itsva paanenge achirwisana nemibvunzo inoramba iripo pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pekuchengeteka nerusununguko. Munguva yehondo dzakavhengana, kubvisa mashoko, uye kuchinja kwokugadzira zvinhu nokukurumidza, basa remitemo rinokosha kupfuura nakare kose. Vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kuramba vachishandisa simba ravo nouchenjeri nokufanoziva zviri mberi, vachivimbisa kuti zvirongwa zvokuchengetedza nyika hazvingoshandi chete asi zvinoshandawo zvakarurama, zviri pachena, uye zvine chokuita nokubvumirana nezvinoitwa nevanotongwa. Kunzwisisa basa iri rinokosha kumunhu upi noupi anoedza kunzwisisa kuti nyika dzinozvidzivirira sei munyika ine ngozi.