Kutanga: Kufambira Mberi Kunoitika Munguva Yemadhigirii

Dare reChiitiko reClaus reProcession, rakasimbiswa muMitemo yeshanu neMitemo ye145, rinoraira kuti hapana munhu achanyimwa "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Kwamazana maviri amakore gadziriro iyi yakamira sedziviriro pamibato yehurumende inosarudzwa. Kunyange zvakadaro chinjo yemichina yakatanga mibvunzo mitsva: Muitiro wakafanira unoshanda sei apo kunzvera kunoitika munguva chaiyoiyo? Zvidziviriro zvipi zvinofanira kuvapo nyika isati yasvika iemail dzomunhu, mashoko enzvimbo, kana kuti kunzvera nhau? Mibvunzo iyi iri pamitemo yemitemo yemitemo, yoruzivo rwamatongo, uye maruramiro avagari vemo. Nyaya inonzvera kuti matare akadudzira sei Mutemo wemakombiyuta nedata emagetsi, mipimo yezvipoteshina, uye kurangarira kuchengeteka kwekodzero yorudzi pakati penyika.

Kuronga Kunofanira Kuita Claus: Kugadzira uye Kuronga

Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wakafanira unoshanda sei kuutarisi, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa mipimo yawo miviri. Project yegadziriro yakafanira inoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inosasarura isati yanyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Ikoku kunobatanidza chiziviso, mukana wokunzwiwa, uye chisarudzo kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chisingatori rutivi. Muitiro wefariro wakafanira [[ hurumende inodzivisa kudzora kodzero huru yemiitiro inoshandiswa, kutoti chiito chacho chive chikatarwa zvishoma kuti chishande fariro inodzo inodzoreka. Mumutemo wokunzvera, zvose zviri zviviri zvinowirirana. Kuunganidzwa kwemitengo yemari yomunhu oga.

Munhau dzakaitika, gadziriro dzakakodzera dzakachinja pamwe chete nokuchinja kwemichina. Dare repamusorosoro mu Olstead v. United States [1928] (1928) pakutanga raidavira kuti kufeya-feyanya hakuna kuita nzvero muGaramende-Dreference nemhaka yokuti kwakanga kusina kukanganisa kwomuviri. Mutongi Brandeis akakurumbira airamba kuti dziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinofanira kuramba dzichifambirana nokuchinja kweruzivo rwemitengo. (a) pfungwa yaizochinja purogiramu yakazotevera kuongorora zvakafanira. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare rakaziva kuti kuongorora kwaigona kuputsa kurambidza zvose kuongorora kweDwechina uye kuongorora kusanzwisisa kwaClaus Claus

Kushanda Nemagetsi: Tsananguro Nemabasa Aiitwa Mumutemo

Kuongorora kwemagetsi kunobatanidza mhatsa huru yemibato: kuridza runhare, kuvhara maemail, kuongorora nhare dzepanter, kuunganidza metamina, kushandisa masero-sisitai, uye kuronga miunganidzwa yemashoko akawanda mupurogiramu dzakadai seyaEdward Snowden. pamutemo ibasa remitemo, zvirongwa zvokuranga, uye zvisarudzo zvokutonga. Intelligence Surveillance Act (FANSA)[FLT] ya1979] yakaita dare rakavanzika (Dare reFisa) rokuvhura rapa pamutemo kuti ritendere kudzora zvirongwa zvedzimwe nyika kana kuti zvishandiso zvavo. Pashure pekutsvakawo mamwe masangano ehurumende. [FFFFF]

Mubatanidzwa weCend Procession Claus weSangano reClaus neiyi nzira dzinoverengeka. Apo hurumende inotsvaka kushandisa ufakazi hunopiwa nokunzvera murovereri mhaka, mukwirirwi anofanira kugamuchira chiziviso chakarurama choufakazi nebanza rokudenha kuva pamutemo kwayo. Mumifungo yenyika, muitiro wekudzivirira kwapamutemo ungaiswa mumativi akasiana neizvi, somuenzaniso, Dare reFISA rinoita basa reapo, nehurumende bedzi iripo. Vatsoropodzi vanofanira kushora uku muitiro wakafanira kupfurikidza nokuramba mikana ipi neipi yokukwikwidza mirayiro. Dare rapamusorosoro rakataura nezveizvi zvinhu asi rakasiya zvisina kugadziriswa.

Nhevedzo Dzakanyanya Dzakaitwa neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

  • [FLT] Katz v. United States[FLT :67] Dare raidavira kuti Dare reFrene Amendment rinodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo, uye kuti kutarisira kwomunhu kuvandika kunotema kana kunzvera kukaitika. Kubatana kwechishandiso chokuteerera foni chakaumbwa nemitemo inoda pamutemo. Nepo nhau yacho iri zvikurukuru chisarudzo cheNhetembo Yechina, kurangarira kwayo pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvine mufungo kwave kuri pakati pokunzvera kwakafanira muzviitiko zvokunzvera. [[FLT]] KK], hurumende haigoni kutaura kuti kana kuti inoda kunzvera kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi pakugadzirwa kwounyanzvi.
  • [FLT]Smith v. Maryland [1997]): Muganhuriro huru, Dare rakatonga kuti munhu haana kariro yapamutemo yokuva woga munhamba dzorunhare yakadana nemhaka yokuti nhamba idzodzo dzinoendeswa nokuzvidira kukambani yorunhare. Iyi “dzidziso yetatu yezvikamu” yakabvumira hurumende kuwana mashoko okunyoresa pasina rugwaro. Makumi emakore gare gare, kushandiswa kukuru kwemitezo yezviteshinaro zvenzvimbo dzera yezviziviso zvenzvimbo yekombiyuta (kubatanidza mapepa edare) kudzokororesa iyi dzidziso.
  • [FLT] United States v. Jones (20:[FLT:]] Dare rakabatana raidavira kuti kubatanidza GPS munzveri kumotokari yakaisa kunzvera, kunyange zvazvo ruramisiro yakaramba ichibvumirana pamifungo. Mutongi Sotomaynce akapanikira kubatira kupfuurira kwedzidziso yechitatu muzera apo vanhu vanogadzira zvitsama zvikuru zvemifungo yemifungo. Kurangarira kwake kunodzokorora itiro yakafanira: kana hurumende ichigona kuunganidza ndokunzvera makore ebasa renzvimbo pasina tarisiro ipi neipi yedare, vanhu vanonyimwa kudzorwa kwezvirevo zvine revo pamusoro pemashoko avo voga.
  • Karpeent v. United States (2017) chiitiko ichi chakatanhamara chaidavira kuti hurumende inofanira kuwana pamutemo wokupinda panzvimbo yenhau kubva kumunhu anotakura foni. Chiratidzo chikuru Roberts, kunyorera voruzhinji, kurangarira kuti dzidziso yechitatu yetatu haishandi ku “nguva yakadzama yokuvapo kwomunhu kwomuviri inounganidzwa zuva riri rose, nguva iri yose, mumakore anoverengeka. Chisarudzo chacho ibasa rokukunda: chinoda chisakiso nemurayiro, kuvimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu asati agona kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu edata.

Kufambira Mberi Kunotarisirwa Munhamba Yokuchengeteka Yorudzi

[[FLT: 0] Yakakurukura nzvero dzeutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira wecalculus unosiana mumashoko ouchenjeri hwokumwe. Mu copper v.Amnesty International USA[[[FLT:]] [2020]], Dare guru rakarerutsa denho kuChikamu 702 cheFISA (inobvumira mativi asingabvumirwi ezvokunzvera kusava-U.S.) vanhu vari kune imwe nyika) panzvimbo dzinomira, vachisiya zvinodikanwa zvisina kubatwa. Zvisinei, [[FLT:] Intelligence Court (FISC) inodzivirira Dare rePUNICE) [FFUC] mumi.[2]

Kuziva Mashoko Emunhu Nezvinhu Zvinofarirwa Nemunhu

Dare reChiteshi cheProcessol Claus rinodzivirira kushaiwa “zvinhu” pasina miitiro inoyera. Mumashoko emitemo, mubvunzo ndewokuti munhu ane fariro yechinhu mumitemo yake. Nepo Dare Rapamusoro-soro risina kutaura izvi nenzira yakananga, matare maduku akaziva kuti mashoko akadai semaemail kana kuti mafaira egore .__________C], dare rakati kuchengetedzwa kwekudzorwa kwemaemail kana kuti mari kunopesana. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT: 0] United States] v. Gonans[[[FLY]] [2] [FLT] [kazviumbwa zvechikaro), pamutemo kuti hurumende ipedze kutengesa zvinhu zvakaoma kupfuura mwero wekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yemari inodzorwa. Kuda kudzosa kana kuti iparadziswe mashoko. Miteko yehurumende inofanira kudzivirira kuti ishanduko yehurumende ishake zvakanaka (C) sechimiro chidzo chamashoko chomunhu chavanhu, uye kubvisa maruramiro kuti ivero.

Ziva uye Kunzwa Zvinodiwa

Chimwe chinhu chinonzi dziviriro ikodzero yokucherekedza uye kuteerera hurumende isati yakutorera fariro yakadzivirirwa. Mukungwarira, cherechedzo inowanzosavapo: Dare reruwa (nhau yematongerwe enyika) risingazivi kuti riri kuongororwa. Hurumende ingashandisa kuongorora kwemagetsi kuunganidza ufakazi pasina kupa vanofungidzira mukana wokudenha hwaro hwokunzverwa kusvikira mhaka dzapiwa. Dare repamusoro reUnited States neU.U.S. Dare reruwa (Keith cault) [FLT] [12] [772] rakarangarira kuti kunyange munhau dzochengeteko dzamarudzi ose, kuongororwa kwamapoka edzimba kunoda kutenderwa pamberi pekutongwa. Zvisinei, Dare rakaramba kucherekedza kucherekedzwa, kuti ikoku kuchaderedza donzo rehurumende.

Humwe upamhi ikodzero yokunangana noufakazi hwokunzvera. United States v. Jones (Nhau yeGPS), kusabvumirana kwakamutsa funganyo kuti chinodikanwa chokuronga GPS chaigona kuisa mitoro pamitemo, asi vazhinji vakasimbisa kuti zvibvumikiso idziviriro yenguva. Muitiro unosimbisawo chinodikanwa icho hurumende inozivisa ufakazi hwapashure (BRAdy v. Maryland). Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kunzvera, hurumende ingadikanwa kuzivisa zvirongwa zvokunzvera uye zvikanganiso zvipi nezvipi. Somuenzaniso, kundikano kwehurumende kukundikana kutungamirira kutsika kwakafanira, zvimwe zvinoitika, kudzodzo.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwegadziriro Yakafanira Ne Amendedzero Yechina

Kunyange zvazvo kurambidza kweGavhura kweChina kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari kunowanzova chinhu chikuru mukukakavadzana kwokunzvera, The Actry Clausle inopa manyuko azvimiriri edziviriro. Gamende yeChina inoda kuti nzvero ive ine mufungo / zvakavakirwa paingabvira nepandara. Izvo zvinenge zvichireva. Izvo zvinenge zvichinzi GCS Procession Clausse, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinonangidzira pakururama kwemitoo inoshandiswa kuwana uye kushandisa ufakazi. Kunyange kana kunzvera kuchibvira mukuwirirana neSangano reChina, kungangoputsazve muitiro kana hurumende ikashandisa nzira dzisina kururama kana kuti kunyima munhu mumwe mukana une revo wokunzwiwa.

Rangarira kushandiswa kwe National Security Letters [[NSANT:1].] [1] Hurumende inodenha NSSL inoda makambani ekurukurirano yehurumende kuti apedze zvinyorwa zvamakambani ehurumende pasina murairo wedare. NSLs kazhinji kazhinji dzinouya negadziriro isiri yedisciation inoita kuti mugamuchiri asatongozarurira kuzivisa chinodikanwa. ACLU namamwe mapoka akadenha NSS seachinoputsa muitiro wakafanira nemhaka yokuti anobvumira hurumende kuwana mashoko anokurumidza kudzokororwa kupi nokuresa zvhokerwa kwazvigaro. [[FL:2] Doe. v.[FL.[FFFOT] [FF:3]] [2] CV] Crir. 2004, dare rakarangarira kuti simba reNS rinodzorwa remitemo rinobva ramutsidzira, asi rakamutsazve nhevedzano zvekudzoromedzo dzomutemo.

Nenzira yakafanana, Register uye Trap neTrace mutemo unoda bedzi chiratidzo chokuti mashoko acho anokosha kufeyafeya iri kupfuurira. Matare akakamuranisa kana aya ari akakwana pasi peGavhuramisiti, asi muitiro wakafanira wakamutswa uyo nemhaka yokuti hurumende inogona kuunganidza zviteshi zvemitengo zvakawedzerwa pasina tarisiro yedare, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanonyimwa zvakavanzika hwavo pasina dziviriro dzemicheto. Pashure pe [[FLT:]] Hurumende inofanira zvino kuwana nzvimbo yemaidi, asi mamwe manyuko.

Kunetsa Kunoita Mitemo uye Kuitisana Nharo Kusingaperi

Kushandiswa kweCurce Process Claus kukuongorora kwemagetsi hakusi chinhu chisingazivikanwi. Dare, bazi guru, uye masangano emitemo enyika zviri kuramba zvichivandudza mitemo mukupindura kukutonga kwedare uye kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Nhengo dzinokosha dzekurukurirano dzinosanganisira:

Zvinodiwa Zvinobatsira Kuti Mashoko Ako Azivikanwe

Na[NHAU: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chengeteko yeNyika neDare reFISA

Kuchinjwa kweFISIA Dare kwave kuri nhau yeBHARTISA. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinobatanidza kuvamba mutsigiri wavose kuti arwisane nezvirongwa zvokunzverwa (kuwirirana nemuitiro wakafanira wokunzwa), kuchida kujeka kukuru mumirangariro yedare, uye kuganhurira mano ehurumende okuchengeta mazita paU.S. vanhu. Muna 2020, FISC yakatanga boka idzva reamicicurie kuti ipe zvibvumikiso zvepamutemo zvakazvimirira mumiitiro zvakati, asi nzira yakafanira inoreva kuti izvi hazvisizvo. [[FLT:]] Free:US Free Act Act[F:[FLT1] [F:]] yakagumisa kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemitengo asi mamwe mapurogiramu, anoramba asingadzorwi zvikuru. Muitiro wakafanira unosanozivikanwa uye hauna kugadziriswa. [FFRActivection Act:[2]

Mitemo Yamarudzi Ose Nehurumende

Mifungo inowirirana haisati iri yoga kuUnited States. General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) muEurope inoda kuti kugadzirwa kwamaidi kuve kwapamutemo, kururamisira, uye kuoneka kwajeka(kudzoreka). Nepo GDPR inoshanda kuzvinhu zvakavanzika, pesvedzero yayo paU.S. iri kukura. Sakati California, Virginia, uye Colorado yakagadza mitemo yakavanzika yakakwana inopa maruramiro avanhu kuziva kuti izivise mashokoi anounganidzwa uye kuabvisa. Iyi mitemo haidzoreri kungwa kwakananga nehurumende, asi inoumba zviro zvapachena. Kunzvera kungavimba nokuwedzera paufakazi hwezvirongwa zvehurumende soukoshiviriro panzvimbo dzemazita renyika.

Zvinetso Zveruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nezvenguva Yemberi

Kuwedzera ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvakadai souchenjeri hwokugadzira, kuziva chiso, uye kufanoziva mapurisa kunomutsa nhau itsva dzinodiwa. Somuenzaniso, kana hofisi yemapurisa ikashandisa algorith kufanoziva kuti utsotsi huchaitike kupi, uye izvi zvinotungamirira kukungwara kwakawedzerwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo here kuti vagari vemo vave nemuitiro wakakodzera kudenha kururama kwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo? Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvemichina zvemagetsi zviri kure pasina kungwa kwaigona kuisa maruramiro ose ari maviri echikwaratiriso. Matare ari kungovamba bedzi kurwisana neiyi mibvunzo, asi muitiro wakakodzera kudzivirira kugadzirwa kwokusasarura rusununguko nokusasarura rusununguko.

Mugumisiro: Basa Risingaperi Rokufambira Mberi Kunofanira Kuitwa

Nhevedzo yeChiteshi chaMabasa Claus inoramba iri dziviriro yakakomba munhambo yetsika. Nepo Findment yeChina inowanzonangidzira ngwariro munzvero, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti kunyange apo kunzvera kunobvumidzwa, hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro yakarurama ndokuremekedza kururama kukuru. Kubva ku Katz[ ku ku [[FLT]]], Dare rapamusoro renhau rakaziva kuti fambiro mberi dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu hadzipi dziviriro dzamatomutenzi. Zvisinei, nhau zhinji dzinodikanwa dzinoda kugadziriswa: ukurudzo yedzidziso yechitatu, kudzosakafanira kweFISAsialg, uye dzikano pakati pekuchengeteka pakati pezvigadziko nenzvimbo zvakavanzika munyika yose. Vatongi vedare, uye vagari vehurumende vehurumende vanofanira kupfuurira kudzivirira nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende ipi neipi, pasina kusunungurwa, kana kuti kurege kutevedzerwa murairo woupenyu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] FEctronic Frontier Foundation’s percenter , STUSTURlog[ nokuda kwokunzvera, uye [[FLT:] FISA RETA REA Reformation Act of 2023 [H.R. 4070]. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru mumuitiro wakafanira namazita, bvunza kurukurirano ye [[FTL:] .[FLT]