Kurwisa Kwakanyarara Pamusoro Pekuzvimirira Kwokutonga: Kupofumadza Kunoita Kuzivisa Kusingabvumiki

Mumibato yakakwirira yeziviso dzedare, umo kugadza upenyu hwose kunoumba nzvimbo yepamutemo yezvizvarwa, hondo yemurangariro wavanhu yakawedzera kuva yakakwirira(/uye inonyengera. Pakati pamazano okunyengera zvikurusa anoshandiswa zvino kuvhota, fungidziro yenhema yakagadzirirwa kwete kuyera murangariro asi kuugadzira. Izvi zvipukanana zvenhema zvinomirira kuderera kunotambudza kwokunzvera kwapamutemo, kusimbisa kunyorwa kwemashoko kuti aparadzire nhau dzinokuvadza pamusoro peminemine.

Kunzwisisa vagadziri vezvinhu, vavariro, uye miuyo yokunzverwa kwenhau mumigariro yokutonga zvinokosha kuvavhoti, nyanzvi dzapamutemo, uye munhu upi noupi anoitira hanya kuchengeta kuita chisarudzo chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vachiziva. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti iyi nhimbe dzinoshanda sei, chikonzero nei kusimbisa kwokutonga kuri nyore zvikuru, uye chinogona kuitwa kudzivirira perero yomuitiro wacho.

Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza Chii?

Kuongorora kunomanikidzirwa inzira yokushambadzira nayo yezvamatongerwe enyika inonyepedzera kuva nzvero yapamutemo yavose. Kusafanana nenzvero dzechokwadi, dzinoshandisa mutauro usingatori rutivi uye mienzaniso inoshanda mukuyera izvo vanhu vanofunga, kumanikidza kunzvera kunotangwa kuchinja zvinofungwa navanhu. Idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza runhare rukuru kana kuti kubuda kwemapikicha, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinosvika makumi ezviuru avavhoti, vanopiwa munyepedzera yeshanyo yokunzvera.

Chiratidzo chinoratidzira kunzvera kwokumanikidzira ivavariro yako. Varidzi verunhare havarevi mhinduro semashoko ane revo. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanorava mashoko nemibvunzo zvakagadzirirwa kuparira songaniro dzakaipa, kutaura kusina kujeka, kana kuti kusimbisa fungidziro dzakafanofungwa pamusoro pomubhadhari kana kuti mutsivi. Mibvunzo inotungamirira, mashoko acho kazhinji kazhinji anotsausa kana kuti ndeenhema chose chose, uye kuvhiya kwose kunorongwa kuti kusiye mugamuchiri nemurangariro wakashata.

Masangano anoongorora, kusanganisira American Association for Public Opinion Research, anoshora zvakajeka kuongorora sechinopesana nemipimo yokunzvera yetsika.

Kushatisa Kwebasa

Kubudirira kwenzvero yokumanikidza kunotsamira panheyo dzinoverengeka dzendangariro nedzemitoo iyo inoshandisa zvisina kufanira nzira iyo vanhu vanoronga nayo mashoko.

Kutendeseka

Kupfurikidza nokuronga kukurukurirana senzvero, muiti anokwereta kuva apamutemo kwenzvero yakananga. Mugamuchiri anonzwa kuti "Tiri kuitisa nzvero pamusoro pavatongi" sezvingabvira haanyumwi zvikuru kupfuura kana vakagamuchira chiziviso chakananga. Ruzivo runoderedza dziviriro, kuchiita kuti mugamuchiri agamuchire zvikuru zviri mukati.

Mibvunzo Inotungamirira Nomutauro Wakaoma

Mibvunzo yacho imene inosanorongwa kuratidzira kuva nemhaka, kunyanyisa, kana kuti kusafanira. Kunzvera kwokusatora rutivi kungabvunza, kuti: "Wakarovedzeka sei nemitemo yoMutongi Smith pamirau yemhoteredzo ”? Nzvero yokusunda ingabvunza, kuti, "Kudai waiziva kuti Mutongi Smith akanyora murangariro unobvumira sangano kusvibisa mvura yokunwa yomunzanga, ikoko kungakuita kuti uve nomukana mukuru zvikuru wokutsigira tsigiro yavo?" Chitsama chomubvunzo wacho ($_) chakaitwa seidi rakatoitika.

Kudzokorora Netapuro Yezvokwadi Yokunyengetedza

Nzvero dzinodzokororwa kazhinji kazhinji kutaura kwakaipa mumashoko akawanda mudanidziro imwe cheteyo. Uku kudzokorora kunoshandisa muuyo wezvokwadi yokunyengera, mirangariro yakasanonyorwa umo vanhu vane bviro huru yokudavira kutaura nemhaka bedzi yokuti vakambokuwana. Kunyange kana munhu akawana achipanikira kutaura kwacho pakutanga, kuinzwa kanoverengeka mudanidziro imwe kunogona kuwedzera kuva kwayo inozivikanwa.

Kumanikidza

Kunzverwa kwakawanda kunoshandisa mutoo unonzi "chisarudzo chamanikitwa" kushambadza, uko mutsivi anokumbirwa kusarudza pakati pezvisarudzo zviviri zvakaipa. Somuenzaniso: "Munofunga kuti Mutongi Jones akanyanyoregeredza utsotsi here, kana kuti haasati achingonzwisisa bedzi tapuro yezvisarudzo zvake pavanyajambwa? Uyewo chisarudzo chiri chakanaka, uye chipi kana chipi icho mugamuchiri anosarudza, munyadzi anokuvadzwa mundangariro yavo.

Kumanikidza Kushatisa Muhondo Dzokusimbisa Kutonga

Kusimbisa kwedare, zvikurukuru nokuda kwematare eDare Gurusa nedare rehurumende, kwazova nzvimbo dzehondo umo kuvhota kunoiswa nokuwedzera. Kusafanana namadzinza emitemo umo nhau dzakawanda dzinokwikwidzana nokuda kwengwariro, kusimbisa kwokutonga kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pamipimo mishomanene yezvikwaniriso zvinofungwa, mirangariro, kana kuti mirau yakare. Iyi donzo rinoita kuti muitiro uve unotapurika nenzira yechienzi kunhema.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Nemienzaniso

Kushandiswa kwenzvero dzokumanikidzira mumashoko akapoteredza edare hakusati kuri kutsva, asi kwakawedzera muungwaru. mukati mehondo dzinokakavadzana dzokusimbisa dzokupera kwamazana amakore echi20 naapakuvamba kwechi21, mapoka efariro kumativi ose ari maviri epfungwa aiedzwa neiyi nzira. Minene yave ichiratidzirwa sechimbichimbi, anoitira hanya fariro chaidzo, kana kuti asingakendengi kuvagari vemowo zvavo − kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa padudziro dzakarongwa kana kuti dzakamonyana chose chose chose dzezvinyorwa zvavo.

Mumwe mutoo unoramba uchidzokororwa kushandiswa kwenzvero dzinomanikidzira kunhau dzakashata dzisati dzavamba kusimbiswa kwenhau kwakarongwa kusati kwavamba. Kupfurikidza nokushaisa panikiro mundangariro dzavavhoti pakutanga, nhimbe dzinogona kuumba nhauro yenhau ndokuisa mutungamiriri pakuzvidzivirira kubvira panguva yadzinoziviswa. Iyi nzira inomanikidza vadzori kuti vapedze dzimbahwe rezvamatongerwe enyika kurambwa kuzivisa kuti kusati kwatongofanira kutongoitwa rudaviro munzvimbo yokutanga.

Mitoo Yokupesvedzera Mumishandirapamwe Yokutonga

  • Kusarudza Kudzokororwa: mashoko kubva mumirangariro mirefu yedare pasina mashoko akapoteredza kukarakadza nzvimbo dzakanyanyisa. Mutsetse mumwe kubva mukupesana kwamapeji 50 unogona kugadzirwa kuti uratidze mutoo wefungira.
  • Association Faracies: Kubatanidza mubatanidzwa kumifanikiso kana kuti masangano kupfurikidza nebatano dzisingafarirwi. Somuenzaniso, kusimbisa kuti muminee akambopinda musangano nomukurukuri anomutsa nharo, kunoreva kutsigirwa kwedenderedzwa rose renyika yomukurukuri iyeyo.
  • Case-Specif Mistration: kurondedzera mugumisiro mumutauro unodenha nepo uchirega kurangarira kwapamutemo. Chirango chakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvemitemo chingarondedzerwa sechinonzi "kurega tsotsi rine ngozi kuti risunungurwe.
  • Hypothetic Slopes: kubvunza mibvunzo inogombedzera mupinduri kufungidzira migariro yakashata zvikurusa: "Ungatsigira here mumirine angashandura muenzaniso wakagadzwa unodzivirira maruramiro ako? Mubvunzo umene unoreva kuti mufinie ityisidziro, pasinei zvapo nechinyorwa chawo chaichoicho.
  • Chiratidzo Chinosimbwa kupfurikidza ne Nhepfenyuro: Anoshandisa mashoko asina kujeka akafanana ne "funganyo dzetsika" kana kuti "kubatanidza kwapamhene" pasina kugovera zvigadzikiso, achisiya mugamuchiri achizadza mukaha nemirangariro yawo yakaipisisa.

Federal Judication Contexts

Kunzverwa kwenzvero hakuna kuganhurirwa kumitemo yomubatanidzwa. Munzvimbo umo vatongi vanosarudzwa kana kuti vanochengetwa kupfurikidza namavhoti avose, kuvhota kwokusunda kwave kuchishandiswa kupesvedzera sarudzo dzedare. iyi nhimbe dzinogona kuva dzinokuvadza zvikuru nemhaka yokuti dzinodenha vatongi vasina kuoneka kworudzi netsigiro yesangano zvinowanika kuDare Gurusa renhau. Mutongi womunzvimbomo akaiswa kunhimbe yokunzvera inomanikidzirwa angava asina nzvimbo yokupindura nenzira inobudirira.

Chikonzero Nei Kusimbiswa Kwokutonga Kusingaenzaniswi

Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoita kuti miitiro yokuongorora yokutonga ive inotapurwa zvikuru nemigumisiro inovhiringidzwa yokunzverwa kwokumanikidzirwa.

Kuziva Zvakanyorwa Nevanhu Vose Zvinotonga

Vavhoti vazhinjisa havasanotevera mashoko edare. Munhuwo zvake ane nzwisiso yakaganhurirwa yemashandire anoita matare, nzira iyo vatongi vanodudzira nayo mutemo, kana kuti chinosiyanisa munhu nomumwe. Uku kusiyana kworuzivo kunoparira nzvimbo yakaorera yokunzverera, uko kunogona kuzadza tsvina nenhau dzakashatiswa. Pasina zivo yehwaro yakarongwa, vavhoti havana dziviriro huru pakutaura kwakataurwa.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kwepfungwa Yokutonga

Uzivi hwedare , uzivi hwemavambo, urongwa hwemitemo, magariro emitemo, uye zvimwe zvinhu, zvinodenha nenzira yomuzvarirwo kukurukura murunhare kana kuti nzvero pfupi. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kunoshandisa uku kuoma kupfurikidza nokuderedza nzvimbo dzinooneka kuva dzinonzwika. Kuomerera kwamhiko kunova "kuchinja nguva"; kuzvipira kududzira mashoko kunova "kuvanza kupfurikidza namashandiro akarongwa kuti adzivise ruramisiro."

Mashoko Acho

Mapoka anoitira fariro anosunda nzvero ane kusvika kwakawanda kwamafaira okunzvera paminese, kubatanidza mifungo iri yose, kutaura, uye nyaya izvo vakabudisa. Vavhoti vazhinjisa havana zivo yakafanana. Uku kunzvera kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vapindure kuzvinhu zvinoratidzira mufananidzo wakamonyaniswa zvikurusa unobvira, vachiziva kuti vagamuchiri vashomanene vanogona kusimbisa kutaura kwacho nenzira yokuzvimirira.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mafungiro Evanhu uye Kuperera Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Kana nzira idzi dzikabudirira, dzinokanganisa nheyo dzokufunga kwehurumende uye kuzvitonga.

Kukanganiswa Kwekubvuma Kuchiziva

Democracy inotsamira panheyo yokuti vagari vemo vanoita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamashoko akarurama. Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinoshatisa namaune iyi nheyo kupfurikidza nokutsiva maidi nenhau dzinoshandiswa. Apo vavhoti vanoonana navatendi vavo kana kuti vanotora rutivi mukusimbisa kupesana kwakavakirwa pazvitendero zvokusundira patsvina, zviito zvavo zvinoratidzira kubvumira kunogadzirwa panzvimbo pechisarudzo chapachokwadi.

Kuwedzera Kwechivimbo Mukushatisa Kwakarurama

Sezvo nzvero dzinogombedzerwa dzinova dzinozivikanwa zvikuru, dzinokuvadza tsime nokuda kwokunzvera kwapamutemo. Vagari vemo vakanyengerwa nenzvero yokumanikidza vangasava nechokwadi nokunzverwa kwose, kubatanidza nzvero dzakarongwa zvakanaka, dzetsika dzinogovera mashoko anokosha pamusoro pomurangariro wavose. Ikoku kunoparira njodzi hurusa yevimbiko yamashoko iyo inosekesa hurukuro yehurumende.

Kukuvadzwa Kworusununguko Rwokutonga

Vatongi vanofanira kusarudza nhau dzakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi, kwete murangariro wavanhu vose. Zvisinei, apo kusimbisa hondo kunoguma nokuuraya varapi kwakashata, nzwisiso yavose yavatongi savatongi vasina kwavakarerekera inotambura. Mumirie anopukunyuka nhimbe yokunzverwa angapinda muhofisi nokuvimbwa kwavanhu kwakaderera, uye sangano rimene ringaonwa seimwe nzvimbowo zvayo yehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Brennan Center yeRuramisiro yakasimbisa kuti aya masimba anotyisidzira sei kuzvimirira kwenguva refu kwedare rehurumende.

Kutapura Vane Makwai Akakodzera

Zvichida muuyo wamanomano zvikurusa wenhambo refu zvikurusa ndiwo unoita kuti ive kudzivisa vanhu vakakwaniriswa vangatsvaka zvimwe hofisi yedare. Apo vatarisiri vanoona kuti gadziriro dzokusimbisa dzinogona kubatanidza nhimbe dzenzvero huru, dzakasanorongwa kuparadzira nhema pamusoro pounhu hwavo, vazhinji vangasarudza ndyiko yomunhu oga nedzenyanzvi yakakwirira zvikuru. Uku kuzvisarudza kunoderedza chiverengero chavada kukumbira, pakupedzisira kunonetesa mujudiciary.

Kurangarira Kwapamutemo Nekwetsika

Murairo wokunzverwa kwokumanikidzira une nzvimbo isina kujeka mumutemo wemari yenhimbe nesarudzo, uye tsika dzakaoma zvakaenzana.

Mubato Wapamutemo Wazvino

Mumasangano akawanda, nzvero dzinosunda kuziviswa kana dzichiitwa namatare ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti dzichibatanidza mubato wenhimbe unotsinhirana. Zvisinei, mabudi akarongeka senhau semasangano ezvoudzori panzvimbo pematare ezvamatongerwe enyika angadzivisa mitemo yokuzivisa, uye kukura kwokukurumidza kwemifungo kuchiita kuti kubvunzo ibvumwe nefoni kupfurikidza namashoko, kushambadza kwamasangano, uye nzvero dzewebhhhhhhhhh.

Federal Ecommust Commission yakayera pamusoro pokunzverwa kwokumanikidzirwa mukuvhota kwomubatanidzwa, asi chiremera chayo chokuchengeta chakaganhurirwa, uye kusimbisa kwokutonga hakuwiri nguva dzose zvakajeka mumapoka emitemo yegamuchidzanwa yesarudzo. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo yakananga inoda kuziviswa kwemari kupfurikidza nokuedza kuvhota, asi kuchengetwa kunosiana zvikuru.

Tsika Dzamazvikokota Nemipimo Inoshatisa

Masangano akadai seAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research anochengeta mipimo yetsika yakajeka inorambidza kuongororwa.Vaongorori vanotungamirirwa nemitemo vanodzivisa muitiro upi noupi unopokanidza chinangwa chenzvero yacho, unoshandisa mibvunzo inotungamirira kushandura pfungwa, kana kuti kukundikana kuzivisa mirangariro inotsigira.

Nzira Yokuziva Nayo Kushatisa

Zviratidzo zvinoverengeka zvenyevero zvinosiyanisa uku kushanda nokunzvera kwapamutemo.

  • Bheni neUniversi: Nhamba dzechokwadi dzingabvunza mibvunzo 10-20 nemhinduro dzakadzikama. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunopfuura, kunodzokororwa, uye kunonangidzirwa chose chose pamashoko asina kunaka pamusoro pomunhu mumwe. Kana runhare ruchinzwa sedenho yakatsiga kupfuura kunzvera, sezvingabvira ibvunzo inosunda.
  • Hapana Muunganidzwa weDzivo: Munzvero yapamutemo, mubvunzurudzi anonyora mashoko okuverenga nokupindura. Vanzveri vanokweva vanowanzorega kubvunza mibvunzo yokuverenga vanhu kana kuti kumhanya vachipinda, nokuti havasati vari kunzvera chaizvoizvo mashoko.
  • Mibvunzo inovamba nemirangariro ("Ipa Mutongi X anotsigira nzvimbo dzinomutsa nharo...") panzvimbo pokubvunza mibvunzo isina revi redivi (" Unorovedzana sei nenzvimbo dzoMutongi X?") chiratidzo chakajeka.
  • Hapana Transparency About Sponsorship: Vanzveri venhau vachazivisa ari kuitisa nzvero. Vanzveri vanovhota kazhinji kazhinji vanoisa zivikanwo yavo kana kuti vanogovera rondedzero dzisina kujeka bedzi dzesangano rinotsigira.
  • Kudavidza Munzira Inokosha: Kana muridzi werunhare achiratidzika kuva anofarira zvishoma mumurangariro wako uye achifarira zvikuru kukuita kuti ubvumirane kana kuti usabvumirana nemashoko akaremerwa, sezvingabvira uri kusundwa panzvimbo pokubvunzurudzwa.

Kudzivirira Kuperera Kwekusimbiswa Kwokutonga

Kurwisa pesvedzero yenzvero dzokumanikidza kunoda zano rakawanda rinobatanidza zvinobudisa nhau, masangano okunyengera, masangano edzidzo, uye vagari vemo vakabatana.

Kuongorora Zvinobudisa Nhau Nezvinhu Zvinokuvadza

Vatori venhau vanofukidza rumbidzo dzedare vanofanira kurovedzwa kuziva nokufumura nhimbe dzenzvero dzinosundwa. Apo boka rinotanga nzvero huru, zviteshi zvenhau zvinofanira kunzvera kuti ndiani ari kuitsigira nemari, zviri kutaurwa zviri kuitwa, uye kuti kutaura ikoko kunowirirana sei nechinyorwa chaichoicho chenomine. Federal Judicial Center, iyo inobatira senzvero nemaoko edzidzo zvejajipi, inogovera mitengo ine chiremera pamamine anogona kushanda sechinhu chechokwadi chokunzvera.

Dzidzo Yavose Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Masangano asingaiti zvokuvhota ane basa rokudzidzisa maitiro okuongorora.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokupa Mubayiro Zvakasimba

Vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kurangarira kuvhara mabudiro ayo anobvumira vatsigiri vanomanikidza kuramba vasingazivikanwi. Kuzivisa zvakajeka manyuko emari nedonzo rechokwadi renhimbe dzekurukurirano dzavazhinji kungapa vavhoti mashoko avanoda kuyera zvavari kunzwa. American Bar Association yakareverera kujeka mumiitiro yokusimbisa yedare, kubatanidza kunzvera mibato yokunze.

Kukurudzira Basa Rinoziva

Pakupedzisira, dziviriro yakanakisisa mukudzivisa kubvunziswa ibasa revhota renyanzvi. Vane ruzivo vanotora nguva vachidzidza pamusoro pouzivi hwedare, vanohwirudzura pfungwa dzakanyorwa, uye kunzwisisa basa rematare mukudzora kwebumbiro remitemo havatongogoni kudzora. Nzvero dzedzidzo dzeCPICO dzinosimbisa kuzvimirira kwedare rejaji uye ukoshi hwenzvero yakavakirwa paufakazi zvinobetsera kuvaka ushingi mukupesana nokuedza kwounyengeri.

mhedziso

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunomirira tyisidziro yakananga kuperero yesimbiso dzedare uye, kufutunurwa, kuzvimirira kwedare rimene. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutauro wokunzvera kuparadzira nhau dzinotsausa nedzinokuvadza, idzi nhimbe dzinosekesa kurangarira kwokuziva kuti miitiro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoda. Bazu redare, rakagadzirirwa kuvharwa pamirangariro yavose, rinozviwana rimene rimene richidzorwa nomutoo unowedzera kuvhiringidzwa kwenzwisiso yakaitwa yavanzverwa.

Kurwisa iyi tyisidziro kunoda kungwarira kubva muzvinobudisa nhau, kuoneka kumapoka ezvibvumirano zvokuvhota, uye kuzvipira kwavose kuhurukuro yakavakirwa paidi. Apo ruzhinji runogona kuziva kunzvera kunosunda nokuda kwezvavari (hwusati huri nzvero asi mashoko anoparadzirwa anorasikirwa nesimba razvo. Kudzivirira perero yesimbiso dzedare haisati iri nhau yechitsama; chinodikanwa chikuru chokuchengeta mutongi uyo anosarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa pamutemo noufakazi panzvimbo pokuparira hasha.