Nheyo yengozi dzinopetwa kaviri inomira sechinhu chinokosha chomuitiro woutsotsi, kudzivirira vanhu pamuedzo wokutongwa kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Senzira yokuzvidzivirira nayo, inogona kugovera chivako chakakwana chokuongororazve, kupedza nhau yacho zvinobudirira pashure pokusunungurwa. Kunzwisisa kujeka kwayo, ganhuriro, uye kunyoresa kunokosha kunokosha kunyanzvi dzemitemo navadzidzi zvakafanana. Uku kunzvera kwakawedzerwa kunonzvera ngozi yakapetwa kaviri muudzamende, kubva pamavambo akwo kusvikira kukushandiswa kwayo kwedare renhau romuzuva razvino uno, uye kunzvera kuti vamiriridzi vanokwanisa sei kuidzivirira vatengi vavo.

Mavambo Enhau Engozi Huviri

Pfungwa yenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri ine mavambo ekare, inooneka muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana mumagamuchidzanwa emitemo. Mutemo weRoma wakaziva nheyo ye bis muimo." kwete kaviri nokuda kwechinhu chimwe chetecho" (icho chakadzivisa kurovererwa kwakawanda nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. pamutemo wavose weEngland nenzira yakafanana wakagamuchira kukumbira [ autrefoisvolution[[]] [aregin) [yaichimbova] uye [[FLT:]] kupomerwa mhaka imwe cheteyo [yagara] [yaka] ku] iva nemhosva] kukunda kunzvera. Mitengo inozivikanwa navose yakapi. Miteko iyi yakapirwa muUnited States kupfurikidza neFreverset , inosimbiswa mumashoko 1711, inoiswawoseti kuti ive njodzi youpenyu.

Chinangwa chenhau chakanga chiri chokudzivirira kubatwa nehurumende pasina dziviriro yakadaro, hurumende yaigona kuramba ichipomera mugari wemo kusvikira kupwiswa kwacho kwawanwa, kuchibudirira kuranga munhu wacho kunyange kana asina mhaka.Framers airangarira ikoku senzvero huru pasimba rehurumende, pamwe chete nedzimwe dziviriro dzouzivi sekodzero yokupa zano nedziviriro pakuzvidzora.

Mavambo Epamutemo Engozi Huviri

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu Nokusawirirana

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri ikodzero yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Pasi peFindt Amendment, inoshanda zvakananga kumatare ehurumende. Kupfurikidza neGuer Procession Claus yeKineth Amendment, Dare Gurusavhure rakabatanidza iyi dziviriro mu Benton v. Maryland [1969] [1994], 395 U.S. 784] Sango iri yose inofanirawo kuwirirana nengozi yakapetwa kaviri. Zvisinei, muganhu wakananga unogona kusiana zvishoma kubva pamirayiro yehurumende nemiraudzo, dzimwe nguva kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura uriri hwehurumende.

Apo Kuora Mwoyo Kunoisa Pamberi

Mubvunzo wokutanga unodenha ndowokuti apo njodzi inoparirwa chaizvoizvo "kubatanidza" kukuita. Mudare redare rinobetsera vatongi, ngozi dzinobatanidzwa apo vatongi vanopikirwa. Mukutonga kwebhenji, inobatanidza apo uchapupu hwokutanga hunopikirwa. Nokuda kwokuva nousindimari hwepwere, inobatanidza apo ufakazi hwokutanga hunopiwa. Pamberi penjodzi, hurumende inogona kudzinga pomero pasina miuyo yakapetwa kaviri. Pashure, zvisinei, maruramiro omukwirirwi kusvikira kumugumo angadzivisa kutongwazve, uye kuparadzwa kupi nokupi nokupi kwokutonga kungadzivisa kutsamira pamigariro.

Nhevedzo Dzakanyanya Dzakaitwa neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nhau dzinoverengeka dzechiratidzo chenhau dzinoumba dzidziso yengozi mbiri. United States v. Ball (1996), 163 U.S. 662, Dare rakati mupomeri asunungurwa nedare redare redare remitemo haagoni kupiwazve, kunyange kana kubviswa kwakavakirwa pakutonga kwekanganiso kwomutemo. Mu [[FLT] Asheson[FLT] [[FLT] [1970], 397 U.S 436, Dare ringashandisa dzidziso yeConstantal Esterpes (imbwa) kudzosera pamutemo) kuti ivererwezve chinhu chakasarudzwa napasati apa. [FExFT] [5]

Kushandisa Ngozi Dzakaviri Senzira Yokuzvidzivirira Nayo

Magweta anodzivirira anogona kubudisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri muzviitiko zvikuru zvinoverengeka, kazhinji sechiito chokuramba kutongwa pamberi pokutongwa kana kuti mukati mokutongwa pashure pokunge vapiwa mhosva.

Kurega Kutongwa Pashure Pokuzvipembedza

Kushandisa kwakananga zvikurusa kunomuka apo mukwiridzirirwi anenge asunungurwa, zvimwe nechisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi "pasina mhaka" kana kuti nechisarudzo chomutongi chinotungamirirwa chekuregeredzwa. Hurumende haigoni kukwirira kusunungurwa, uye kuedza kupi nokupi kwokuedza kuidzira mukwirirwo nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kwakavharwa nengozi mbiri. Iyi dziviriro yakakwana inoshanda kunyange kana kudzivirira kwapamuuyo wakabva pazvikanganiso zvinooneka, dare risingabvumirwi, kana kuti murangariro wakaipa womutemo unoitwa nomutongi. Somuenzaniso, Foong v. United States[FL:62] [1962] [62]), U.US.141, Dare guru raidzo rakava kuti pakati pereveuniast arbudise mhaka yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mutongi akatongetwazve.

Kudzivirira Kupomerwa Kwakawanda Pane Zvakangoitikawo

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inodzivisawo hurumende kuparadzanisa kutengeserana kwetsotsi rimwe kuva mhaka dzakawanda uye kupomera mukwiridziri mumatare akasiyana. Kana mukwirirwi akaidzirwa mhaka ndokuwanwa ane mhaka duku inobatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, kuponda kwechipiri kuuraya, (1932), hurumende haigoni gare gare kutongerwa kuponda kwokutanga muurayi mumwe. [[FLT:]] dziviriro iyi inobva mu "mativi" aiedzwa [FLT:], kana muedzo mumwe nomumwe unoda ufakazi hwechinhu icho chimwe chisingarangarirwi. United States (1932), (1932), U. 299. Pasi pezvipo [FLT:]]

Kudzivirirwa Pakurangwa Kaviri

Kunyange apo pomero dzakawanda dzinounzwa mukutonga kumwe, ngozi dzinopetwa kaviri dzinoganhurira chirango chinogona kupiwa. Mukwirirwi haagoni kugamuchira zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kutoti kana mutendi akafunga zvakajeka kuti ane donzo rezvirango zvakawanda. Somuenzaniso, chiito chimwe choutsotsi chinoputsa zvose zviri zviviri kuba uye mutemo wakati kuti utsigire kugona kutsigira kutendiswa kana zvinhu zvakafanana. Uku kunzvera uku kunoreva kuti idi redi redio uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kuhwirudzura kwakakwana kwedonzo romutemo. Varevereri vanofanira kudenha zvirango zvinobatanidza kupfurikidza nemitemo kupfurikidza nemibato yokurega kana kuti kuisa pembedzo pakutonga.

Colteral Estopel Akabva Pamberi Pokuzviwanira Mhaka

Kuvakwa pa Ashe v. Sunson, dzidziso yeconterateral estopel inodzivisa hurumende kubvisa nhau dzeidi idzo dzakasarudzwa chaizvoizvo munyasha dzomukwiridziridziridziri neyaichimbova danda rinoregeredzwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mukwirirwi akasunungurwa pavhu raakanga asina panzvimbo yaaiva, nyika haigoni gare gare gare kuzvipomera nokuda kwechakaitika chimwe chetecho, nemhaka yokuti nhau yacho yakatosarudzwa. Uku kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwenjodzi kwakapetwa kaviri kunogona kuisa mhosva nokuda kwokutongeirirana mhaka kunyange kana zvinhu zvenguva dzose zvakasiana. Vamiri verwi vanofanira kuziva nhau dzechokwadi kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chapamberipo.

Kushandiswa Zvakanaka Pashure Pokusatongwa Kwemhosva

Apo kutongwa kunosvika pakuguma mukusaruramisira, njodzi mbiri kazhinji kazhinji hadziidzi kutongwazve kana kutongwa kwemhosva kwakaziviswa nemhaka yokuratidzira kuva madikanwa (muchib., dare rapamberi) kana kuti kana mukwirirwi akabvuma. Zvisinei, kana dare rikakanganisa richibva mumufambiro wedare wavanopomerwa mukuita kuti mukwiridziridziri atsvake dare risina kururama, kugadzikiswazve kudzorwazve kwakaiswa pasi pe Oregon v. Kennedy. Zano rekudzivirira rinogona kutaura kuti kuparira noune ufakazi husinganzwisisiki (zvakafanana nokuita kuti mashoko asina kufanira) kumanikidza kutongwazve nemhaka yokuti mhaka yacho yakanga ichiita zvisina kururama. Kana dare rikawana kuti iyi yakanga iri vavariro yedare, inofanira kubviswa norusaruro.

Miganhu Nezvisingachinji Kukuva Nengozi Kaviri

Kuganhurirwa kunoverengeka kunobvumira nyika kudzora mukwirirwi kana kuti kupfuurira nokukwirira kwakaparadzana.

Dzidziso Youchangamire Huviri

Mudzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire, zviremera zvinoparadzana zvakadai sehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, kana kuti nyika mbiri dzakasiana, dzinogona kupomera mukwiridziri nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho kana chiito ichocho chikaputsa mitemo yechiremera chimwe nechimwe. Uku kusiiwa kunoreva kuti munhu asina mhaka yokuponda mudare rehurumende anogona kutongotongwa mudare rehurumende nokuda kwokuputsa mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inobviswa pakuuraya kumwe chete. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisazve nheyo iyi mu [[FLT: 0] v. United States (20:9), 139 S. 1960, rinotsigira mutemo wagara uripo. Nokuda kwegweta, uku kunoreva kuti muganhu haadzidziviriri chaizvoizvo murwi mutengi muteshi womutemo wapashure, uye mutevedzero mukuru mukuru mukuru.

Kuongorora Pashure Pokunge Kubvuma Kwachinja Pakukwirira

Kana mukwirirwi akakumbira nenzira inobudirira kutenderwa, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati ichidzoresazve, nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi aka "ripira" maruramiro okugumisa kupfurikidza nokutsvaka hwirudzuro. Zvisinei, kunzverazve hakugoni kuratidzira mukwirirwi kuchirango chikuru zvikuru kupfuura chakaiswa pakuvamba, kutoti ufakazi hutsva kana kuti zvinhu zvinopa mhaka zvinooneka. Kuwedzera, kana kupwiswa kwacho kwakachinjwa nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hwakanga husina kukwana pamutemo kuva hwava hwakakwana, kudzorwazve kunodzikwa. Uku kupesana kunokosha (kupesana kweufakazi (icho chinogumisa) uye zvikanganiso (ibvumidza). [FLT] Hunopa mhaka inopesana.[FLD:] Bruks v.[FFFF:1] [1] [10]], 437]

Kutongwazve Pashure Pokuva Nehozhwa

Apo vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo (vatongi vakaturikwa), dare rinozivisa mhaka nemhaka ye "zvinodikanwa," uye hurumende ingadzosa mukwiridziri. Uku kupesana kwakasanogadzwa; kutendera kwomukwiridzirwi hakudikanwi. Zvisinei, kana muroveri mhaka achikundikana akundikanazve kuwana maruramiro pashure pematare akawanda akarembera, mutongi angataura kuti kutongwazve kunoumba kunetsa uye kunofanira kurambidzwa. Nepo zvibvumikiso zvakadaro zvisingawanzobudirira, dzimwe matare ehurumende akaganhurira chiverengero chekutongwazve mumhaka dzakanyanyisa.

Kuparadzaniswa Nemhosva Kunobviswa Pamuitiro Mumwe Chete

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haidzivisi kurovererwa kwakawanda kwemhosva dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoparirwa nechiito chimwe chete, kunyange kana zvakavakirwa pabvumirano imwe cheteyo. Somuenzaniso, mutyairi akadhakwa anoparira tsaona angatongwa nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri DUI uye kuuraya munhu nechemumwoyo, nemhaka yokuti mhaka imwe neimwe ine chinhu chimwe chetecho chisati. Nenzira yakafanana, mukwiridzirirwi anogona kuedzwa zvakaparadzana nokuda kwechirongwa uye mhaka inopesana. Hatburger

Kungwarira Kunoita Maatomu Ane Chokuita Nezvokuzvidzivirira

Kuchengeta Kutaura Kuviri Kwomusungo

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri ikodzero inofanira kupiwa panguva yakafanira. Kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kuisimudza kutonga kwechipiri kusati kwavamba, kutaura kungarasika. Magweta edziviriro anofanira kugadzira chiito chapamberi pedare kuti adzingwe pahwaro hwengozi mbiri, inotsigirwa noufakazi hwokupfuurira. dare rinotonga rinofanira kuva nenzwisiso yakajeka kana nhau dzechokwadi dziripo. Kana chiito chacho chikarambwa, chikumbiro chapapo chingawanika pasi pedzidziso yenhevedzano, nemhaka yokuti maruramiro okusaedzwa anorasika nenzira inobudirira kana muedzo wacho ukavapo.

Kuziva Kana Kukanganisa Kumwe Kuri Panhau Imwe Chete

Rutivi rwakaoma zvikurusa rwenzvero yenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri kuzivisa "mhosva imwe cheteyo. Dare rinoshandisa kuedza kukuru kuviri: muedzo mumwe chetewo kubva ku tamburger uye kuedza kumwe cheteko kwebhizimisi kunoshandiswa mumatare enyika. Mumutemo wehurumende, kana mirau yacho yose ichida chibvumikiso chechinhu chimwe chetecho chisati chiri, imhakano dzakasiana, kunyange kana mufambiro wakarurama wakafanana. Zvisinei, mamwe mabumbiro enyika anogovera dziviriro huru, anodzivisa nokuda kwemhosva ipi neipi inobva muchinoitika chimwe chetecho choutsotsi. Zano rekunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu anobatira mutemo uye kudzivirira kwakawanda apo anowanika.

Kutarisira Mitero Yakawanda Yakagoverwa Munguva Dzakasiana - siana

Vachuchisi pane dzimwe nguva vanopomera vakaparadzana nokuda kwezvikonzero zvounyanzvi kana kuti nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hunobuda gare gare. Magweta edziviriro anofanira kuva akangwarira mukudenha kunodenha kunotevedzana mungozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Somuenzaniso, kana mukwirirwi akapomerwa kudenhwa nokuda kwokusunungurwa kwokuponda nokuda kwokuedza kupfura kumwe cheteko, chiito chokudzinga chinofanira kuchengetwa, kutaurirwa kuti kudenha imhosva shomanene inobatanidzwa uye mabhawa okudzima. Kunyange kana pomero dzacho dzikaoneka dzakasiana, kuvharanisa eeplency kungadzivisa maidi akati kuti asadzorerwe.

Kukosha Kwenhoroondo Yokutonga

A strong double jeopardy claim often depends on what the trial record shows about the facts determined in the prior proceeding. In a jury trial, the verdict alone may not reveal which facts the jury resolved; but where the jury necessarily rejected a key element (e.g., intent), that issue cannot be retried. For a bench trial, the judge's findings of fact provide clear evidence. Defense attorneys should request special verdicts or interrogatories when feasible to lock in factual determinations that may support later double jeopardy claims.

Zvisiiwa uye Mamiriro Ezvinhu Chaiwo

Mutongi Anotsausa Mufambiro Wokunyengera

Sezvacherechedzwa, kana muchuchisi akadenha namaune kutongwa, kutongwazve kwakarambidzwa. Uku kupesana kuduku; dziviriro inofanira kuratidza kuti muchuchisi aivavarira kuparira mhaka isina kururama, kwete bedzi kuti vakaita zvakaipa. Mu Oregon v. Kennedy, Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa kuti muchuchisi anofanira kubvumikisa vavariro inoratidzirwa yokunyandura mupomeri kuti aende kudare risina kururama.

Kutongwazve Pashure Pokubvuma Kuti Kwasara Kuti Kubiridzirwa Kuitirwe

Kana mukwirirwi akawana maruramiro kupfurikidza nokunyengera, kunyengera, kana kuti ushati, hurumende ingaramba kupwiswa ikoko ndokuedzazve mukwiridziridziri pasina kuputsa njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri. Chinopa mufungo ndechokuti rukundo rwomukwirirwi rusati rwuri rururamisiro yapamutemo kana kuti kutendeseka, naizvozvo bhawa harifaniri kushanda. Nenzira yakafanana, kana dare rinotongwa risina simba, dare rinotenderwa.

Kupfuurira Kwemiviri uye Ngozi Huviri

Ngozi mbiri dzinoshanda kukuita misikanzwa kwepwere, asi pfundo rokubatanidza ndeririya apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa pakutonga kwokuvimbisa. Kana mwana ari musindimarari uye gare gare akatarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi dzavakuru nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri ingadzivisa kurovererwa kwedare kwavakuru kana dare repwere riine chiremera ndokupa rutongeso rwokupedzisira. Zvisinei, kuendesa mitemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunobvumira muduku kutongwa semukuru kubva pakutanga, kudzivisa nhau dzine ngozi mbiri.

Ukama Pakati Pengozi Huviri Nedzimwe Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kutongwa Kunokurumidza uye Kunyengera Kuviri

Nepo Sixth Amendment ichivimbisa muedzo wokukurumidza, kudzingwa kwokuputswa kwekodzero iyoyo hakupinduri hako. Zvisinei, kana kudzingwa kwacho kuri norusaruro (rwunozivikanwa navose nokuda kwokuputsa kwemiedzo kwokukurumidza), ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haishandi nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi haasati ari kuiswazve. Kana kudzingwa kusina rusaruro, hurumende inogona kutsiva, uye ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati iri mhaka. Magweta edzirwo angashandisa ngozi yakapetwa kaviri pashure pokuramba kukurumidza kusimbisa kuti kunonoka kunetsa, asi iyi ipfungwa yechienzi.

Habeas Corpus uye Ngozi Huviri

Pashure pekupwiswa nehurumende, mukwiridzirwi angatsvaka nyaradzo yehurumende yakavakirwa pakuputswa kwengozi kuviri. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende anowanzofuratira mhedziso dzedare dzengozi dzakapetwa kaviri kutoti chisarudzo chedare rehurumende chakanga chichipesana nokugadzwa zvakajeka kwomutemo wehurumende. Kana dare rehurumende rikabvumira nenzira isiriyo kurovererwa kwechipiri, mukwirirwi anogona kumutsa kutaura ikoko munhau dzehurumende, asi mipimo yacho inodzoreka.

mhedziso

Ngozi mbiri dzinoramba dziri nhoo inokosha nokuda kwavakwirirwi vetsoro, ichidzivisa kurovererwa kwadzokororwa kwadzoserwazve nokuvimbisa kuguma kwemuitiro wepamutemo. Nokuda kwamagweta anodzivirira, anonzwisisa apo nenzira yokupa nayo iyi dziviriro inogona kuva musiyano pakati pomutengi anotarisana nokutongwa kwechipiri uye mugumo wechigarire kunhau. Kubva pakuisa bhawa pashure pokurega kudenha zvirango zvakawanda pasi pe [[FLT: 0]] shirtburger[FLLD] [FLD:1], dzidziso yacho inopa mikana mikana mizhinji yokusunungurwa. Zvisinei, ganhuriro dzayo zvikurukuru dzidziso mbiri youchangamire uye mano enyika okuedzazve kunzvera pashure pokuedza. Kuziva kukanganisa kupetapukira njodzi kuviri, kubatanidza mitemo yayo yenhau, uye kudzivirira kwomutemo mumutemo unogona kudzivirira muedzo wemhosva.

Kuwedzera, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Kupinda kwaMashoko eGabhii panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri[[FT:1], chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu [FLT]]] Bhenton v. Mary[[FLT:][FLT]]. [[FLT] [5], uye kuongororwa kwemuedzo mumwe cheteyo mu [[FLT]] [[FLT]] .[12][12]