Mamiriro enzvimbo ezvirongwa zvematongerwe enyika munyika yose akachinjwa zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, achipesvedzerwa zvikurukuru nokumuka kwematare eSangano rePutho Action (PAC). Kusafanana nezvivako zvegamuchidzanwa zvakabatanidzwa zvakananga nemapoka kana kuti mapoka, aya masangano anozvimirira anoshanda nemwero wakati wokuzvitonga unoabvumira kuronda zvinangwa zvine chokuita norudzi. Kukura kwawo kunoratidza kuti masangano epasi pose anochinja mari yazvo. Pano, uko mari, mashoko enhau, uye pesvedzero zvinowedzera pasina kurangarira miganhuro yenyika. Sezvo vaPaC vasingabatanidzwi vachiva vakakurumbira zvikuru uye vanoshandiswa zvikuru, anopa mabanza ose ari maviri okuvimbisana zvamatongerwe enyika uye zvinetso zvikuru zvokutarisira. Nyaya inonzvera kuti masangano aya epasi pose anoanoita sei mumitengo yepasi pose, mazano anoshandisa, mibvunzo yemitemo uye kuwanda kwetsika dzawo munyika yose.

Ndeapi Mabhuku Asina Kubatanidzwa?

PCAC idare rezvamatongerwe enyika risingabatanidzwi iro rinomutsa ndokupedza mari kupesvedzera mubatanidzwa, hurumende, kana kuti sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, asi harina kubatanidzwa nomubhadharo wakananga, mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti rimwe dare rinotenderwa. Mupasi pomutemo weU., Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) inorondedzera seyayayakatangwa namasangano, mubatanidzwa webasa, kana kuti masangano emitezo, nepo maPACIPC ari masangano akazvimirira akasununguka mumabatani akadaro. Uku kuzvimirira kunovapa rusununguko rwakafara mumakuridziro avanoita mari nokugovera zvinhu. Vanogona kukumbira mipiro inobva kuna vose, vanobatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvapachena, uye vanobatira pamwe chete nemamwe masangano avanhu vanowirirana nevamwe vanhu.Ndongoitwa.Ngu.

Gadziriro yapamutemo yeDare rePaCs yakavamba muFederal EFomment Act (FECCA) ya 1971 uye kugadziridzwa kwakatevera, kubatanidza Bipartisan Champaign Reformation Act (BCRA) ya2002. Dare Gurusa reUnited States mu [FLL:0] CONCENCENCE] United[F[FFFL:1] [2010]) yakakudzazve mano ePAC namamwe mapoka okushandisa zvitsamaumbiso zvisingaganhurirwi pakuzvimirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunyange zvazvo izvo zvinotonga zvakananga kukurukura nokushandisa mubatanidzwa, zvakasimbisawo maruramiro azvo kuratidzira muPACIKO. Aya zvino anomirira simba guru musimba razvo reAmerica, uye kupfurikidza nokuvhotera kwamarudzi ose.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvemaPAC asingaendi kune dzimwe nzvimbo zvinosanganisira:

  • Kuisa mari yakazvimirira: Vanounganidza mari kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, makambani, kana kuti mamwe maPC pasina kusungwa neganhuriro dzemipiro dzinoshanda kumatare echibharo mune mamwe mashoko (kunyange zvakadaro vanofanira kurarama nemitemo yomubatanidzwa yezarudzo).
  • Issue advocacy: Vazhinji vanonangidzira ngwariro panharaunda chaidzo dzemiitiro yakananga( zvakadai sokutengeserana, kodzero dzavanhu, kana kuti muitiro wemhoteredzo() pane kutsigira mutezo mumwe kana kuti mubato.
  • Mubato wemiganhu yemichero: Vamwe vanoshanda munyika yose kupfurikidza nokutsigira mari mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika okumwe, kugovera zvinoitika zvemhiri kwamakungwa, kana kuti nhimbe dzinotanga nhevedzano yemichina dzinovhota mune dzimwe nyika.
  • Zvivako zvisingachinjiki: MaPC asingadiwi anogona kuva echinguvana kana kuti echigarire, uye angagadziridzwazve kana kuti kugadziridzwa kuchinjira kuchinjika kwezvimiro zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kukura Kwemapakidhi Asiri Akabatana Munyika Yose

Kunyange zvazvo maPC ari masangano eAmerica akatangwa zvakajeka, akasarira akasarira muUnited States. Mumakore gumi apfuura, vezvematongerwe enyika vokumwe, mapati, uye mapoka ezviwanira mafaro akavamba kugamuchira motokari dzakafanana dzokuzvidira, kana kuti kuva zvipfuro zvemaPUC eUnited States anotsvaka kuumba zvamatongerwe enyika kune dzimwe nyika. Chinoitika chacho chinosundwa nezvinhu zvinoverengeka: kukurukurirana zviri nyore kwemichina yezvemari, kudyidzana kwenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kushayikwa kwemitemo yemari inotsinhirana nehurumende yenyika dzakawanda.

Munyika dzakawanda, mitemo yedzimba inorambidza mipiro yokumwe yakananga kuvadaviri kana kuti mapati. Zvisinei, maPACI asina kubatanidzwa anogona kushandisa mikana yokudzorwa nokupinza mari munyika dzechitatu, achishandisa masangano eshekeri, kana kuti kutsigira mari inomisa kusarudzwa zvachose. Somuenzaniso, PCAC yakavakirwa pamitemo yenzvimbo yematunhu angatsigira zvitendi zvematunhu muEurope purofiti pamberi peSarudzo yeparamende, nokudaro achipesvedzera pfungwa dzevongi pasina kuputsa mitemo yomunharaunda. Nenzira yakafanana, diaspora inowanzoumba Prus kuti itsigire masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti vatsigiridzi munyika dzavo dzamavambo, kubatanidza masangano ezvokushambadza adzidzwa muU.

Mazano Nemazano

MaPAC asina kubatanidzwa anoshandisa nzira dzakati kuti awane zvinangwa zvavo zvamarudzi ose. Nzira idzi dzakagadzirirwa kusimbisa pesvedzero apo dzinoderedza kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo:

  • Kushambadzira kwemichero yemadhigitation: Madhipatimendi akadai saGoogle, Facebook, uye Twitter anobvumira PC kurongera zviverengero zvechiverengero chavanhu chakananga munyika dzokumwe namashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika akarungana. Nemhaka yokuti kushambadza kwacho kunowanzotengwa namasangano anonyoreswa eU.S., angakundikana kudzora zviremera zvesarudzo dzokumwe nyika.
  • Kubatanidza mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika okumwe nezvirongwa: Mamwe maPC anopa zvipo kumafungiro ehondo, masangano ezvoudzori, uye mapoka enzanga avagari vemo ari kunze kwenyika ayo anowirirana nenharidzano dzawo dzemiitiro. Nepo iyi mipiro isiri nhimbe yakananga, anogona kuumba mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika munzira dzamanomano.
  • Kubatanidza misangano yamarudzi ose nezvinoitika: Kupfurikidza nokuronga kuungana kwakakwirira kunobatanidza vezvamatongerwe enyika vokumwe, vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, uye vashingairi, PC inogadzira mikana yesocial neplatifomu zvokusimudzirwa kwemitemo. Izvi zvinoitika zvinogona kubatirawo semotokari dzokuunganidza mari.
  • iri mukugamuchirwa kune dzimwe nyika: MaPUSA asingadiwi angaripira vamiriri vokumwe kana kuti vapi zano kuti vadzorere hurumende dzokunze panhau dzakadai sezvokutengeserana, dziviriro, kana kuti mipimo yemhoteredzo. MuU.S., mibato yakadaro inodzorwa neFolders Exposition Act (FARA), asi mitemo yakafanana inosiana zvikuru munyika yose.
  • DIGITAL roots zvinounganidza: PACS inoshandisa nhimbe dzenzanga dzezvinobudisa nhau, ndaza dzeemail, uye maapps anotakurika kukurudzira vatsigiri mudzimwe nyika kutarisana nezvisakiso chaizvo, kazhinji kazhinji achidzikamisa musiyano pakati pechinonyorwa chapamutemo nedzokumwe vhiringidziko.

Midziyo Yepamutemo Neyokutungamirira

Mitemo inodzorwa nokuda kwemaPAC anoshanda munyika yose inokamuraniswa uye inopesana kazhinji kazhinji. MuUnited States, FEC inoda kuti PAC dzose dzinyorese, mishumo yenguva dzose yemipiro nendyiko, uye kuzivisa vapi. Zvisinei, iyi mitemo yokuzivisa ine mhosho huru. Somuenzaniso, mari yomupi nedeko reLLC zvinogona kuvhara manyuko echokwadi emari, ichiita kuti kuome kuronda mari kudzokera kufariro dzokunze. Mukuwedzera, FEC ine simba rakaganhurirwa rokunzvera kutengeserana kwenyika yose, uye zviito zvayo zvokuchengeta kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinova zvishoma uye pasi pezvisaririra.

Dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzine mitemo yakaoma zvikuru. United Kingdom inoisa chirambidzo chakasimba pamipiro yokumwe kumabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, asi mutemo unotsamira pakuzvishuma nokutarisira bhangi. Canada inorambidza mipiro yokumwe kumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ehurumende, bva mapoka endyiko akazvimirira anoshanda se “mapati matatu” anotarisana neganhuriro shoma. Hurumende dzeEurope dzine mirau yakasiana----------chinjika: dzimwe nhengo dzakadai seGermany neFrance dzine zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa pachena, nepo dzimwe dzine gadziriro dzisina simba. Iri basa rinoparira mikana yePACIC kuti vapindiripu vadzo vadzori vehurumende inodzokororwa mumiteveridzo.

Zvinetso Zvokuti Muone Mavara

Chinetso chikuru chakapoteredza mubato wePACI wamarudzi ose kushaikwa kwokuona. MaPAC asingabatanidzwa anogona kugamuchira mari inobva kuvanhu namasangano ayo asingadikanwi kuzivisa uzivi hwavo kana mipiro ikapinda pasi pezvikumbaridzo zvakati. Somuenzaniso, PC inofanira kushuma vapi vanopa mari inopfuura $200 pagore, asi aya mashoko anowanzovigwa mumafabheji akaoma kuiswa pachena. Uyezve, marudzi okumwe anorambidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kupira mari zvakananga kuU.S.PAC, asi anogona kudzora mari kupfurikidza neU.S.S.

Makambani eshell nezvivako zvokuchengetera zvinhu zvingatooma kurongeka. Mupiro mumwe ungapfuura nomumitemo mizhinji namasangano apamutemo usati wasvika paPAC, zvichiita kuti zvive zvinenge zvisingabviri kuti vadzoreri munyika imwe ipi neipi vatevere mari. Uku kukwezva iropafadzo nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kupesvedzera kusarudza kwokumwe, asi kunoderedza chivimbo chavose mumiitiro yedemokrati. 20222 yeBrennan Center yeRuramisiti vakawana mari ine rimajeka nejeka rinobva kumanyuko asingazivikanwi muU.S.

Fundo Dzemhosva Mumubato Wemarudzi Ose

Kuongorora mienzaniso yenyika chaiyo kunoratidza kuti mabasa ePC ari kunze kwenyika anoguma nezviitiko zvinoshanda. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa akawanda achiramba ari mumumvuri, zviitiko zvakanyatsonyorwa zvinoratidza simba rinoita zvokutambira.

Zvikamu zveIsrael uye Kusarudzwa kweEurope

MaParamende eAmerica akadai seAIPAC-flavity Mapoka akabatira kwenguva refu muvhoti muU.S., asi mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mamwe akatambanudzira kusvika kwawo kuEurope. Mukati me 2019 Paramende yeEurope, mishumo yakaoneka kuti maParamende eU.S. akanga atsigira nhimbe dzokushambadzira nezvinoitika zvokuvhotera muFrance, Germany, uye U.K. Vavariro yacho yakanga iri yokusimudzira vairangarirwa sevane ushamwari kuIsrael uye kudzorera shure mukuramba kutsoropodza kukura kwemitemo yeIsrael. Kunyange zvazvo pasina mitemo yakaputswa yakaitwa rondedzero yenhau sechibvumirano chokuvhotambira kunze kwenyika panzvimbo pokuvhotambira panzvimbo pokuvhota.

Mapoka Okusachena Nematongerwe Enyika Omunyika

Nzanga dzevasiri mumisha muUnited States dzakaumba zvitendero zvakawanda zvisina kubatanidzwa kuti zvipesvedzere zvamatongerwe enyika munyika dzazvo dzamavambo. Somuenzaniso, maPACI eIndia eAmericania akapa kunhimbe muIndia, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuwanira mari isingabhadharwi mari iyo gare gare inoendesa mari kumabato ezvamatongerwe enyika eIndia kana kuti vadaviri. Nenzira yakafanana, maCuban-American PaC akadur adira mari munhamburiko dzenhau kudzora U.S. gadziriro kuCuba, asiwo mumibato inotapura Cuban zvamatongerwe enyika zvemhuri. Mutemo weMitengo unowedzera tsvina: mipiro kumibato yezvamatongerwe enyika yapatoo yedzimwe nyika dzisingakwanidziri dzinobetsera pasi pemiraudzo yeIRS, bva kuchengetwa kwakaderera.

Kupindira kweRussia Kuchiitwa Nemapoka Anozvimirira

Zvichida gakava rakakwirira zvikurusa renyika yose rePAC rinobatanidza kupomera kwechiRussia kupindira musarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S. Investitions dzakaitwa nesangano rezveuchenjeri reU.S. nePurgate Counseer Robert Mueller yakawana kuti mauto eRussia aishandisa mubatanidzwa wenhau dzenzanga uye sangano rapamberi rinonzi Internet Research Agency (IRA) kubhadhara nhimbe yenhau. IRA yakanga isiri pamutemo wakanyorwa pasi peU.S., yakabatira zvakafanana nokukwidza mari uye kupedza mari pamashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti sei sangano risingafambiswi reInternet real Research Agency (IRA) kana kuti nyika dzokunze dzinoshandisa bhizimisi munhimberi dzemari kuti dzishandise pesvedzero yezvokuyambuvakwa kweU.

Mumwe nomumwe weiyi mienzaniso unoratidzira kunyanduka kuri pakati pokushandiswa kwapamutemo kwekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nengozi yokupindira kusina kufanira kwokumwe. Sezvo maPC asina kubatanidzwa anova nyanzvi zvikuru pakufambisa miganhu yapamutemo, kudikanwa kwemipimo yakajeka zvikuru yamarudzi ose kunowedzera nokukurumidza.

Kunetsa Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuwanda kwePACI dzisingabatanidzwi munhimbe dzamarudzi ose kunoparira pesvedzero huru nokuda kwokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Kune rumwe rutivi, aya masangano anogona kukudza manzwi amapoka akaderedzwa, kugonesa nzanga dzediaspora kutora rutivi mumatongerwe enyika emusha, uye kusimudzira kurukurirano yenharo panhau dzinomanikidzira dzakadai sekodzero dzavanhu nedziviriro yemhoteredzo. Kune rumwe rutivi, dzinopinza mungozi kuderedza nheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira.

Zvimwe zvacho ndeizvi:

  • Tsvakaro: vanhu vakapfuma kana kuti masangano, kubatanidza avo vari kunze kwenyika yapachivande, vanogona kushandisa PCs kuisa dzvinyiriro isingaenzaniswi pasarudzo dzokumwe, kuchishatisa kuda kwavavhoti.
  • Kudzivisa mutemo: Kushaikwa kwemitemo inotsinhiraniswa kunobvumira PCs kuchinja mari nemabasa kugura miganhu kudzivisa kunzverwa, kuchiparira nhangemutange kusvika pasi mumipimo yemari yenhimbe.
  • Kuwanwa kwechivimbo: Apo vavhoti vanonyumwira kuti sarudzo iri kupesvedzerwa nemari yakavanzika yokumwe, chivimbo mumasangano edemokrasi. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukusadavidza nokubvisa.
  • njodzi dzekuchengeteka kwerudzi: Mapasa okuMamwe kana kuti avo vari kuita samagwaro okuvhota usipo ehurumende dzokumwe vangabatira semotokari nokuda kwezvibvumirano, kurasika, kana kuti kudzongonyedza kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzikamisa Kutaura Kwakasununguka Nokuzvidavirira

Kupindura kupi nokupi kwokutungamirira kunofanira kushandisa kupesana pakati pokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka nejenaguru renzanga dzedemocracy(* uye kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kwenyika dzokunze. MuFirst Amendment inopa dziviriro yakafara kukushandisa mari yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza nePCs isati iri pamutemo. Dare rapamusoro ragara richidavira kuti ndyiko dzinozvimirira rudzi rwekutaura kwakadzivirirwa, kunyange apo mukurukuri ari chinhu chakasiiwa. Ikoku kukuita kwakaoma kuisa mitemo yakavharidzika pamubato wePC wamarudzi ose pasina kushandisa maruramiro emitemo.

Vamwe vanochinja zvinhu vanoita nharo nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvikuru panzvimbo pekurambidzwa chose chose. Somuenzaniso, kuraira kuti PCs ashuma varidzi vanobetsera zvikurusa vemipiro ipi neipi panzvimbo yakati kunogona kubetsera kuvhenekera mari yakavanzika yokumwe pasina kunzvera kwapamutemo kwapamutemo. Vamwe vanodana nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose pamusoro pokuvakwa kwenhimbe, zvakafanana nezviya zvinotonga kubhadharwa kana kuti kubviswa kwomutero. Zvisinei, zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvinotarisana nemhinganidzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemitemo.

Nguva Yemberi YamaPaC Amarudzi Ose

Kutarira mberi, basa rePACIS isiri yakabatanidzwa munhimbe dzamarudzi ose sezvingabvira richawedzerazve. Zvimiro zvinoverengeka zviri kuwirirana: kuwedzerwa kwemibatanidzwa yokuzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kumuka kwokusazivikanwa senzira yokupa nayo kusingazivikanwi, uye kubatana kuri kuwedzera kwamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika enyika enyika yenyika yose. Somuenzaniso, PACI yaigona kugamuchira mipiro yeBitcoin inobva kupi nokupi munyika, inoitendeutsa kumari inonatsa, uye inoipedzera pakushambadza kwemichina inoshambadza ichiita vavhoti muruwa rwokumwe nyika inosarudzwa (*all) inoramba ichigamuchirwa zvikurukuru.

Makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu anoitawo basa rinokosha. Mapepa akaita mafambiro okuoneka seFacebook naGoogle aita mamwe okushambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, akadai sokuda kuziviswa kuti ndiani ari kuabhadhara. Asi mitemo iyi inoshandiswa nenzira isingawirirani munyika, uye inogona kudziviswa nounyanzvi hwokutenga kwounyanzvi. Uyezve, kuwedzera kwemaapps akavharwa akanyorwa pachena seTelegram uye Signal kunoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuongorora kuedza kugadzira uswa kunoitwa nePCs dzokune imwe nyika.

Vagadziri vemitengo vava kutanga kupindura. MuEuropean Union, Murayiro weMarigital Services unoisa misengwa yakaoma zvikuru pazvikuva kudzivisa kudzorwa kwevhoti. MuUnited States, mutemo wakakarakadzwa wakadai seKudzivirira Utemo Yedu Yedemokrati neDSCLOSE Act waizosimbisa zvinodikanwa kuti zvizivikanwe nokuda kwePACIS ndokukudza masimba okutarisira. Zvisinei, kudzosera nokushora kwakadzivisa kuchinjwa kweizvi.

Kurudziro nokuda kwegadziriro inonyanyooneka

Kuti ugadzirise matambudziko anokonzerwa nemaPAC asina kubatanidzwa munhimbe dzenyika dzakawanda, unofanira kuita izvi:

  • batira pamwe yemuchinjikwa wemicheto: Nyika dzinofanira kugoverana mashoko pamusoro pekufamba kwemari kunonyumwirwa uye kuronga kunzvera. Sa Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Proms ingagona kubatira somuenzaniso.
  • Vanza mabudire emitemo: Hurumende dzinofanira kunyora mitemo yemari kuti dzive nechokwadi chokuti mapoka anozvimirira anotora mari, pasinei zvapo negadziriro yawo yetsika, anozviisa pasi pemitemo imwe cheteyo yokuzivisa semaPC egamuchidzanwa.
  • [ Ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu nokuda kwokuona: Blockchain inonyorwa, kunyorwa kwemipimo kwekushambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mapepa enguva chaiyoiyo avanhu vose anogona kubetsera kuvhenekera pazvimwe zvinhu zvakajeka.
  • Masangano anozvimirira anotarisira: Zvirongwa zvakafanana neFEC zvinoda mari yakakwana nechiremera kunzvera nhau dzamarudzi ose, kubatanidza simba duku pavatambi vokumwe vari musimba ravo.
  • Kuzivisa vanhu: Masangano enzanga avagari vemo anofanira kudzidziswa pamusoro pengozi dzepesvedzero yokumwe ndokushongedzerwa namaturusi okunzvera nenzira yokutsoropodza manyuko emashoko ezvematongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

MaPUC asina kubatanidzwa azova zvishandiso zvine simba mubhokisi rezvishandiso zvavarwi vezvamatongerwe enyika vamarudzi ose. Kuzvimirira kwawo kunopa machinjika uye kunosvika kuti zvimiro zvemabato zvegamuchidzanwa zvisagona kuwirirana, asi zvinokurudzirawo kubatwa zvisina kufanira naavo vanotsvaka kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yedemocracy. Nzvimbo yazvino inodzorwa nemitemo yenyika nemitemo ine simba duku duku (jeka) yakashongedzerwa kudzora kuyerera kwamarudzi ose kwemari yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sarudzo iri kuuya muhurumende huru yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vachakweverwa ngwariro yokumwe, kukurumidzira kwokuvandudza hakugoni kupfumiswa.

Kudzikamisa pakati pokuchengeta kutaura kwakasununguka kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuchengeta perero yokusarudza kuchada kurukurirano yakatsiga pakati pehurumende, makambani oruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, nzanga yavagari vemo, uye vavhoti. Pasina chiito chine revo, kuva pamutemo kwemiitiro yedemokrati munyika yose kunoparadzwa negadziriro yemishumo yemari yenyika dzakawanda. Nguva yokupedza denho iyi iko zvino.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Federal Envotion Commission [[FL:0] gumo pakunyoresa nokushuma, Brennan Center yeRuramisiro remifungo yemari yakasviba murusarudzo [[[FLT:]], uye OpenSALTY’S [[FLT:]] . zvamatongerwe enyika.]. Maonere anowanika mu [[FLT: 6, NW] .]