Chitanga: Kudzikamisa Mutemo Kunoita Kuti Vave Nesimba

Gadziriro yapamutemo inodzora kuchengetwa kwomutemo iwirirano yakaoma yegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wemitemo, zviteshi zvenhau, uye mitemo yedhipatimendi. Yakarongedzerwa kupa vakuru vakuru zvishandiso zvinodikanwa kudzivirira chengeteko yavose parinoisa miganhu yakatsirira panzvimbo imwe cheteyo yokudzivirira maruramiro iwayo. Iyi ganhuriro haisati iri yakarerekera panhambo yakarendenyedzwa; inochinja nomumirairo yedare, chiito chomutemo, uye tarisiro dzechibvumirano. Kunzwisisa masimba ose ari maviri anopiwa neganhuriro dzinoiswa kunokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, vagadziri vemiitiro yemitemo, uye vanhu vose. Nyaya inopa kunzverwa kukuru kwezvikamu zvechiremera, kunzvera, uye kudzoresa masimba, sezvo gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira idzodzi dzinosimbiswa dzinoshandiswa nenzira inobvumirwa nomutemo.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Rechiremera Chamapurisa

Chitendero chechiremera chemitemo cheAmerica chinorambidza kuchengetwa kwemitemo muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., zvikurukuru Bill of Rights. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rimene risingavaki madhipatimendi emapurisa, rinoisa miganhu umo vatambi vose vehurumende (kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo) inofanira kushanda. Gamende yeChina inorambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha, ichiraira kuti kuvhozhokerwa kupi nokupi nokupi kunoruramiswa nechinhu kana kuti, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa ane mufungo. Gadziro yeFindmendement inodzivirira pakuzvimanikidza kuzviita, ichi chivimbisa kuti vanhu havagoni kumanikidzwa kugovera vamene ufakazi. Pendementation Rederment inovimbisa maruramiro nemuedzo wakarurama, uko kunotapura zvakananga kuti mapurisa anobvunzurudza kana kuti vatsigire mamiriro ezvinhu.

Idzi gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo hadzisi zvikarakadzowo hazvo; dzinomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nomutemo wokubvisa, ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kwaaya maruramiro kubva mukushandiswa pakutongwa ( Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643). Mukuwedzera, kukuvadziko yavagari vemo pasi pa 42 U.S.C. . mu mwaka 1983 inogovera mushonga nokuda kwavanhu vane maruramiro emitemo anopunzwa nomutemo. Muuyo wacho imhoteredzo yapamutemo umo kushandiswa kuri kwose kwesimba ramapurisa kunodzorwa kunzvera uye miuyo inobvira.

Chiremera Chokusungwa: Chinokonzera Kubatwa Kwacho uye Kuzvinyima Zvine Mwero

Simba rokusunga nderimwe ramaturusi anooneka zvikurusa uye anotapura anowanika kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Zvisinei, kusava kusungwa kuri kwose kwemunyumwiri kunoumba kusungwa. Matare anosiyanisa pakati pokusungwa, uko kunoda chisakiso chinobvira, uye kumira, kunoda bedzi nyumwiro ine mufungo. Uku kusiyana, kwakatangwa mu Terry v. Ohio [3] (3] (3992.U.S. 1, 1968), anobvumira vakuru vakuru kuisa munhu kwenguva pfupi kana vane mamiriro ezvinhu akananga, anoparira maidi ane mufungo kuti apedzere chitendero chine mufungo chokuti mubato woutsotsi uri mutezo.

Chisakiso Chinowirirana: Mupimo Wendarama

Chisakiso chingagona kuziviswa chiripo apo mukuru mukuru anenge ane zivo yamaidi nemigariro izvo zvingatungamirira munhu akangwara kudavira kuti utsotsi hwave huri, hwave huri, kana kuti huchaitwa. Irwo mupimo unoshanda, usati uri unyanzvi uyo unotsamira pahwerengedzo yemigariro. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru uyo anopupurira kutengeserana mirimo, anonzwa kureurura, kana kuti kuwana ufakazi hunoparirwa noufakazi hwakajeka nomutoo wakajeka kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hunova chisakiso chokusungwa. Hondo dzinobudiswa namabhishopi asingatori anosimbisazve kuva kwapamutemo kwokusungwa, kunyange zvazvo kusungwa kukaitwa pasina maruramiro kana chisakiso chinobvira chiripo uye migariro isingakwani.

Kufungidzira Kune Mufungo: Mukana Wakaderera Wechiito Chinoganhurirwa

Nhevedzo ine mufungo imupimo unorerutsira zvikuru, inoda zvishoma chisakiso chinobvira asi chinopfuura chisakisowo zvacho. Inobvumira vakuru vakuru kumisa ndokuisa munyumwiri kana vane chikonzero chokudavira munhu wacho ane zvombo uye ane ngozi. Iyi dzidziso yave ichirumbidzwa yose iri miviri nokuda kwokugonesa mapurisa anoshanda uye inotsoropodzwa nokuda kwebviro yayo yokutungamirira kurusa. Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rakapfuurira kuchenesa miganhu yefungidziro ine mufungo, kurangarira zvinhu zvakadaro senzvimbo, mufambiro, uye nguva yezuva zvinogona kuparira kunzvera ([[FLT:]]]Illinois v., 528], U.S.NU.U.U.N.NU.NU.2.218222.

Kutsvaka Nokurega: Chirayiro Chisingarambiki Nezvachinosiyanisa

Foursement inozivisa kuti “kodzero yevanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye migumisiro, pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari, hazvifaniri kushatiswa.” Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunzvera hakuna mufungo kutoti kwaitwa kubvumirwa kana kuti kuiswa mukati merimwe rezvisingataurwi zvakanaka. Mutemo wacho unofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chakati, uchirondedzera nzvimbo yacho chaiyo uye zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa, uye kupiwa nomutongi asina divi rapamutemo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru wedare anoteerera mutemo, kwete mushandi wesuo repachivande.

Chinhu Chinokosha Chinosiyaniswa Nechinodikanwa Chisingarambiki

Dare Rapamusoro rakaita kusiyana kunoverengeka kunobvumira kunzvera pasina rugwaro.

  • Shoma:[ Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kunzvera, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. Kutendera kunofanira kupiwa norusununguko, kwete kumanikidzwa, uye kungadzimwa panguva ipi neipi.
  • Migariro yakananga: Apo tyisidziro yapakarepo kuupenyu, ngozi youfakazi hunoparadzwa, kana kuti kurondwa kukuru kwefungidziro inotiza kuripo, vakuru vakuru vangapinda ndokutsvaka pasina judha ( v. King], 563] U.S. 452, 2011).
  • Kutsvaka Chinoitika Chokusungwa: Pashure pokusungwa kwapamutemo, vakuru vakuru vanganzvera munhu nenharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo kuti vave nechokwadi chekotsekano yemapurisa ndokudzivisa kuvanda kana kuti kuparadza kwoufakazi ( . California], 395 U.S. 752, 1969).
  • [[FOLT:0] Murangariro unooneka: Kana mukuru mukuru aripo pamutemo ndokuona ufakazi hwemhosva mumurangariro wakajeka, ufakazi ihwohwo hungavambwa pasina maruramiro.
  • Moubile Yakazvimirira: Vehicles inganzverwa pasina judha kana kuchibvira kudavira kuti ine ufakazi hweutsotsi, nemhaka yomugariro wadzo wemotokari uye kariro yakaderedzwa yechivande ( Caroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 1925).

Vaya vasingabvumirani nevamwe vanowanzopiwa mhosva, uye vakuru vakuru vanofanira kunyatsorovedzwa kuziva kana paine chikonzero chiripo uye kana chichishanda.

Kushandiswa Kwemauto: Mitemo Yemitemo Nemasangano Anotonga Nyika Ino

Nharaunda shomanene dzekuchengetwa kwomutemo dzinonzverwa sokushandiswa kwesimba. Gadziriro yemitemo inoisa dikanwo yevakuru vakuru kuti vazvidzivirire vamene uye vanhu mukurwisana nemaruramiro makuru kuupenyu neperero yomuviri. Mupimo wokunzvera kutaura kwesimba kwakawandisa pasi peGrandement yeChina wakatangwa Graham v. Connor[[FL:1] [490 U.S. 386, 1989): dare rinofanira kuyera kana zviito zvomupurisa wacho zvakanga “zvinonzwisisika nenzira ine mufungo” mukujeka maidi nemigariro zvakatarisana nomukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wemapurisa, pasina kurangarira vavariro kana kuti vavariro.

Zvinhu Zvinotungamirira Muedzo Wokunzwisisa

Chisarudzo chakaratidzira zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvokurangarira: uremu hweutsotsi, kana anonyumwirwa achiisa tyisidziro yapakarepo kukotsekano yavakuru vakuru kana kuti vamwe, uye kana munyumwiri ari kudzivisa nokushingaira kusungwa kana kuti kuedza kudzivisa kusungwa nokubhururuka. Zvinokosha, kuva nomufungo kwesimba kunofanira kutongwa kubva kumurangariro womukuru mukuru ane mufungo pamufananidzo, kwete nebetsero yenenjiva. Uyu “wn-secondrong unopa vabati vakuru vakuru vakuru vakati kuti asi haubvumiri kushandiswa kwesimba rinouraya mukurwisana nokubhururuka. [[FLT:] zvinonyumwirwa ([FFFF:2]]]

Kubatana Kwakakodzera Netapuro Yako

Kudzivirirwa kwakakodzera idzidziso yapamutemo inodzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vemitemo, kubva pamitoro yavagari vemo kutoti vakaputsa “zvakajeka” kodzero dzemitemo kana kuti pamutemo izvo munhu ane mufungo aizova aziva. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kudzivirirwa kwakakodzera kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vapi navaviri vapi vapirwe mhaka dzakanyanyisa, kunyange mumhaka dzinodenha. Vatsigiri vanoidzira vanoidzivirira pakutonga kwenhau kwenhando uye vanovabvumira kuita mabasa avo vasingatyi kuratizadziswa. Gakava rinova rinova rakasimba pamusoro pekudzora kwave kwakawedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura, uye netsutsungidzira Dare rePresa rinopa mutemo muzviitiko zvinodenha ([[FLD:]]]], egg. [FF1]], [F]]]

Simba Remvura Muzera Ramazuva Ano

Kufambira mberi kweunyanzvi hwokuongorora zvinhu kwakawedzera zvikuru kukwanisa kuongorora vanhu. Kubva pakuverenga marata erezenisi aigadzirwa nemotokari uye kumienzaniso yesero yemasero emagetsi kuutarisiro enzanga uye kuzivikanwa kwezviso zvesomuso, matura ezvokuongorora zvinhu akakura. Asi kudzora kwepamutemo kushandiswa kwavo kuchiri kutevedzerwa. Kudzivirira kweGaramende Rechina kunoshanda mukunzvera nokusurumuka, asi chinoumba “kunzvera” munzvimbo inoonekwa namasaini kwave kuri nhau yokunzvera kukuru.

Dzidziso Yechitatu Nekuchinja Kwayo

Mumagamuchidzanwa, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti vanhu havana kariro ine mufungo yamashoko echivande anogovera nokuzvidira kumativi matatu, zvakadai semakambani efoni kana kuti mabhangi (Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S.735, 1979),. Iyi dzidziso yakambobvumira mapurisa kuwana ndandanda yakafara yezvinyorwa pasina pamutemo. Zvisinei, mu [ Carpeenter v. United States[FLT]] [585.S.6,2018), Dare rakaziva kuti nzvimbo huru yemasero yemasero angafamba makore akawanda kana kuti makore.

Kushandisa Gwaro Rokugadzira Magetsi Nekushandisa Gwaro Rokufambisa Mashoko

Kuvhura mashoko emagetsi, zvakadai sokufona, maemail, uye mashoko emashoko, zvinodzorwa zvikuru neChiteko chePinetap (18 U.S.C. 76 2510-2523). Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo kunofanira kuwana nhevedzano yedare pahwakavakirwa pachingabvira kuti kupindira kuchabudisa ufakazi hwemhosva chaiyo, inorongwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Chibvumirano cheMitemo yeMibatanidzwa yeMitemo (U.S.C. 2701-212) chinodzora kusvika kukuchengeta kurukurirano nezvinyorwa zvakachengetwa navamiriri vebasa. Iyi mitemo inoisa zvinodikanwa zvine rumano, kubatanidza miitiro inoderedza muganhu wemazita asiri maererano.

Kushandiswa kwemichina yokunzvera kazhinji kazhinji kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro petapuro isingaenzaniswi panzanga shomanene uye bviro yemishoni. MaBato anofanira kutanga miitiro yakajeka nemitoo yokutarisira kuti ave nechokwadi chewirirano neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedzemitemo ( ACLU Police Surveillance Resources)).

Miganhu Nemichina Inozvidavirira

Masimba okuchengetedza mitemo anomanikidzwa nemaune nemitemo yakawanda kuti adzivise kubatwa zvisina kufanira, achaita kuti vanhu vavimbe naye, uye anova nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzake dzinoremekedzwa.

Kutarisira Kwomukati Nokunze

Madhipatimendi mazhinjisa amapurisa ane zvikamu zvenhau dzomukati zvinonzvera pomero dzokusazvibata. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwokuzvidzora kwakapanikiridzwa, kuchitungamirira kukutangwa kwamabhodhi ehwirudzuro asiri ehurumende mumativi akawanda. aya mabhodhi, ayo angava anodzorwa kana kuti ane chiremera chinosunga, anopa nzvero yakazvimirira pamabasa okuchengeta mutemo.

Kubatana Kwevanhu Vose uye Mirayiro Yavanobvumira

Vanhu vane kodzero dzinoputswa vanogona kukwirira mhaka pasi pomutemo weChikamu 1983 kana kuti wehurumende. Mukuwedzera, Department of Justice inogona kunzvera mitoo yekusazvibata uye, kana ikawanwa, mirayiro yokubvuma inoita kuti pave nechinjo dzakati. Mienzaniso inosanozivikanwa inobatanidza zvibvumirano zvokubvumirana neBaltimore City Police Depart uye Chicago Police Depart, izvo zvinoda chinjo huru mukushandisa mitemo inodzorwa, rovedzo, uye nzanga.

Macamera okushambidza muviri

Makamera akagadzirwa nomuviri (BWC) ava chishandiso chinogamuchirwa navose chokuzvidavirira. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti BWC inowedzera kuona zvakanaka, ideredza zvichemo, uye kunatsiridza mufambiro pamativi ose ari maviri ekamera. Zvinetso zvemitemo zvakamuka pamusoro peitiro dzakavanzika nokuda kwavanyajambwa uye zvapupu, pamwe chete neapo tsoka dzinogona kunyimwa kuvanhu. Masangano mazhinji akagadza mitemo inodzora BWC inoshandiswa, kubatanidza apo makamera anofanira kusimbiswa uye kuti kurefukidzwa kwakadini kunofanira kuchengetwa ([[FLT: 0]] NCS Body-Wor Camerals Legment[FL:1]).

Kuchinja Kwemitemo: Kuchinja Kwemisi Yedu Nenharo

Gadziriro yapamutemo yokuchengetwa kwomutemo haisati iri yakarevesa. Mukutevera zviitiko zvakakwirira zvamasimba masimba amapurisa uye kuraira chinjo dzegadziriro, matare echirongwa chomutemo nematare zvakanzverazve mizhinji yemitemo yehwaro inokurukurwa pamusoro apa. Mamwe masangano akahwirudzura kushandiswa kwesimba kusimbisa kushandiswa kwesimba uye basa rokupindira; mamwe akarambidza kana kuti akaganhurira unyanzvi hwakati hwakafanana nevhaira uye kusaita mipimo yemicheto.

Pamwero wehurumende, zvikarakadzo zvakadai seGeorge Floyd Justice in Policing Act zvakatsvaka kumisa kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa, kuunganidzwa kwemipiro yemibatanidzwa yehurumende yokushandisa simba, uye kutanga mipimo yenyika nokuda kwemiitiro yamapurisa. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wakakwana usati wapfuudzwa, gakava rinopfuurira kuumba mugariro nemitemo zvomunzvimbomo. Dare Gurusa rakaitawo nhau dzingagona kuvandudza mwero wokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kunokwaniriswa nechiremera chamapurisa kuti zvipinde mukunzvera kusingabvumirwi kwemotokari kana kuti serura.

Mapoka enzanga neabhengi anoita basa rinokosha muiyi mhindumupindu, achisundira nokuda kwokujeka kukuru zvikuru nokuzvidavirira. Gadziriro yemitemo yakasimba bedzi somusengwa wokuigombedzera. Kupfuurira kurovedzwa kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo pamutemo webumbiro remitemo, tsvete, uye njodzi zvinokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti masimba anopiwa anoshandiswa nenzira inoyera.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yapamutemo yokuchengetwa kwomutemo inobatanidza dzikamo yakakomba pakati pavakuru vakuru vanopa simba rokudzivirira chengeteko yavose uye kuvamanikidzira kuchengeta rusununguko rwavose. Kubva kudziviriro dzenheyo dzeChine Chitsigo cheChina kusvikira kumitemo inogadzikiswa yenzvero nokushandiswa kwesimba, simba rimwe nerimwe rinopa ganhuriro dzinowirirana. Kunzwisisa nheyo idzi dzinokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo dzinofanira kushandisa rusununguko rwehurumende zuva nezuva asiwo nokuda kwevoruzhinji vanotsamira pavari nokuda kwedziviriro nerongedzero. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopfuurira uye kariro dzechinoruzhinji dzichapfuurira kuchinjika. Vagari vemo vakasano vanoumbwa zvakanaka uye vashatiswa, tsika dzemitemo yemitemo idziviriro yakanakisisa mukurwisana nokushandiswa kwechiremera nechiremera uye vanokwanisa zvikurusa venzanga.