Mavambo Omufungo Wokutanga

Mavambo oungwaru edzidziso yapakuvamba anosvika kure kupfuura zvinozivikanwa navacherekedzi vazhinjisa vapamutemo. Nepo Mutongi Antonin Scalia akaunza kurangarira kwapakuvamba kutungamirira kwomutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo, uzivi humene hunotorwa mumazana amakore egamuchidzanwa reAnglo-American. Vatongi vapakuvamba vaiwanzoshandisa "revo yokutanga" yemirau negadziriro dzemitemo, vachitaurira kuti kuvimbika kurugwaro kwakadzivisa rutongeso. MuUnited States, chizvarwa chakavamba chaicho chaichaipopokanidza kutsanangura kuti matare enguva yemberi aizoturikira sei Bumbiro remitemo. James Madison, kunyora mu [[FFT:0] Fiderarisano.[FLT] No.[FLT] Authmar text" inoda kutevera rugwaro rwechikamu chapamutemo.[FLT]

Muzana ramakore rechi19, matare eAmerica aiwanzotaura vavariro dzavagadziri pakupedza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall mu Marbury v. Madison [1803] akashandura rondedzero yedare mupfungwa yokuti tsika dzakanyorwa dzeBumbiro remitemo dzakaganhurirwa kutsanangura. Pashure, mu [MCulloch v. Maryland[FLT:] [18], Marshall akabatanidza kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwamasimba ourongwa pasi pechineidzo. Zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba hazvina kushandisa chinyorwa che "roristory," asi zvakatanga tsika dzetsika dzapakuvamba dzaizotaura kuti iko.

Pakasvika mavambo ezana ramakore rechi20, vazivi venhau dzepamutemo vakadenha iri gamuchidzanwa, vachitaura kuti vatongi nenzira isingadzivisiki vakaunza mipimo yomunhu oga kududziro yebumbiro remitemo. Chibvumirano chaichoicho chakawana tsinhirano mukati menhambo yeNew Deal, apo Dare Gurusa rakatsigira simba renyika yose mumashoko ezvokutengeserana uye mashoko ezvegarikano. Vatsoropodzi vezvisarudzo zveNew Deac, kubatanidza nyanzvi dzemitemo dzechinyakare, vakatanga kunyora mhinduro yakarongwa zvikuru yemavambo. Vakataura kuti Dare rakanga rasiya reSangano reMitemoscial rakanga rasiyanisa rediation remitemo yapamutemo yaisina kutsigira pamutemo.

Vatsigiri Vapakuvamba Nokutanga Kwekuvamba Kwazvino Uno

Sangano razvino uno rapakuvamba rakajekeswa muma 1970 nama 1980, rasundwa nokusagutsikana nokukura newarren naBurger Courts's maruramiro kufutunura. Nyanzvi yemitemo Robert Bork yakabuda senzwi raitungamirira, kubudisa nyaya dzinopesvedzera dzinotaura kuti kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunofanira kudzorwa nokunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kworugwaro. Bork akaramba pfungwa yokuti vatongi vaigona kuwana nenzira yapamutemo kodzero dzakashatiswa kana kuti kuvandudza revo remitemo kuratidzira zvinotendwa zvenzanga. Nokuda kwaBorgk, chibvumirano chemavambo chakanga chinongova hacho chisarudzo chetsika chakakomba asi chinodikanwa chokudzora.

Mutongi Pariam Rehnquist, akagadzwa kuDare Gurusa muna 1971 ndokukwidziridzwa kuMutongi Mukuru muna 1986, akabatanidzawo kurangarira kwapakuvamba mumirangariro mikuru. Mu Roe v. [[FLT] [773] [7773]), Rehnst yakapesana, achisimbisa kuti kuzivikanwa kwekodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokubvisa pamuviri kwakanga kusina tsigiro mukunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwePramendement. Kupesana kwake mu [FLT:] RO [[FLT] [FLT] [FFFF:5] akava mupimo wechinyaka yapakuvamba yedare reFiriquence. Reconstrist, zvisinei, haana kugamuchirwa napamhiko, panguva inorangarirwa napapo, kunyange paapo ainenge ainyorwa.

Zvezvamatongerwe enyika nedzidzo zvakawedzera mumisiano yemavambo muma 1980. Vatarisiri vaReagan vakatsvaka zvakajeka vatongi vakazvipira kumiitiro yapakuvamba. Attorney Edwin Meese III akapa hurukuro yakatanhamara muna 1985 paTulane University, vachidana nokuda kwe "kuchinja kwevavariro yapakuvamba". Meese akapikisa kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo yakagadzwa pakurevererwa uye kuti vatongi vaipfuura chiremera chavo apo vakarega donzo iroro. Kutaura kwakamutsa gakava rakakomba, naMutongi William Brennan anopindura kuti chiMurangaridziri wepakuvamba akanga ari "kushongedzwa sekuzvininipisa." izvi zvakabatanidza mashoko edudziro yebumbiro yemitemo yetsika yechizvarwa.

Kuchinja Kwokunyora

Pakasvika kupera kwama1980, mavambo akaita fambiro mberi inokosha mukati maro. Nyanzvi dzakafanana ne Randy Barnett uye Lawson [ dzakataura kuti mavambo anofanira kuisa ngwariro pa "revo yavanhu vose yekare" yevavariro dzemitemo panzvimbo pevavariro dzenhau dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe. Uku kuchinja kwakataura kutsoropodza kukuru: vatongi vaigona sei kusarudza nenzira inotemwaro dzakawanda nemazana eratifiers dzinodaidzwa? Kusvika pachena kwaitaridzika kukuti mugari wemo ane mufungo panguva yeratiation aizova akanzwisisa sei rugwaro. Ikoku kwaiita kuti kugadziridza kuoma kugadziridza kugadziridza kuidzika mitoo yayo uye kuwirirana nemitsatsano yayo.

Mutongi Scalia Nevamutsidziri Vamazuva Ano

Kugadzwa kwaMutongi Antonin Scalia kuDare Rapamusorosoro muna 1986 kwakaratidzira nhambo yechinjo nokuda kwomurangariro wapakuvamba. Scalia akaunza kwete bedzi uchenjeri hunotyisa nomuitiro wokunyora wakapinza asiwo musengwa unowirirana kumiitiro yapakuvamba munhevedzano yakazara yemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. Kusimbisa kwake kwakabatanidza kurukurirano huru dzouzivi hwake hunodudzira, kuchiratidzira kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hwakanga hwasvika somutoo mukurusa wedare.

Kuvamba kwaScalia kwakanga kwakasiana munzira dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, akasimbisa utsame hwemagwaro mududziro yemitemo, achiramba kuti vatongi vanofanira kutarira kurevo yakajeka yamashoko akaitwa neCongress panzvimbo penhau yemitemo kana kuti chinangwa chemitemo. Mu United States v. Taylor[FLT] [1987]), Scalia akanyora kuti "tinodzorwa nemitemo, kwete nevavariro dzechibvumirano." Uku kusvika kwamashoko kwakawirirana nemitemo yake yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende uye akapa jirisprudence yake nheyo yetsika.

Chechipiri, Scalia akaramba pfungwa yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinogona kuita zvokushanduka shanduka kupfurikidza nokududzira kwedare. Mubhuku rake ra1997 Matter of Translate , Scalia akapikisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo i "mutemo" mupfungwa inozivikanwa navose, achireva kuti mashoko aro ane revo chaiyo yokuti vatongi vasungirwa kushandisa. Akaita musiyano mukuru pakati pe "kududzira" (sezvinoreva revo) uye "zvainoreva kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva). Kunyange zvazvo akabvuma kuti kuvaka kungabatanidza kungwara, akaomerera kurevo yerevo yapakuvamba.

Chechitatu, Scalia akashandisa kuvamba kwegadziriro chaidzo dzebumbiro remitemo munzira idzo pane dzimwe nguva dzaishamisa vacherekedzi. Kupesana kwake mu Morrison v. Olson (1988) (8), akarangarira kuti zano razvimirira rakapesana nokuparadzana kwemitemo yakabva kunzwisiso yeChikamu II chemitemo yapakuvamba. [[FLT:]] Murangariro weFiller[FLT] [[FLT]] [2008], Scalia akanyora murangariro mukuru anobvuma kodzero yokutakura zvombo, achishandura kuti kunzvera kwake kwakakurumbira kwenhau revo yapakuvamba yeChiteshingiro cheChipiri. SCCELIA] [FFF:]

Pesvedzero yaScalia yakatambanukira kupfuura mirangariro yake amene. Akarovedza chizvarwa chamabharani emitemo avo vakapfuurira kuva vatongi, vapurofesa, uye vatsigiri vapamutemo. Hurukuro namanyoro ake akasimudzirwa kurangarira kwapakuvamba pakati pamagweta namashinga anorwira mari. Panguva yorufu rwake muna 2016, dzidziso yapakuvamba yakanga yabva pamufungo mukuru wemitemo yeAmerica. Kunyange vatsoropodzi vedzidziso yepakuvamba yakabatanidzwa zvakakomba nenharo dzayo, testamende yesimba roungwaru redzidzo reScalia.

Nharo Yebumbiro reMitemo Ripenyu

Munhau yake yose, Scalia akapinda mukurukurirano inopfuurira navatsigiri ve "Bumbiro remitemo mhenyu", iyo inorangarira kuti revo yebumbiro remitemo inochinja nechinjo dzenzanga. Mutongi Brennan, Justice Thur Good Marshall, uye gare gare Mutongi Stephen Breyer akadzivirira uyu murangariro, achiramba kuti urongwa hwemitemo hwapakuvamba hwaizodzivisira dziviriro dzemitemo pamwero ye 18 muzana ramakore ndokudzivisa Dare kukurukura kusaruramisira kwazvino uno. Scalia akadzivisa kuti mutoo webumbiro remitemo rinoita kuti vatongi vasadzore mipimo yomunhu oga, kusekesa mirangariro yehurumende inotonga yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Iyi kurukurirano yakaita kuti zvisarudzoro zvizhinjisa zvemhoshoro yedare rinoitiranwa nharo, kubva pakubvisa kudzorwa kwesimba ravakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Kutanga Pashure Pokunge Apara mhosva: Dare raRoberts uye Nezviri Kumashure

Rufu rwoMutongi Scalia muna February 2016 rwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penguva yemberi yemufungo wekare paDare Rapamusorosoro. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump kugadza kweRuramisiri Neil Gorsa [ muna 2017], inoteverwa neMutongi Brett Kavataugh[ muna 2020], yakapa chigaro chokutanga chigadziko chakasimba paDare rapanguva ino. Chimwe nechimwe cheidzo ichi chakaratidzira kuzvipira kumuitiro wekuongorora zvinhu zvapakuvamba, kunyange zvazvo chichichishandisa munzira dzakajeka.

Mutongi Clarence Thomas, mutangiri wedare razvino uno akasunda ustript munhungamiro dzine donzo. Thomas akatsigira kudzokororwa kwemienzaniso inopesana nerevo yapakuvamba, kubatanidza munharaunda dzakadai segadziriro yechiduku yezvikwaniriso nerevo dzezvokutengeserana. Mu United States v. Lopez[FLT] [1955] [195] [19595], Thomas akanyora zvakapesana kupikisana kuti chitsauko chebhizimisi chenhau yedare jurisprificince yatsauka kure nerevo yapakuvamba. Kubvumirana kwake mu [[FLT:]] Mdonald. v[FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [FFF]] [3] (2010]) kunyora mukunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwezvikamu zvamagarowo, kana kuti idimu yemasvoniongnome, inopfuunika zvikuru.

Ruramisiro Gor For yakasimbisa kunyorwa kwamagwaro seshamwari yechimiro chapakuvamba. Mirangariro yake muzvinoitika zvakadai se Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), umo iye akakumbanira voruzhinji vanobata kuti Thit Vitut VII inorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwechimiro chevatano nechizivikanwo chemunhurume, inoratidza kuti kunzvera magwaro kunogona kuparira miuyo iyo vamwe vatangi vetsika vanowanwa kuva vanoshamisa. Kurangarira kwakakomba kwedariro yapakuvamba yomutauro wemitemo kunoda miuyo iyo vatendi vemitemo vangave vasina kuve vakarangarira? Uyu mubvunzo unopfuurira kuparadzanisa nyanzvi dzedzidzo dzapakuvamba.

Mutongi Barrett, aichimbova mabharani weScalia, akanyora zvikuru pamusoro pemiitiro yapakuvamba yetsika. Mune 2017 nyaya yehwirudzuro yomutemo, Barrett akataura kuti ustrist hahufaniri kuvhiringidzwa ne "kushanda kwapakuvamba kunokarirwa". Vagadziri vangave vakakarira Bumbiro remitemo kushanda munzira dzakati, asi icho chinobatanidza vaturikiri irevo yorugwaro, kwete zvirongwa chaizvo zvavakakarira. Kutsauranisa uku kunobvumira vapakuvamba kushandisa nheyo dzemitemo kuruzivo rutsva rwemitezo uye mamiriro ezvinhu pasina kurega kuzvipira kwavo kukuvara kurevo yakagadziridzwa.

Kutanga Mumatare Akaderera

Kurangarira kwepakuvamba kwakakurawo mumatare ehurumende ezvikumbiro. Vatongi vakafanana na William Pryhor yeNhambo ye11 yeNdenda, Don Willett[ yeGenetive] yeFith, uye [[FLT]] Lawnce Vancyke [ yeNY] yeNhambo nguva dzose inoshandisa kunzvera kwapakuvamba mumifungo yavo. Federalist Society, chisonzo chemitemo, chakaita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira mufungo wapakuvamba kupfurikidza nomutezo wayo, misangano, mirongedzero, uye nhevedzano yedare. Vatsoropotetezo vanopikisa kuti Federation Societys systence inoshandura chinjo yapakuvamba, isati yakaita nhevedzano yemitepfeko yemiteo.

Nharo Dzomunguva Ino uye Kutsoropodza

Kudavira pakuvamba kunotarisana netsoropodzi dzinoverengeka dzinopfuurira dzinobva kunyanzvi navatongi. Chokutanga, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti urongwa hwapakuvamba hahugoni kupa ganhuriro yahwo. Kuziva revo yapakuvamba yavanhu yakarongwa kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kuti vatongi vaite zvisarudzo zvenhau pamusoro pezvipi pamusoro pamashoko enhau kukweretesa uye kuti vangayera sei ufakazi husingawirirani. Mutongi Breyer, mubhuku rake Prective Liberty[, vaidavira kuti pakuvamba nomutoo usingadzivisiki vanobatanidza kupfurikidza nokunzvera nhau. Vatsoropote, vanotaura kuti, mabasa apakuvamba sechifukidzo nokuda kwezvisaririra.

Chechipiri, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti uzivi hwemavambo kuzvitsiva. Maererano neiyi critique, havasati vachida kuti Bumbiro remitemo ridudzirwe mukuwirirana nerevo yapakuvamba. Ivo vakakarira zvizvarwa zvapashure kuwiriranisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo nemigariro. Vatsigiri vomurangariro uyu kukushandiswa kwomutauro unozarurwa se "kuvamba" uye chirango chechienzi," vachirangarira kuti mashoko aya anokoka kududzira kududzira. Vashanduri vanopindura kuti vagadziri vemitemo vairangarira kuti rugwaro ruve nerevo yakatemwa uye kuti mutauro wakazaruka unofanira kunzwisiswa mukati menhauro.

Chechitatu, vatsoropodzi vanopomera kuti umwari hwapakuvamba haugoni kuparira muenzaniso. Dare Rapamusorosarudza mazana enhau dzinobva parevo yapakuvamba. Kuomerera kudzidziso yapakuvamba kungada kukurira zvizhinjisa zveizvi zvisarudzo, kuchiparira kusagadzikana nokusekesa fariro dzinotemesa. Vanodavira pakuvamba vakapa mhinduro dzakasiana - siana: vamwe vanotaura kuti muenzaniso unofanira kutera kurevo yapakuvamba; vamwe vanogamuchira kusvika kwapashoma napashoma zvikuru, vachibatanidza mipimo isina kururama bedzi apo ndyiko dzokuita saizvozvo dzinotarisirwa. Gakavadzano pamusoro penhau dzinotevedzerwa zvikurusa dzinoramba dziri imwe yenhau murondedzero yapakuvamba.

Chechina, kuvamba kunotarisana nedenho mukupindura mibvunzo iyo vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo vaisagona kukarira. Unyanzvi hwazvino uno hwakafanana nokuongorora kwemagetsi, kuongorora magene, uye ungwaru hwokugadzira hunomutsa nhau dzisina revo yakajeka yapakuvamba. Vanoongorora pakuvamba vanotaura kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, dzinoshandiswa kupfurikidza nerevo yavanhu yapakuvamba, dzinogona kudzora migariro mitsva. Kudzivirirwa kwe "rusununguko rwokutaura," somuenzaniso, kunogona kushandiswa paInternet pasina kuda nzwisiso yapakuvamba yekurukurirano yemichina. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti kushandiswa uku kunoda kutsanangura nenzira isingadzivisiki kuti kudzivirira kwemavambo kunoreva kubvisa.

Kudzidza Kwepakuvamba Nepesvedzero Yesangano

Chimiro chedzidzo chachinja zvikuru mukuda kwamavambo mumakore makumi matatu apfuura. Zvikoro zvemitemo zvinopa makosi mumiitiro yapakuvamba, uye nyanzvi dzakatanhamara dzakadai se Randy Barnett[, [[FLT]], [[FLT] , [[FLT] Michael McConnell [[FLT]], [[FLT], [[FLT]] yakaita mari yakatanhamara. [[FLT:]

Constitution Center yeNational muPhiladelphia yazova muzinda wedzidzo yapakuvamba, gakava, kubudisa zvinhu zvinobetsera, uye kubatanidza nyanzvi kubva mumativi ose anodudzira. Chirongwa chayo "Bumbiro reMitemo rinoita kuti pave nemirangariro mizhinji pagadziriro imwe neimwe yebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza tsananguro dzapakuvamba. Iyi sangano rabetsera mavambo kuchengeta simba redzidzo kunyange sekurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakawedzera.

Pesvedzero ye [FLT] inotambanukira kupfuura chikoro nematare. Masangano emitemo apamutemo anotenderwa akafanana ne Pactific Legal Foundation[ uye uye [FLT] mubatanidzwa weMutongi [[FLT:]] unoshandisa zvibvumikiso zvapakuvamba mukusabvumirana nehurumende. Hurumende zvikurukuru inoshandisa zvikamu zvinodenha hurumende zvinotsoropodzwa. Chikamu cheCato chenhau dzapakuvamba chinobudisa zvikamu zvapakuvamba zvedare rapamusoro netsigiridzo nokuda kwekurangarira kwapakuvamba. Hurumende, zvikurukuru idzo dzoruwa dzinobva munyika dzinobatanidza zvikuru, dzakabatanidza muzvikamu zvapakuvamba mugadziriro zvapamutemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yepfungwa Dzokutanga

Kushongedzwa kwedzidziso yepakuvamba kuchatsamira pazvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa kuchaumba kuti nheyo dzemavambo dzinoshandura sei kuva zvisarudzo chaizvoizvo. Nevoruzhinji vakasimba vanosachinja vanobatanidza vatongi vana vanozivisa savatangi, Dare sezvingabvira richaramba richibatanidzwa nenharo dzepakuvamba munhau dzinokosha. Zvisinei, vatongi havabvumirani pakati pavo vamene pamusoro pokuti chitendero chapakuvamba chinofanira kushandiswa sei, uye izvi kusabvumirana kungaparira zvisarudzo zvinoparira kusatendikanwa kwedzidziso.

Yechipiri, gakava renyanzvi mukati mekuvamba richapesvedzera kutanga kwaro. Musangano we "tsva" wakagamuchira musiyano pakati pedudziro nokuvaka, uchitaura kuti mavambo anosarudza revo yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo asi anosiya nzvimbo yokukura kwedzidziso mukati merevo iyoyo. Vamwe vapakuvamba vakarangarirawo kuti mavambo anofanira kubatanidza mativi emitemowo zvayo, vachiziva kuti muenzaniso nemuitiro zvinogona kuumba nenzira yapamutemo nenzira yapamutemo kunyange apo zvinobva murevo yapakuvamba. Iyi kurukurirano yomukati inokarakadza kuti chimuko chisati chiri chinhu chimwe asi gamuchidzanwa rinowirirana nomufungo wemitemo.

Chechitatu, kubatanidzwa kwavose nezvamatongerwe enyika nedzidziso dzapakuvamba kuchatapura simba razvo zvinogara. Kudavira pakuvamba kwazova musoro mukuru mukurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pokugadzwa kwokutonga. Vasatamisi vanopanikira pamusoro pezvipikirwa zvavo kumavambo, uye kusimbisa kunzwa kunoratidzira kurukurirano huru dzemiitiro yokududzira. Iyi zvamatongerwe enyika inovimbisa kuti chitendero chapakuvamba chicharamba chiri musoro wekurukurirano yavose, asi chinoisawo ngozi kuderedza kuvamba kukutaura kwechikamu chikuru panzvimbo pomutoo wakakomba wokunzvera nawo mutemo.

Chechina, mano okutanga okugadzirisa zvinetso zvenguva ino achaedza kushanda kwazvo. Mibvunzo pamusoro pezvakavanzika munguva inotepfenyurwa, ukuru hwesimba revakuru vakuru mumigariro yechengeteko yenyika, uye miganhu yechiremera chehurumende pasi pechikamu chezvokutengeserana zvose zvinoda kuongororwa kwenyanzvi dzezvokutengeserana. Kana vatangi vepakutanga vachigona kubudisa mhinduro dzinonyengetedza uye dzisingachinji kumibvunzo iyi, uzivi huchachengeta pesvedzero yahwo. Kana nharo dzepakuvamba dzichiratidzika kuva dzinopesana kana kuti mumigumisiro izvo zvinopesana zvikuru nezvikarirwa navanhu vose, nzira yacho ingarasikirwa nokuvimbwa.

Kutanga Nehurumende Inodzora

Chimwe chezvinoitika zvikuru mumutevedzeri wemavambo wenguva imwe cheteyo chaifunga pamusoro pe nyika inodzorwa. Nyanzvi navatongi vezvouzivi vakapanikira zvikuru kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yazvino uno, vachisimbisa kuti Congress haigoni kugadza simba remitemo kumasangano anodzora pasina kuputsa kutsaura nheyo dzemitemo. Chiratidzo chaGormoth's rev Gound v. United States (2010) yakataura kuti dzidziso isati iri kuvimbika, iyo inoganhurira mano eDare rokugadza masimba okuisa mitemo parumbiso, ine midzi mukunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kweChikamu I. Chibvumikiso ichi chakawana chikamu mumatare akaderera uye chikwana mutemo kana Dare Gurusabvumwa.

Dzidziso huru yemibvunzo, inoda kuti Congress itaure zvakajeka apo inobvumira chiito chesangano panhau dzerevo huru yezvemari nezvamatongerwe enyika, inonongedzerawo panheyo dzetsika dzechiNgezi. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu West Virginia v. EPA [2022] yakashandisa iyi dzidziso kuganhurira chiremera chenzvimbo yeNkaro yeProviko yeProvity Efferation Agency kudzo yegasi inodzikisa mhepo inopisa mhepo inopisa. Vatongi vokutanga vakapikisa kuti dzidziso huru inodzivirira pamutemo yapakuvamba yesimba remitemo yemitemo kuDare remitemo panzvimbo pamasangano ehurumende.

Kupedzisa: Nhaka Isingaperi Yechirume

Kubva pakuumbwa kwapakuvamba kwaro naRobert Bork naWilliam Rehnquist kushandurwa kwaMutongi Scalia kuDare renguva ino, mufungo wapakuvamba wakashandura mutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Simbiso youzivi pakutendeseka kwamagwaro, mashoko akapoteredza enhau, uye kudzorwa kwedare zvakagovera imwe nzira ine simba kukurarama kwebumbiro remitemo nedzimwe mitoo inodudzira. Kunyange vatsoropodzi vedzidziso dzapakuvamba vanobvuma ukombiso hwayo nopesvedzero yayo padzidziso yeDare Gurusa.

Denho inogara nokuda kwedzidziso yapakuvamba ndeyokuramba wakatendeka kumisengwa yayo mikuru nepo vachikurukura kuoma kwebumbiro remitemo razvino uno. Vazivi vemavambo vanofanira kupfuurira kugadziridza mutoo wavo, kubatanidzwa noufakazi hwenhau nenzira yokutendeseka, uye kurwisana nebatano pakati perevo yapakuvamba neyakagadziriswa. Nguva yemberi youzivi inotsamira pakukwanisa kwahwo kubudisa nhauro inotsinhirana neyengurira yebumbiro remitemo inoraira kuremekedza nyanzvi, vatongi, uye vanhu vose.

Mutongi Scalia aiwanzotaura kuti uzivi hwapakuvamba ndi "chakaipa chiduku" mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, kwete kwakakwana asi kwapamutemo zvikuru kupfuura zvimwe zvinopa rutongeso rusingaganhurirwi. Kudzivirira kwokutanga kungabvumikisa kuva mupiro wako usingagumi zvikurusa: chiyeuchidzo chokuti muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, revo yeBumbiro remitemo inofanira kusarudzwa naavo vanohutendera, kwete naavo vanohugara pabhenji. Chitendero chapakuvamba chinogona kutsigira chipikirwa ichocho mukutarisana nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kusabvumirana kwenhau zvinoramba zviri mubvunzo mukuru nokuda kwechizvarwa chenyanzvi navatongi vanotevera tsoka dzaScalia.

  • Mavambo edzidziso yokutanga mumuitiro wapakuvamba webumbiro remitemo reAmerica nokurangarira kwokutonga kwechi 19 kwezana ramakore
  • Kubatsira kwaRobert Bork naWilliam Rehnquist kumufungo wepakutanga wemazuva ano
  • Kuongorora kwaiita Mutongi Scalia manyorero uye zvakwakaita pakutonga kweDare Repamusorosoro
  • Mhindumupindu youmwari kupfurikidza neDare raRoberts nepesvedzero yaClarence Thomas, Neil Gorfore, uye Amy Coney Barrett
  • Gakava romukati pamusoro perevo yavose, kushanda kwapakuvamba kwaikarirwa, uye rutivi rwomuenzaniso
  • Kuvimbisana kwepakuvamba nehurumende yokutarisira nedzidziso isingabvumirwi
  • Zvirongwa zvesangano nedzidzo zvinotsigira ruzivo rwedzidzo nedzidzo yepakutanga

[[FLT: 0] Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Mutongi Scalia' [[FLT: 1] Nhaka yeTshuroro[[FLT:] (Princeton University Press, 1997), Randy Barnett's [ Kudzosa Mutemo wakarasika [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] , na[FLT] Constitution Center's [FLT] Constitution [FT][FLT][10]