Sumo

Electoral divitation inopfuura zvikuru basa rokutungamirira; mutoo mukuru unosarudza kuti kuda kwavanhu kunoshandurwa sei musimba romutemo. Mitsetse inoiswa pamepu inogona kutema kuti ipi mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika unochengeta voruzhinji, inzanga dzine manzwi adzo akawedzerwa kana kuti kunyaradzwa, uye kana kusarudza kuri makwikwi kana kuti kwakafanorongwa. Kunzwisisa masangano okuvhota maruwa kunokosha naizvozvo nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoitira hanya utano hwehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nyaya ino inonzvera mitemo, mitoo, uye gakavadzano dzakapoteredza kudhirowa kwemaruwa anosarudzwa, zvinopa kunzvera kwakakwana kuti muitiro uyu unoumba sei kana kuti masangano anotendirwa kuti kusimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende.

Chii Chiri Ruwa Rwenyika?

Electoral division (kazhinji kazhinji inonzi rediformationation apo mitsetse inokweviwazve) muitiro wokukamura nharaunda yenzvimbo yenzvimbo neyakadai senyika, nyika, kana kuti guta , iyo inosarudzwa maruwa akaparadzana. Imwe neimwe inosarudza mumiririri mumwe kana kuti akawanda. Chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikurusa inzvimbo imwe, apo ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiririri mumwe, seyakaita U.S. House of Messistrations nedzinogara hurumende dzakawanda. Nheyo yenheyo yefauni yoruwa i “munhu mumwe, voti imwe inoumbwa neU.S. Dare gurusa renhau rinova nerever. [12] rinovimbisa kuti rivakwane.[3]

Kupfuura kuenzana kwavagari vemo, maruwa anofanirawo kunamatira kuzvinodikanwa zvapamutemo pamusoro petsika dzamarudzi nedzinza pasi peVoting Rights Act ya1965. Maruwa anoderedza simba rokuvhota ramapoka maduku . Zvingava kupfurikidza nokuaputsa muruwa rwakawanda kana kuti kuaisa muruwa rumwe chete. Muitiro woruwa unoitika makore gumi ari ose pashure pokuverengwa kwerudzi, apo chiverengero chavagari vemo chinochinja kuraira kutorwa kwemitsetse kuti ichengete mireza yakaenzana. Nepo basa rekukweva nemepu ringaratidzika kuva rakaita seacatane, mativi aro ose okutonga, kubva pakugoverwa kwomutemo kusvikira kukugoverwa kwemari yehurumende.

Kukosha Kwokuita Maruwa Akanaka

Ruwa rwakanaka harusati ruchingovawo zvarwo chinhu chakanaka; chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda.

  • Kupa: Maruwa eFair anova nechokwadi chokuti nzanga dzakasiana--- siyana(matunhu, dzinza, upfumi, uye nzvimbo) dzinokwanisa kusarudza vamiriri vanoratidzira fariro dzavo neitiro hanya. Apo mitsetse inoremekedza nzanga dzomusikirwo dzefariro, kuitwa kwemiitiro kunova kunogamuchira zvikuru.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Mumaruwa amakwikwi, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanoziva kuti vanofanira kupindura kuvhota kwakafara. Ikoku kunovaita kuti vabvumirane pane zvisina kufanira, vakurukure, uye vape miuyo. Nenzira yakapesana, maruwa akakotsekana nechaiko anodiwa zvikuru nebato rimwe, anotungamirira kumibato inofuratira magirazi nemhaka yokuti kudzoro kunotopirwa.
  • kusasarura: Ruwa rweFair runotsigira kusvika kwakaenzana kusimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchidzivisa mapoka mazhinji kubvisa nenzira yakarongeka kupesvedzera kuduku. Ikoku kunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwenzanga dzakachereswa munhau dzakatarisana namakumi amakore okusatendeseka kupfurikidza nemiitiro yoruwa yokupa muganhu.
  • Kutendeseka kweChokwadi: [kana kuti basa racho rinenge riri pachena uye rakavakirwa pamipimo yezvakajeka, kuvimba navanhu vose musarudzo kunokwira. Vagari vangangotora rutivi apo vanodavira kuti vhoti yavo inogona kutapura muuyo nenzira ine revo.

Mitemo yeruwa rwakaipa yakakwirira. Nzvero inobva ku Brennan Center for Justice inoratidza kuti kudzosa kukuru kwokusarura kunogona kuvhara mumitengo mikuru yemitemo isingaratidziri vhoti yakakurumbira, kubvisa nheyo yomutemo woruzhinji.

Mitoo Yokuvhara Maruwa

Hapana nzira imwe “yakarurama” yokunyora nayo mitsetse yoruwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, vagadziri vemamepu vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana- siyana, imwe neimwe ine zvikamu zvebhizimisi. Njodzi dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa dzinosanganisira:

Ruwa Rwenzvimbo yacho

Uyu mutoo unoshandisa mativi omusikirwo kana kuti akagadzirwa nomunhu — nzizi, mitsetse yamakomo, migwagwa mikuru, kana kuti miganhu yeruwa. Betsero iri nyore: mitsetse yakadaro iri nyore kuzivisa uye inowanzowirirana nenzanga dzinogoverana fariro dzomunharaunda. Zvisinei, miganhu yenzvimbo inogonawo kuguma nokusafara kana ikaita maruwa ane vanhu vakasiyana zvikuru, ayo anoputsa mupimo wepanyika imwe chete. Uyezve, kushandisa mativi enzvimbo dzinogara nyika hakudzivisi gerrymanning; mugadziri wezvingoro anogona kusarudza kuti zvive mativi okutevera kufarira boka.

Ruwa Rwevagari Vemo Rwakavakirwa Panyika

Inozivikanwawo seruwa rwakaenzana, mutoo uyu unoita kuti ruwa rumwe norumwe ruve pedyo nevagari vemo vamwe chetewo sezvinobvira. Runodikanwa pamutemo nokuda kwamaruwa ehurumende namaruwa ehurumende akawanda emitemo. Software nemashoko zvinobva kuCensus Bureau anoita kuti kubvire kuwana kutsauka kwavagari vemo kweisingasviki 1 muzana. Chikamu chapashure ndechekuti kuwirirana kwavagari vemo kunogona kuparadzanisa nzanga dzomusikirwo nemo, maruwa ezvikoro, kana kuti maruwa enhau.

Kugadzira Ruwa Rwenzvimbo Yacho (Gerrymaning)

Apo vagadziri vemamepu vanonyora miganhu namaune kupa mubato mumwe wezvamatongerwe enyika betsero, ivo vanopinda murusarura. Ikoku kunogona kuitwa kupfurikidza nokurongedza (kubatanidza vavhoti vanorwisana mumaruwa mashomanene umo vanowina zvikuru) kana kuti kuputsa (kuparadzira vavhoti vanorwisana mumaruwa akawanda naizvozvo havatongoumba vazhinji). Nepo gadziriro iri yose yoruwa ine pesvedzero inopesana, vavariro yakawandisa inomutsa mibvunzo yapamutemo yakakomba. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga mu Rucho v. Chisakiso chavose [[[FLT:] (20:9)) zvokuti gerrymanting anotaura kuti haangoingokwani mumatare omubatanidzwa, asi matare ehurumende neazvimiriro yakatonga hondo.

Mupimo Woruwa Wegamuchidzanwa

Kunze kwokuenzana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, nyika dzakawanda dzinoisa mipimo yokuwedzera kusimudzira ruramisiro: kubatana kwomugariro wenyika, kusati kuri kworudzi rwechienzi), chinzwano (mativi ose oruwa anofanira kubatanidzwa), uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwenzanga dzefariro (mapoka ane batano dzenzanga, dzemari, kana kuti dzetsika). Iyi mipimo inogona kudzvinyirira vagadziri vemamepu ndokuderedza kushatiswa kwakaipisisa kwechinodzorwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kworuwa

Kuverenga vanhu kunoitwa mumakore anenge apfuura kunotangira panzvimbo imwe neimwe.

  1. Chikamu cheMazita: U.S. Censureal Bureau inobudisa mashoko ane udzame echiverengero chavagari vemo pamwero webhuroko. Vagadziri vemapu vanounganidzawo mashoko pamusoro pemienzaniso yokuvhota, dzinza, dzinza, uye miganhu yenzanga.
  2. Kudhirowa mazamu: Ushandisi hwesoftware yeGeographic Information System (GIS), vagadziri vemamepu vanotanga mapuruki oruwa anokarakadzwa. Iyi nhano ndiyo apo kudzoresa kukurusa kunogona kuitika, sezvo kuchinja kwamanomano mumitsetse kunogona kuita muuyo wesarudzo.
  3. Nyika zhinji dzinoda kunzwiwa kwavose kumwe kana kuti kupfuura uko vagari vemo vanogona kutsinhira pamepu dzinokarakadzwa. Chaizvoizvo, kutora rutivi kwavanhu kazhinji kazhinji kwakaganhurirwa, asi vatsigiri vokushandura vari kusunda nokuda kwezvishandiso zvinowanika zvikuru zvemichina nemiitiro yakajeka.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Aption: Gadziriro dzinotenderwa nedare remitemo rehurumende (mumiganhu mizhinji) kana kuti nebasa razvimirira (muchiverengero chinokura chehurumende). Kana mutezo womutemo unopfuura gadziriro, gavhuna angava nesimba. Gavhuna anogonawo kutarisana nedenho dzapamutemo pamberi kana kuti pashure pokugamuchirwa.
  5. Rigio: Zvinetso zvinowanzovakirwa pakutaura kworusaruro rwedzinza (pasi pePursitive Rights Act) kana kuti rusaruro runosarura (pasi pemabumbiro emitemo). Kukwevazve kwedare kwakarongwa kwakakurumbira.

Nguva yacho yakadzika: zvinyorwa zvinofanira kugumisa mepu dzavo itsva panozopera gore pashure pokuverengwa kwevanhu kuti kuvepo nokuda kwenhambo yesarudzo inotevera.

Kuitirana Matsi: Muitiro Wokupokanidzana

Gerrymandering ishandurwo yamaune yemiganhu nokuda kwebetsero yomunhu oga. Shoko racho rinovambira shure muna 1812, apo Gavhuna Elbridge Gerry weMassachusetts akasaina ruwa rwenyika rwakaita sesamarander; pepanhau rakaumba portmanteau “gerrymer.” Nhasi, gerrymaning inoshandisa zvimiro zvikuru zviviri:

Kupakamisa

Kupa mifungo kuvavhoti vebato rimwe kana kuti boka redzinza mumaruwa mashomanene sezvinobvira. Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ine 40 muzana yeDemocratic vhotanti uye 60 muzana yavaRepublican vhota, vagadziri vemamepu vangagona kurongedza Democrates mu3 mumaruwa 10, vachipa mativi makuru makuru muiwaya matatu apo vaRepublicans vanowina mavhoti manomwe asara. Iyi tsvina inowana mavhoti manomwe asara uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoguma mumufananidzo usingaratidziri vhoti yenyika yose.

Kusvetuka

Kuparadzira vavhoti mumaruwa akawanda naizvozvo havagoni kusvika voruzhinji muruwa rupi norupi. Kana boka duku rakakura zvakakwana kuumba voruzhinji mumaruwa mamwe kana kuti maviri, mugadziri wemapu angakamura nharaunda dzeboka iroro pakati pemaruwa matatu kana mana, achivimbisa kuti vashoma muruwa rumwe norumwe. Ikoku kwakakurumbira zvikuru mukuvhotera kwedzinza, uko simba rokuvhota renzanga remavara rinovakwa.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Zvokurapa Utachiona

Matare ataura zvose zviri zviviri dzinza nerusaruro. Zvikarakadzo zvedzinza zvinonzverwa pasi peChitemo cheRevong Rights neFolding Claus. Mu Shaw v. Reno [1993], Dare Gurusa reRefulm rakatonga kuti maruwa akaumbwa nenzira yechienzi aikwendwa zvikurukuru pahwaro hwedzinza. Alln v. Millan[[FLT]] [2012]) akatsigira kushandiswa kweChikamu 2 cheGaunicticsss Acts kukumbira voruzhinji mumitengo dzimwe migariro. Parsan , zvisinei, anosara aripo. [2]

Kunetsa Kwokuongorora Ruwa

Nzira iyo maruwa anokweverwa nayo ine tapuro dzinoparadza patsika yezvamatongerwe enyika:

  • Descrectioner: Maruwa akakwezvwa nenzira yourombo anogona kudzorwa nenzira yakarongwa pasi pamapoka avashomanene pazvino, nzanga dzinosvika dzakaderera, kana kuti vagari vomumaguta. Apo aya mapoka asingagoni kusarudza vadaviriri vechisarudzo chawo, muitiro wavo unoitira hanya sedzimba dzinotengwa, tarisiro youtano, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi hapambovi nekashoma kuti zviitwe.
  • Kuisa pamutemo: Gerrymaniced perlation percentation yeruwa nemhaka yokuti vamiriri vanongoda bedzi kufadza mavambo ebato ravo muchinhu chikuru, kwete kuvhota. Ikoku kunotungamirira kuvatemi vemitemo vazhinji zvikuru mundangariro avo vasingadi kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.
  • Kukurira makwikwi echimurenga: Munhambo yesarudzo chaiyo, isingasviki 10 muzana yamadzinza edzimba dzeU.S. inorangarirwa kuva yamakwikwi. Apo maruwa anokweverwa kudzivirira vatengi kana kuti vabato rimwe, vavhoti muvoruzhinji havana chisarudzo chaichoicho, vanoodza mwoyo bvumirano yenzanga.
  • Phemvuropodzo: Nemhaka yokuti uruwa hunosarudza kuti ipi idzoro rebato, unoumba nomutoo usina kunanga muitiro panhau dzinobva pakodzero dzokuvhota kusvikira kumurairo wemhoteredzo. Somuenzaniso, 2020 mativi ose okudzorwa kwechitsaru, akabetsera vaRepublicans kuchengeta voruzhinji yeU.S. muna 20222 pasinei zvapo nokuwina mavhota akawanda mumijaho yedzimba.

Fundo Dzemhosva Muruwa

California: Mufananidzo weIndependent Commission

California yakatarisana namakore okuvhota nokuvhota vavhota vatenderwa Purogiramu 11 muna 2008 uye Proposition 20 muna 2010, ichigadzira California Citizence Redilifearing Commission. Iri sangano ramativi 14, rakaumbwa namaDemocrate mashanu, maRepublicans, uye mana asina kubatanidzwa, anovhota mitemo nenzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa. Muitiro wacho unozarukira kuiswa mubatanidzwa wavose uye unoda mapu kuti awirirane nemipimo yakatsiriranwa zvikuru: kuva nechiverengero chavagari vemo, kuwirirana neVong Rights Act, contact, contiguty, uye kuremekedza nzanga dzefariro. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mapu eCalifornia haana kudzorwa kupfuura ayo ezvinzvimbo zvizhinji, uye mugariro waona kuva anokwidzanwa zvikuru.

North Carolina: Hondo yeLitigatest

North Carolina yave iri pakati pedare rinotonga dare rehurumende kwerinopfuura makore gumi. Muna 2016, dare rehurumende rakarova maruwa maviri emibatanidzwa semadzorerwe edzinza, richiraira mitsetse mitsva. Muna 2018, dare guru rehurumende rakatonga kuti dare rehurumende rehurumende ritsive mutemo wemitemo. Pashure penhevedzano yehondo dzepamutemo, nyika yakawana mepu itsva dzemasvomhuro edzinza 2020, asi gakava rakapfuurira. Muna 2023, dare guru rehurumende (zvino ine reRepublican) rakashandura chisarudzo charori kare, richibvumira gerryman der zvakare. Iyi nechengete-kaseidzo yourongwa hweruwa pasina kudzivirira kukuru. [FUFF]

Wisconsin: Migumisiro Yemamepu Ane Mukurumbira Wakaipa Zvikuru

Pashure pekuverengwa kwa2010, Wisconsin Republicas akanyora mepu dzehurumende dzemitemo dzakabudisa betsero inogarisa. Muna 2012, vaida kuroorwa veRepublica vakawina 48,6 muzana yevhoti yenyika yose asi vakawana zvigaro 60 zve99 pro-Republican. Dare rehurumende rakatanga kurova mepu sechisingasarudziki gerrymerder muna 2016, asi Dare repamusorosoro redare [[FLM] RUP[FLT] rakaguma nechisarudzo ichocho. Mugumisiro wacho: gumi rokudzora kumwe kudzorwa kwapamburira pasinei nokukamuranisa dare, nechisarudzo chebasa, dzidzo, uye kushairira dzidzo. Wisconsin anobatira senyevero yemageri yenzira yekuti bhirichichichichichichichichichichichi chadzorwa nesimba richazo kunyange kudzodzodzodzodzo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuzvichengetera

Makore gumi anotevera okuumba uruwa achaumbwa noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, miitiro yepamutemo, uye nhamburiko dzokuchinja:

  • Kufambira mberi mumashoko nedzidzo yemamepu kunobvumira vagadziri vemapura kutevedzera mamiriyoni egadziriro dzoruwa uye kuyera magariro eganda. Nepo maarugalamu anogona kubudisa mepu dzinoyera, dzinogonawo kugadzirwa nechakarurama chisina kumboenzana. Vamwe vatsigiri vanokarakadza kuti “neutral” magiramu anovavarira kukwaniriswa nokuda kwokusatora rutivi rwapasi, dzinza rakaenzana, uye kubatana. Kunyange zvazvo maarusaitirwo emitemo anogona kubudisa mepu dzinoyera, dzinogonawo kugadzirwa kuti dzive norumano rusarumano.
  • Commissions dzinozvimirira: Pamberi pa2023, inenge 15 nyika dzinoshandisa chimiro chakati chebasa rakasununguka kana kuti rakasununguka rezvamatongerwe enyika kunyora maruwa. Masangano aya anogona kubvisa mepu mumaoko avaiti vemitemo vanozviita. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwavo kunosiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti mitezo inosarudzwa sei uye vane simba rakawanda sei. Voters mumitezo yakadai saOhio naMichigan vakapfura zvigadziko kuti vaite zvirongwa zvemishoni pashure pemhoshoro.
  • Zvinetso zveChinonyorwa cheChinonyorwa neBasa: Zvine matare ehurumende akapfigwa zvikuru nezvinotaurwa, matare ehurumende azova nhandare huru nokuda kwokuchinja. Campaign Legin Center[ yakatungamirira kukwirira kwamatare mazhinji enyika. Activo vari kusundidzirawo nokuda kwemitezo yehurumende inodzivisa zvakajeka pamutemo kugadziridza bhiribhedhi kana kuti kuraira mamishoni okuzvimirira.
  • Maruwa eChoice-Muzhinji-Member District: Vamwe vachinji vanotaura kuti kurasa maruwa enhengo imwe kungapedza zvinetso zvakawanda zvoruwa. Maruwa mazhinji ane zvikamu zvokuvhota zvakaiswa panzvimbo yazvo (sezvinoshandiswa mune dzimwe sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo) kungabvumira kuratidzira kwakaenzana, kuchideredza sundo kugerrymander. Zvisinei, chinjo yakadaro ingada gadziridzo huru kana kuti pamutemo.

Sezvo vagari vemo vakawanda vanonzwisisa vagadziri vemamepu, vangada kuti vaone zvinhu nenzira yakakwirira, vasasarura, uye vazvida.

mhedziso

Electoral divitation isati iri rovedzo younyanzvi chete; inongova rovedzo yehurumende inomirira. Mitsetse inotorwa makore gumi ari ose inosarudza kuti manzwi aani anonzwiwa, igadziriroi dzinofambira mberi, uye kana sarudzo dziri dzinokwikwidzana kana kuti dzakafanofanorongwa. Kubva kutsika imwe-petwa imwe chete kutsika yokuita kuti jingimani, maruwa ane mipimo mikuru yedemokrati. Sezvinoita kuti majekiseni ashaitwe, kukwikwidzirwa kwemiganhuro kunopfuurira. Vagariki, vadzidzisi, uye vatsi vane basa rokuita mukuvimbisa kuti kutenderera kutevera kwokuverenga kuvamba namaidi anosvika 202020.(56) zvinoratidza mipimo yehurumende yetsika yetsika inodzo, kumirira uye kutsigira. Kupfuudzira pamutemo nokuda kwegadziriro kuoneka kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwecro, vapfuumbidzanwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, vanogona kubetsera kubetsera kuvaka mamiriro echitongedzeroro.