Munhambo yenhevedzo dzenhau 24/7 uye maatomm nedriven zvinopa zvokudya, mano okuzivisa mirangariro mumashoko anoshuma haasati achirizve anosarudza. Ihwo unyanzvi hunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofamba nenhau dzazvino uno. Kufungira nhau nguva dzose hakurevi nhema; kunowanzooneka muchisarudzo chamanomano pamusoro penhau dzinofukidzwa, kuti dzinoiswa sei, uye kuti manzwi adzo anosimbiswa. Kuziva iyi mitoo kunobetsera varavi kuvaka nzwisiso yakarurama zvikuru yezvinoitika uye kudzivirira kushatiswa. Nyaya ino inogovera kunyukira zvikuru muchimiro chetsika dzenhau, zvimiro zvadzo, miuyo yadzoro, miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika, uye mazano anoshanda okuziva nokuidzivisa.

Chii Chiri Mukushuma Nhau?

Bias, mumashoko akapoteredza ebhuku, anonongedzera kuchisarudzo chakarongwa nokuda kana kuti mukurwisana nomunhu akati, boka, murangariro, kana kuti muuyo. Chinoshuma kubva mukusatora rutivi uye kusatsigira. Nepo vanhu vose vane tsvete, zvinyorwa zvenyanzvi zvinoshuva kuderedza idzi pesvedzero kuti vateereri vagogona kuumba mhedziso dzavo vamene. Bias anova chinetso apo inomonyanisa maidi, inosiya mashoko anotsoropodza, kana kuti inotendera nguva dzose rutivi rumwe pasina ruramisiro yenhau.

Zvinokosha kusiyanisa rusaruro nemaonero. Kubudisa nhau kungava nemaonero evapepeti venhau pamapeji emaonero avo, asi kushuma kwakarurama kunofanira kuvavarira kuva pakati nepakati. Kana mitsetse yacho ichiita seyava kuoneka nenyaya dzenhau padzinoramba dzichishandisa mutauro wakazaruka, ufakazi hwemasheya, kana kuti kupa chokwadi chisina kukwana.

Chikonzero Nei Bias Ichikosha

Nyaya dzezvinobudisa nhau dzinoda kudzorwa nokuti mashoko atinopedza anoumba maonero edu enyika, zvisarudzo zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvinobatsira kuti vanhu vavimbe nevamwe. Apo rusaruro rusingazivikanwi, varavi vanogona kuudzwa zvisiri izvo, kupesana, kana kuti kunyomba.

Rudzi Runozivikanwa Navose Rwebias Munhau

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya yokutanga yakaronga marudzi mana makuru, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kunosanganisira mamwe marudzi akasiyana - siyana akapararira mumagazini epanguva ino.

Kusarudza Bias

Tsika dzokusarudza dzinoitika apo vapepeti venhau vanosarudza kufukidza nhau dzakati vachifuratira dzimwe. Somuenzaniso, panobudiswa nhau pangafukidzwa zvikuru kukuramba muguta rimwe asi kufuratira kunyunyuta kwakafanana mune rimwe guta nechimiro chakasiana chezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunoumba kunzwisisa kwavateereri kwechiri chinokosha. Pesvedzero yokusarudza inogonawo kuoneka muchisarudzo icho nyanzvi kana kuti manyuko anonokorwa mashoko.

Mitambo Yamabhiya

Kupa mhaka kunoitika apo maidi anokosha, mashoko akapoteredza, kana kuti mirangariro yakasiana inosiyiwa namaune kana kuti nenzira yokusaziva. Nhau pamusoro pechinjo yomuitiro ingabvisa ndyiko dzayo refu dzenhambo, kana kuti mushumo pamusoro poutsotsi ungakundikana kududza kusunungurwa kwomunyumwiri gare gare.

Kuumba Bias

Kuisa mashoko kunzira iyo nhau inoiswa nayo mubhokisi(* iengile, mutauro, mufananidzo. Somuenzaniso, kurondedzera wedzero yomutero se “mutoro munguva yemberi” zvichipesana no“ mutoro pamhuri” unoisa nhau yacho zvakanaka kana kuti zvakaipa. Kuisa mashoko akadai se “kapetwa,”“ kuvhunduka,” kana kuti “nengozi. Misoro inowanzoratidzira tsvedzero yakasimba zvikuru kupfuura muviri wenyaya.

Kusimbisa Bias

Zvisinei, munhau, vatori venhau vangatsvaka uchapupu vasingafungi kuti hunotsigira pfungwa dzavo dziripo uye hunoderedza mashoko anopesana. Izvi zvinogona kuguma nokufukidzwa kwemashoko anenge ataurwa nemunhu mumwe chete kunyange kana mashoko acho ajekeswa.

Spin Bias

Spin inopfuura kushandura rondedzero nerokuti “inobatanidza kumonyanisa maidi kana kuti kusimbisa dudziro yakati kuti ibatire purogiramu yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti yebhizimisi. Tsika dzakapararira mukufukidza sarudzo, nhau dzebhizimisi, uye mutemo unomutsa nharo. Inowanzotsamira pamanyuko asina kujeka akadai se“ magamuchidzanwa anotaura kuti” pasina kuziva vatsoropodzi ivavo.

Kunzwa

Kunzwa muitiro wokunyanyisa kana kuti kutamba nhau kuti ukwevere vaoni kana kuti kupedzisa. Uku kufungira kunoisa mirangariro paruramiso. Mienzaniso inobatanidza tyisidziro dzoutano dzinonyanyisa, kuratidzira mafungu outsotsi akavakirwa pazvinoitika zviri zvoga, kana kuti kushandisa nziyo dzinotyisidzira munhau dzeTV. Kunzwa kunobvisa chivimbo apo muuyo chaiwoiwo unobvumikisa kuva usingashamisi zvikuru.

Makoritari Nezvikwata Zvevanhu

Sangano rinoitwa nesangano rinobudisa nhau ringadzivisa kutsoropodza zvinofarirwa nekambani yevabereki. Nenzira yakafanana, kubudisa mashoko ane pfungwa dzakajeka dzezvirongwa zvenhau dzinoenderana nebato rezvematongerwe enyika. Vaverengi vanofanira kuziva nezvemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika avanoparadzira.

Kuwana Kwaungaita Mabhiya Munyaya Dzenhau

Kuva mutengi wenhau anoshambadza kunoda kurava nokubvunza kwokushingaira. Pasi apa pane mitoo chaiyo yokuratidza nayo fungidziro mukushuma kwezuva riri rose.

  • Kuisa musoro pawirirano: kazhinji kazhinji rutivi rwakaipa zvikurusa rwenyaya. Bvunza: Musoro mukuru unoshandisa mashoko anonyandura here? Iro rinofarira rutivi rumwe here? Enzanisa musoro mukuru nemhedziso yenyaya yacho kuona kana iwo akawirirana.
  • Kunzvera Kunobva Chisarudzo: Tarisa kuti ndiani anonokorwa mashoko. Ko nyanzvi dzakasiana - siana dzinobatanidzwa here? Vakuru vakuru vehurumende bedzi vanonokorwa here? Kushuma kwakadzikama kunobatanidza manzwi anodenha nhauro huru.
  • Kakwanirisa nokuda kwoMutauro Wakarasika: Mashoko ane revo. “Rebel" zvinorwisana na“ varwi vorusununguko”; “mutero” uchipesana na“ mutero. Ronga zvishongo nezviito izvo zvinoreva rutongeso rwoukoshi.
  • Kurava Mberi kweGwero: Ndima yokutanga inowanzotanga kuisa maungira. Yasara yenyaya ingava nequalifiers kana kuti mashoko akapoteredza ayo anochinja revo. Nguva dzose verenga chikamu chakazara.
  • Tsvaka Nhamba Isingawaniki: Kana nhamba ikapiwa, nyaya yacho inotsanangura manyuko ayo, mutoo, uye ganhuriro here? Kubvumira mashoko akapoteredza mureza mutsvuku.
  • Enzanisa naMareta Mazhinji: Imwe yenzira dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzokuziva nadzo rusaruro kurava nhau imwe cheteyo kubva mumikoto yakasiana--- siyana nezvinonyorwa. Cherekedza kuti kubudisa kumwe nokumwe kunosarudza sei kusimbisa maidi akasiana - siana.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Zvinhu zvinooneka: Mifananidzo, uye mavhidhiyo zvinogona kunyorwa kana kunyorwa nenzira dzinojekesa nhau yacho. Mufananidzo wewezvematongerwe enyika anenge ashatirwa uye anoratidzika kuva anofunga unogona kuchinja kunzwisisa.

Tapuro Yebias Pamutemo Wavose uye Pahurumende Youtongi Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Nhau dzakajeka hadzina kusipo muchinhu chinoshatisa(icho chinoumba nenzira inoshingaira mafungire avanhu nokuita. Nzvero inobva Pew Research Center inoratidza kuti kuvimba nezvinobudisa nhau kwaderera zvikuru muUnited States, uye kusavimba kunokura. Uku kukura kunowedzerwa nokuziva (pomero) kworusaruro.

Kupengeswa Kwezuva Nembariro Dzechokufema

Vanhu pavanogara vachiteerera mashoko anobva kuzvinhu zvinotsigira zvavanotenda, havawanzosangana nepfungwa dzinopesana, dzinoomesa pfungwa dzoderedza kunzwira tsitsi vaya vane zvakaitika zvakasiyana.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Bias inogona kuparira mashoko asina kururama . "nangano" (* kana kuti kusanzwisisa nhema." Kubudisa kwakaipa kungakurumidza kubudisa nhau inowirirana nenhau yaro pasina kunzvera kwakarurama. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuratidzirwazve kurondedzero dzenhema dzinofungwa kungaita kuti dzive dzechokwadi. Izvi zvine ngozi zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai soutano hwevoruzhinji, umo kushuma kwakaipa pamusoro pemishonga kana kuti kurapa kunogona kuva nemigumisiro inouraya.

Kuderera Kwokuvimba Mumasangano

Kuderera uku kwechivimbo kunoita kuti zviome kubvumirana panyaya dzinokosha uye kuderedza basa rezvinobudisa nhau sembwa.

Maturusi Nezviwanikwa Zvokuziva Zvidhina

Kushandisa maturusi aya kunogona kubatsira vaverengi kuti vanzwisise uye vasarudze zvokudya zvine mashoko akadzikama.

  • Media Bias/Fact chekero ye (MBFC) : Kuyera kwakakwana kwezvakanyorwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika uye kururama kwemanyuko enhau. Kupinda kumwe nokumwe kunobatanidza kurangarira nemienzaniso.
  • Alldes:[[FT:3] inopa nhau dzenhau kubva kuruboshwe, pakati, uye kurudyi, inobvumira kuenzaniswa kudivi rimwe nerimwe. Vanobudisawo chati yeshati yenhau yakavakirwa padzokororo nenzvero dzenhau.
  • [FOLT][[FOLT:1] ] uye [[FT:3] PolitiFOC: mativi echokwadi anonzvera kutaura kwemavhairasi uye mashoko asina kururama. Izvi zvinokosha kusimbisa kutaura kwechokwadi kwakaitwa munyaya dzenhau.
  • [ Chirongwa cheMashoko chekunyora nokunyora :[ Chidzidziso chisingashandisi purofiti chinogovera zviwanikwa zvinogovera vadzidzi navakuru kubetsera kunzwisisa manyuko enhau akavimbika. Chikuva chavo che “mapikicha” chinoshandiswa zvikuru muzvikoro.
  • AdFonts Media (adesmedia.com): Inobudisa Media Bias Chart inozivikanwa zvikuru, inoronga makwakwakwa erusaruro nokuvimbika zvakavakirwa panzvero yakarongwa.

Mienzaniso Yenhau YavaBiasi Vezvenhau

Kutarira shure kuzviitiko zvikuru zvenhau kunoratidza kuti rusaruro rungakanganisa sei kufumura uye runogona kuva nemigumisiro inogara kwenguva refu.

Zvombo zvehondo yeIraq Zvokuparadza Kwose (WMD)

Muna 2002-2003, zvinobudisa nhau zvakawanda zvikuru zveUnited States zvakadzokororwa nokutsoropodza kunobva kuhurumende yeBush kuti Iraq yaiva nezvombo zvinoparadza vanhu vakawanda. Kufukidzwa kwakakonzerwa nokusabvumirana (vatori venhau vanogamuchira manyuko ehurumende) uye kusasarura (kuramba kutsigira uchenjeri). Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kutsigira vanhu vakawanda kwazvo kuvhozhokera kwakazoratidza kuti kwakavakirwa panzvimbo dzenhema.

Kufukidzwa kweNzvimbo Yokusarudza yaPurezidhendi weU.S. 2020

Mukati mesarudzo 2020, kudzorwa kworuboshwe nokunaya kwarudyi kwaibatanidza zvinoitika nenzira yakasiana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, nhau pamusoro pekunonoka kweposi mubhora dzakanangidzira ngwariro pa “kudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende” kune rumwe rutivi uye“ utsotsi hwekusarudza” pane rumwe rutivi (8) pasinei noufakazi huduku hwenhema hwakapararira. Uku kusarura kwakaparira kusavimbana mumugumisiro wesarudzo uye kwakaguma munyongano yaJanuary 6 Capitol.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Kunoshuma

Kwemakumi emakore, zvinobudisa nhau zvaishandisa kudzikama kwenhema nokupa simba rakaenzana kumasayendisiti emamiriro okunze nevanoramba mamiriro okunze.

Mazano Okufunga Anoita Kuti Titapuke Kunhau

Kunzwisisa pfungwa idzi kunotibatsira kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kusimbisa Bias

Sezvinongoitwa, tinotsvaka mashoko anotsigira zvatinotenda zvakambovapo.

Kuwana Chinoitika Muupenyu

Zviitiko zvakajeka, zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kana kuti zvemirangariro zvingangouya kundangariro zvikuru. zvinobudiswa munhau pamusoro paikoku kupfurikidza nokuwedzera nhau dzinoshamisa, zvichiita kuti ngozi dzisingawanzoitiki dziratidzike kuva dzakarovedzeka.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Kusangana Nedunner

Munhau dzinotaurwa, izvi zvingaita kuti vavimbe nemashoko asina kukwana.

Kubata Zvinyawa

Mashoko okutanga atinogamuchira pamusoro penhau, (kazhinji kazhinji musoro mukuru) unoshanda sechinhu chinotsigisa kududzira kwose kunotevera. Kana chimiro ichocho chokutanga chakarerekera panzvimbo yakashata, kunogona kuva kwakaoma kururamisa gare gare. Kurava nyaya yakazara namashoko akawanda asati atanga murangariro kunogona kuderedza kutsiga.

Zvinoitwa Nemitemo Yemapepanhau Inobudisa Mashoko Pakusimbisa

Zvikamu zvemapepanhau zvinoda kushandira pamwe zvakadai seFacebook, YouTube, naX (yaimbonzi Twitter) zvinoshandisa maarufabheti akagadzirirwa kusimbisa kuvimbisana((nguva inopedzerwa), kuchovha, kugoverana. Maarusaitirwo aya anowanzova anokosha, anokamuranisa, uye anogutsa nokuti anoita kuti pave nokukurukurirana kunopfuura kusava nedivi ramashoko. Mugumisiro wacho ndewokuti kunyanyisa, kana kuti nhau dzenhema dzinogona kupararira nokukurumidza kupfuura zvakarurama, zvakajeka.

Uyezve, zvokudya zvomunhu oga zvinogadzira maruva okuchekerera uko vashandisi vanoratidzwa zviri mukati zvinowirirana nomufambiro wavo wakapfuura. Kunyange kana munhu achitsvaka mashoko akadzikama, maalgorith echikuva angasaavhura. Kubuda kunoda nhamburiko yokungwarira: kutevera maakaundi kubva mumifungo mizhinji, mbeveve mapeji epartisan, uye shandisa maturusi akafanana ne “AllSide” kuona maengile akasiyana.

Kutanga Kufunga Nekuverenga Zvinobudisa Mashoko

Kugona kuverenga nokunyora neTV (SCP) kukwanisa kusvika, kuongorora, uye kugadzira zvinobudisa nhau (hwunongova unyanzvi hunogona kudzidziswa uye kushandiswa.

Matanho Anobatsira Vaverengi Vezuva Nezuva

  • Kubatanidza Chiratidzo Chako chaMashoko: Kuzvinyoresa kumifungo yakasiana--- siyana yemativi ezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku hakurevi kupa uremu hwakaenzana kuna vose, asi kunzwisisa mativi emifungo.
  • Kutsinhanisa Usati Wagoverana:[[FT:1] Usati wavhurazve nhau kana kuti kutaura, kunzvera panenge panzvimbo imwe inonzvera chinhu. Zuva rinononoka renhau riri nani kupfuura kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama.
  • Quiasurudza Mhinduro Dzako Dzemirangariro: Kana nhau ichikuita kuti utsamwe, unyumwire, kana kuti unyevere, kumira.
  • Dzinodzidza Basic Statistic Literacy: Nhamba dzakawanda dzinosarura kushandisa zvisina kufanira nhamba(- 1) inomirira ngozi dzine mwero pasina nhamba dzakakwana, mafiti enguva, kana kuti kuvhiringidza nokushandisa. Kunzwisisa aya mazano kunobetsera kuona.
  • [ Dzidzisa Vamwe: Kukurukura fungira mano neshamwari nemhuri kunosimbisa unyanzvi hwako umene uye kunobetsera kuparira nzanga ine ruzivo zvikuru.

Basa Revadzidzisi Nemasangano

Zvikoro namayunivhesiti zvinofanira kubatanidza kurava nokunyora kwezvinobudisa nhau mupurogiramu dzazvo. Vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidza kubvisa nhau dzenhau, kuziva zvisakafanira, uye yera manyuko. Maruwa anoverengeka akavamba kuzivisa dzidzo yokunyora nezvinobudisa mashoko. Mapurofiti akafanana ne News Literation Project inogovera gadziriro dzedzidzo yapachena. Kukurudzira kurukurirano dzekirasi dzinovhura pamusoro pezvinoitika zvazvino neanoshandisa manyuko akawanda anokosha ayo anogara upenyu hwose.

mhedziso

Chinetso chinoramba chiripo chinoda kungwarira, kusava nechokwadi pasina kutsoropodza, uye kuzvipira kutsvaka chokwadi mumarudzi akasiyana - siyana enhau. Nokunzwisisa marudzi erusaruro, kuziva mhinganidzo, uye kushandisa zvose zviri zviviri zvokushandisa uye kufunga kwokutsoropodza, varavi vanogona kuongorora zvinhu zvinobudiswa munhau nechivimbo. Vagari vemo vakadzidza ndivo nheyo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda ne(*) uye inovamba nokukwanisa kuona nhau dziri seri kwenhau.