Kunzwisisa Gerrymandering: Nhungamiro Yakakosha Kukushandisa Kudzora

Gerrymandering inomirira mumwe wemiitiro inomutsa nharo zvikurusa nemiuyo yazvino uno mugadziriro dzedemocracy. Papakati payo, chinja kwamaune kwemiganhu yevhoriyano kuti idivire rimwe boka rakati rezvamatongerwe enyika, boka, kana kuti wezvematongerwe enyika. Uyu muitiro unogona kupesvedzera zvinoshamisa miuyo yesarudzo, kushatisa ratidziro huru yokutora rutivi kwapamutemo kwakaenzana. Nepo shoko racho ringanzwika kuva rebasa kana kuti rechienzi, pesvedzero yegerrymermannder inotapura muvhoti iri yose ndokuumba nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika munzira huru dzinotapura zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yenzanga, kumirira nzanga, uye utano hwose hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Muitiro wokuronga wave uripo kwamazana maviri amakore mune zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica, bva unoramba wakakodzera uye uchikakavadzana nhasi sekare. Nefambiro mberi muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mashoko akaisvonaka, uye mashoko ane udzame, kuronga kwazvino uno kwazova kwakarurama zvikuru uye kunobudirira. Kunzwisisa kuti kuronga kunoshanda sei, mitoo yakwo yakasiana - siana, uye miuyo yayo inoparira miuyo yakakwirira inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa magadzirwe enyika uye mutsigiri wezvokururamisira.

Chii Chiri Kuitika?

Izvi zvinoitika panzvimbo inochengeterwa zvikamu zvakati kana kuti mapoka, izvo zvinowanzoitika makore gumi oga oga pashure pokuverengwa kwevanhu. Boka kana kuti boka rinodzora basa rokuwedzera kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo yacho rinogona kuita kuti budiriro yaro iwedzere, kazhinji kacho ichiumba maruwa akagadzirwa nenzira isiri yomuzvarirwo anoshora pfungwa dzomunzvimbo yacho asi anoshanda zvinangwa zvamatongerwe enyika zvakajeka.

Shoko rokuti "gerrymanidering" rimene rine nhau yamavambo inofadza. Rakaumbwa muna 1812 apo Gavhuna weMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry akatendera gadziriro inoumba tsvuku yakaumba ruwa rwakafanana nesamander. Mutsigiri wemifananidzo wezvamatongerwe enyika akabatanidza zita raGerry ne "sanmander" kuumba "gerrymander," uye shoko racho rakaramba richivapo kubvira panguva ino. Muenzaniso wenhau uyu unoratidza kuti gerrymermermermering haisi chinhu chitsva asi chinetso chinopfuurira chakavapo mukuwirirana nokudzora kwedemocracy.

Chinoita kuti jovhera rive rinonyengera zvikuru ndechokuti rinobvumira vezvematongerwe enyika kusarudza nenzira inobudirira vavhoti vavo panzvimbo pokuvhota vamiriri vavo. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine utano, makwikwi akasarudzwa anofanira kuratidzira zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvapachokwadi zvechiverengero chavagari vemo. Zvisinei, apo maruwa anodzorwa, muuyo wesarudzo unogona kufanosarudza pamberi pokuitwa vhoti imwe isati yaitwa, kuderedza makwikwi echisarudzo chapachokwadi uye kuderedza simba romuvhoti kuti adzore rondedzero yavo.

Kushandisa makombiyuta ane simba uye masangano emashoko enzvimbo, zvinogona kuisa miganhu yoruwa nokuvhiya kwakarurama zvikuru. Kugona kudzora migumisiro yezvombo zvematongerwe enyika zvino kwava kukwanisa kuwana mashoko ane udzame, kubatanidza kunyoreswa kwebato, nhau yokuvhota, mashoko okugara munyika, uye kunyange miitiro yemiitiro yevatengi. Kushandisa makombiyuta ane simba uye mashandiro emashoko enzvimbo, kunogona kuisa miganhu yoruwa nokuvhiya kwakarurama kunoshamisa. Kukwanisa kuita izvi kuita kuti zvisaririra zvemagetsi zvive zvinoshanda uye zvakaoma kuziva kupfuura nakare kose.

Zvakaitika Kare Kumaperembudzi eMarimaning muAmerica

Kunzwisisa zvizere tapuro yegerrymaning pamatongerwe enyika enguva ino, kunokosha kunzvera kufambira mberi kwayo kwenhau. Nepo muitiro wacho wakavamba kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, mitoo yawo noukuru zvakachinja nenzira inokosha nokufamba kwenguva. Munhau yose yeAmerica, kudzorwa kwakashandiswa kwete bedzi nokuda kwebetsero yavarwi asiwo kudzvinyirira simba rokuvhota nokuchengeta zvivako zvamasimba zviripo.

Mukati menhambo yaJim Crow, kudzorwa kwaiwanzoshandiswa pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira dzokudzvinyirira dzinodzvinyirira vavhoti kuti vapedze simba rezvamatongerwe enyika renzanga dzeAfrica. Kunyange pashure pokunge kupfuudzwa kweChibvumirano cheRegions cha 1965, icho chakarambidza tsvurudzo yedzinza mukuvhota, kugadzira miganhu yakapfuurira kushandiswa kuderedza kumirira kwapashoma. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura nhau dzakasiyana- siyana dzokuva nenhau mumakumi amakore, kugadza miganhu padzo inodzorwa dzinza apo yakaramba ichitya kupindira mumhaka dzevarwi veRGergerrymerming.

Mapoka makuru ematongerwe enyika ose ari maviri aiita basa rokuedza kugadzirisa zvinhu paanenge apiwa mukana wacho wakasiyana - siyana. Semuenzaniso, basa reREDMAP rakaratidza kuti pakanga paine kushandira pamwe kuwirirana kwehurumende kuti awane zvigaro zvehurumende zvigaro zvehurumende zvisati zvatanga kutevedzana, zvichinyatsoronga kudzora kugadziridza uye kuchengetedza magariro ezvamatongerwe enyika anenge ava kurefu.

Kutapura Kunoita Gerrymander Kumirira Kwedemocratic

Miuyo yokuchinja pamimiririri yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakakomba uye yakasiana--- siyana. Apo maruwa avavhoti anodzorwa kuti adiwe nebato rimwe, hurumende inovapo ingasaratidzira zvakarurama zvido zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvechiverengero chavagari vemo sechinenge chakazara. Uku kushata kunogona kutungamirira kumigariro umo boka rinowana zvigaro zvizhinjisa zvemitemo pasinei zvapo nokugamuchira hwerengedzo shomanene yevhoti kupfuura vanoshora vavo.

Gerrymanindering inoparira "maruwa akakotsekana" umo mumwe munhu ane betsero inokurira, achibvisa nenzira inobudirira makwikwi anobetsera avhota. Muaya maruwa, makwikwi chaiwoiwo anoitika mukati mesarudzo yokutanga panzvimbo pesarudzo yavose. Ikoku nesimba kunokurudzira vakwikwidzi kukwirira kunzvimbo yavo panzvimbo pevhotaro yebato rine mwero, vachipa mupiro kuruwa rwakachengeteka. Vamiririri vanobva mumaruwa vane sundo duku yokubvumirana pane kushanda mumitsetse yebato, sezvo tyisidziro yavo huru inobva mudenho hurusarudzo mukati mebato ravo vamene panzvimbo pevashori vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Tapuro pabvumirano napakuvhota haigoni kunyanyoziviswa. Apo vavhoti vanonzwisisa kuti miuyo yesarudzo inofanotaurwa pachine nguva mberi nemhaka yokudzorwa nehurumende. Vangaora mwoyo uye sezvingabvira zvishomanene kutora rutivi mumuitiro wevhoti. Uku kusakendenga kunonyandurazve simba raavo vanobetserwa nokuzvidzora, vachiumba democracy inoderedza kutora rutivi kwehurumende. Vatsigiri vanganzwa kuti manzwi avo haana basa, kuchitungamirira kukuderedza kuvimbisa kwehurumende yehurumende nedemocracy.

Gerrymanindering inotapurawo miuyo yemiitiro munzira dzinokosha. Apo vaiti vemitemo vanonzwa vakachengeteka muzvigaro zvavo nemhaka yamaruwa akadzorwa, vangadavidza zvishoma kuitiro hanya dzinobatanidza uye kudisa zvikuru kutevera rondedzero dzinoda mari dzoruwa rwavo sedzakasara. Ikoku kunogona kuguma nemitemo inopesana nemurangariro wavose panhau huru, kubva kuzvoutano nedzidzo kusvikira kumitero nemitemo yemhoteredzo. Kubviswa pakati pezvinodiwa navose nechiito chemitemo kunoparadza chivimbo muhurumende uye kunoparira kuva anoshora zvamatongerwe enyika.

Mitoo Mikuru Yokuparira Kurwara Inotsanangurwa

Kunzwisisa nzira idzi kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kugadziridza apo kunoitika uye kuonga unyanzvi hwemazano azvino uno okuchinja zvinhu.

Kusvetuka: Kuparadza Simba Rokushora

Kuparadza muitiro wokuparadzanisa kuisa ngwariro kwavavhoti vechishori mumaruwa akawanda, vachideredza simba ravo rokuvhota naizvozvo havagoni kuumba voruzhinji muruwa rupi norupi. Fungidzira guta rine boka rakasimba ravavhoti vanobva muParti A vakakomberedzwa nenharaunda dzomumaruwa idzo dzinoda Party B. Kupfurikidza nokukamura, chiremera chinoyera chingakamura guta kuva maruwa anoverengeka, iro rimwe nerimwe rinobatanidza ndima dzomumaruwa makuru. Irori rinovimbisa kuti Party Acoffator, pasinei zvapo nokuva vakarondwa muguta, rinopfuura nharaunda imwe neimwe neParti Bvtictivei kubva munharaunda dzakapoteredza.

Kubudirira kwokuparadza kunotsamira pakuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo kwavavhoti uye kutanga kwemitsetse iyoyo yoruwa.

Kuvhota kunoshanda zvikuru apo kunobatanidzwa namashoko ane udzame anobvumira zviremera zvinovhota kufanotaura mufambiro wokuvhota pamwero usiri woruzha. Kopiso dzazvino uno dzinogona kuziva mitoo yokuvhota kunzvimbo imwe kana kuti kunyange mhuri, kuchigonesa chaizvoizvo kuparira betsero hurusa apo inochengeta chitarisiko chemiganhu yoruwa ine mufungo.

Kutakura Mabhokisi: Kuderedza Mibato Yechishoro

Kupaka kunomirira mutoo wakasiana wokuparadza. Panzvimbo pokuparadzira vavhoti vanoshorwa vatete, kurongedza kunoisa ngwariro yavo mumaruwa mashomanene sezvinobvira. Kupfurikidza nokuita maruwa umo chishoro chinokunda nemicheto mizhinji, chiremera chinodzokororwa chinovhota chishoro "mabhomba" chingagona kuva chaikwikwidza mumamwe maruwa. Nepo boka rinoshora ringawina aya maruwa akarongedzeka nyore nyore, vanowina maruwa mashoma kupfuura kugoverano yavo yose yaizokarakadza kuti vanofanira.

Somuenzaniso, kana Party A inodzora kukwikwidza tsvuku muhurumende umo Party B ine 40% yetsigiro munyika yose, Party A ingatanga maruwa mashomanene umo Party B ine 80% kana kuti 90% tsigiro. Ikoku kunovimbisa Partition B inohwina nyika idzodzo nenzira yokuchenjera asi ine tsigiro isina kukwana kuva namakwikwi mumaruwa asara. Muuyo ndewokuti Party B inowana zvigaro zvishoma kupfuura chiverengero chayo chevhoti yapasi yose yaizoratidzira kuti vakafanirwa, nepo Party Awero inowedzera nhamba yezvigaro zvavo pasinei zvapo ne 60% bedzi.

Kutakura dzimwe nguva kunogona kuita mibatanidzwa yezvematongerwe enyika yechienzi. Muzvimwe zviitiko, nzanga shomanene dzakatsigira nzira dzokurongedza nadzo dzinoparira maruwa ane zvikamu zviduku, dzichivimbisa kuti nzanga dzadzo dzine mimiririri yakati. Zvisinei, izvi nenzira yokusaziva zvinogona kubetsera boka kushora fariro shoma kupfurikidza nokupa ngwariro kuvavhoti vashomanene (vanowanzovhotera boka rimwe) mumaruwa mashoma, zvichiita kuti maruwa akapoteredza ave akakotsekana nokuda kwerimwe sangano.

Kucheka: Kumanikidza Vaya Vanofanira Kushandira Pamwe

Kudzika miganhu yoruwa kunoitika apo miganhu yoruwa inotorwazve kuti iise vaviri vanopa mitemo vachibva mubato rimwe chetero muruwa rumwe, kuvamanikidzira kukwikwidzana. Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa apo boka rinodzora kunzvera rinoda kubvisa mumwe munhu angave anobva mubato rinoshora kana kuti kunyange mubato ravo vamene asi ringave rakavimbika zvisina kukwana kana kuti mutsika.

Uyu mutoo unogona kuva unobudirira zvikuru mukubvisa vaiti vemitemo vane mwero kana kuti vanozvimirira avo vangava vakaoma kukunda musarudzo yavose. Kupfurikidza nokuvamanikidzira kukwikwidzana muboka nomumwe asingatsivi, chiremera chinoumba mugariro umo mumwe wavarwi acharasikirwa nechigaro chavo nenzira isingadzivisiki. Nzira yacho inogonawo kushandiswa kuranga vaiti vemitemo avo vakaputsa utungamiriri hwebato pamavhoti makuru kana kuti avo vanomirira denho dzinobvira dzenguva yemberi kuutungamiriri hwebato.

Kushandisa kudzora kunogona kushandiswa kwete bedzi nokuda kwebetsero yemapati asiwo nokuda kwerwisano dzesimba rechikamu. Inomirira chishandiso nokuda kwenhungamiro yebato kuti itsigire nokubvisa manzwi anopesana, kuchibetserazve kukamukana kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuderedza mhatsa yemirangariro iri mumitumbi yemitemo.

Kupamba: Kusaisa Vamiriri Vanomirirwa

Kutorazve miganhu yoruwa kunobatanidza kutora miganhu kuti itamisire mumiririri akaoma kunzvimbo yakasiana, kazhinji kazhinji iyo isina kunaka kubato ravo kana kuti uko mumwe mutengi weminda anotobatira. Nepo vaiti vemitemo nguva dzose vasingadikanirwi kugara muruwa rwavanomirira, kutamisira musha wavo muruwa rwakasiana kunogona kuparira denho huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuita kuti kutsiva kuve kwakaoma zvikuru.

Unyanzvi uhwu hunogona kunyanya kuvhiringidza nokuti hunomanikidza kuti vamhanyi vaende kuruwa rutsva uko vasina zita uye vanotanga ukama, kana kuti kubvisa imba yavo kuti varambe vari muruwa rwavo rwavanotorazve. Chisarudzo ichi chingapa zvinetso uye chinogona kuderedza nzvimbo yavo inosarudzwa. Kushandisa madhindindindi kungasanganiswawo nemamwe mazano okuzvidzora, zvakadai sokuita kuti ruwa rutsva rwechitunha rusave rwakanaka kuboka ravo nokusvetuka kana kuti kurongedza.

Zvinotumira mashoko kune vamwe vaiti vemitemo nezvemigumisiro yeutungamiriri hwebato rinopikisa uye zvinoratidza simba revaya vanodzora kugadziriswa kwemitemo. Izvi zvinogona kuva netapuro inotyisa pakuzvimirira kwemitemo uye zvinokurudzira kutevedzera zvinzvimbo zvebato.

Kurwisana Kwemarudzi Nedzinza

Kunokosha kusiyanisa pakati pekudzorwa kweganda nedzorusarura, sezvo zvinobatanidza sundo dzakasiana uye kutarisana nemipimo yakasiana yapamutemo. Partisan gerrymanindering inovavarira kubetsera rimwe boka rezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura rimwe, nepo kudzorwa kwedzinza kunobatanidza kunyora mitsetse yoruwa yakavakirwa padzinza kuderedza kana kuti kuisa ngwariro kusimba duku rokuvhota.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakasimbisa kuti kudzorwa kwetsika dzedzinza kunoputsa gadziriro dzinobatanidza Kudzivirira kweKinayi kuRefusion apo dzinza riri chinhu chikuru mukunyora mitsetse yoruwa pasina ruramiso yakakwana. Voting Rights Act inodzivisawo gadziriro dzinoderedza simba rokuvhota kushoma. Matare ave achidisa kuputsa gadziriro dzinoumba kudzorwa kwedzinza, dzinoda kuti nyika dzidzorerezve maruwa anoputsa dziviriro dzemitemo.

Mukupesana, Dare Gurusa rave richizengurira zvikuru kupindira mumhaka dzevapanduki. Mumhaka ya 2019 Rucho neGeneral Creast, Dare rakatonga kuti vaparadzi vakataura kuti mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika inopiwa inopfuura kusvikwa nematare ehurumende, vachizivisa nenzira inobudirira kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kunzwa denho kuruganda. Ichi chisarudzo chakasiya varashi vachinetsa kumatare ehurumende nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, vachiganhurira zvikuru mishonga yepamutemo nokuda kwokuvandudzwa kukuru kwechipfuro chehurumende.

Musiyano pakati porusaruraganda nerusaruraganda unogona kuva wakajeka mukushanda, sezvo kusonganirana kwedzinza nebato kazhinji kazhinji kunowirirana. Munharaunda dzakawanda, vavhoti vashomanene vanotsigira zvikuru rimwe boka rezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchikuita kwakaoma kusarudza kana gadziriro inochinja yavanovhotera yakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti wirirano yebato. Iyi inoparira mibvunzo yakaoma yepamutemo neyezvematongerwe enyika pamusoro pesundo yechokwadi iri seri kwezvisarudzo uye mishonga yakafanira nokuda kwedicriminatifici reficiation religiqualition.

Basa Reruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mumavhairasi Amazuva Ano

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano rwachinja nzira dzokugadzira zvinhu, ruchiita kuti ruve rwakarurama, runobudirira, uye rwakaoma kucherechedza kupfuura kare. Kuongorora kwazvino uno kunotsamira zvikuru pasoftware yazvino uno yakasiyana - siyana, makombiyuta ane udzame, uye maatomu anogona kuongorora mamiriyoni emashoko anoreva kuti agadzirise maruwa anonyatsobatsira.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inobvumira zviremera zvinoyera kuisa nokushandisa miganhu yoruwa nenzira isingadaviriki. Miitiro iyi inogona kubatanidza mibatanidzwa yakawanda yemashoko, kubatanidza mashoko okuverenga vanhu, nhau yokuvhota, kunyoresa kwebato, mashoko okugara munyika, uye kunyange miitiro yevatengi. Nokuongorora iyi, purogiramu yokuyera miganhu inogona kufanoziva kuti miganhu yakasiyana ichatapura sei migumisiro yesarudzo, ichibvumira maruwa iwayo kuedza zviuru zvemepu dzinobvira ndokusarudza iya inobatira zvakanakisisa zvinangwa zvavo zvematongerwe enyika.

Kuwanika kwemashoko anovhota nenzira inoshamisa kwakaita kuti zviremera zvinoda kugadziriswa zvishande zvikuru. Zviremera zvinodzorwa zvinogona kuwana mashoko pamusoro pokunyoresa kwebato rimwe nerimwe, kuvhota nhau munhau mukusarudza kwakapfuura, mativi okugara kwavagari vemo, uye kunyange mienzaniso yokudeya kutaura mufambiro wokuvhota kwomunguva yemberi. Iyi mashoko anovabvumira kunyora maruwa noururami hwokuvhiya, kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruwa rumwe norumwe rune maruvara anoshuvirwa nepo ruchichengeta chitarisiko chokuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvakadai sokuenzana uye kubatana.

Nenzira inofadza, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kushandiswawo kurwisa mepu inogadzirwa. Vanzveri navatsigiri vekuvandudza vakagadzira maatomu anogona kugadzira zviuru zvemepu dzinobvira dzakavakirwa pamipimo isina kutsiga, kugadzira musiyano wokuenzanisa nezvirongwa chaizvoizvo. Kana mepu yakagadzirwa iri shoo inowirirana zvikuru kana ichienzaniswa nemepu dzinogadzirwa panguva yakagadzirwa nemepu dzinoratidza betsero yakanyanyisa idzo dzisingawanzowanzooneka kana kuti dzisingambogoni kuoneka mumamepu asingatori rutivi. Izvi zvinogona kugovera ufakazi hwemabhurokwarasi anoparira kunzvera nokuedza kuzivisa uye kuoma maruwa egerrymerder.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yemagenrymanider

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo yokushandisa matare emagetsi kunobatsira kuona kuti nzira idzi dzinoshanda sei mukushandisa uye migumisiro yawo chaiyo.

North Carolina yave iri nzvimbo yakatanhamara zvikuru yerwisano. Pashure pekuverenga vanhu kwa2010, mubatanidzwa weRepublica unodzora urongwa wakapinza maruwa eRepublic akaguma nokuwina 10 ezvigaro 13 zvemibatanidzwa muna 2012, kunyange zvazvo yakawana inenge 49% bedzi yemavhoti edare renyika yose. Maruwa acho akabatanidza kuumbwa kwakagadzirwa nenzira inoshamisa kwakanakira vanhu vose panzanga. Pashure pamakore ezvinetso zvemitemo, matare pakupedzisira akarovanya mepu idzi sedzisiri dzemibatanidzwa mubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa yetsika yedzinza. Kunyange zvazvo mepu dzakatevera dzakapfuurira kutarisana netsoropotedzo yetsika dzechipotezo chenzanga.

Maryland anogovera muenzaniso weDemocratic gerrymaning. Ruwa rweruwa rwechitanhatu rwehurumende rwakaitwazve pashure pekuverengwa kwavanhu kwa2010 kuti kubatanidze mativi eDemocratic Montgomery County yakaoma zvikuru painenge ichibvisa nzvimbo dzeRepublican-leaning. Irworruna rwakashandura ruwa rweRepublican kuva Democraticer, ruchiratidza kuti kudzosera mari kwakakomba kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda. Dare rapamusoro rakarangarira denho kuruwa urwu muBenek v. Lamone, kunyange zvazvo nhau yacho yakazopedzisira yadzoserwa ndokudzingwa murucho.

Maruwa ePennsylvania enzvimbo dzinomira masangano akanyorwa pashure pokunge nhamba yakaitwa muna 2010 yatanga kukurumbira zvakaipa nokuda kwezvimiro zvawo zvakavhengana neskew. Maruwa acho akawana kuti maRepublican agara achiwana zvigaro 13 zvemibatanidzwa 18 kunyange zvazvo nyika yaiparadzana zvikuru muvhoti. Muna 2018, Dare Gurusa rePennsylvania rakaparadza aya maruwa seaiputsa mutemo wehurumende, achirayira kuti mepu itsva dzidhirowe. Mepu itsva dzakaguma nenhevedzo dzemakwikwi akawanda zvikuru aidzoro aidzokororwa nehurumende yairatidzira zviri nani masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti kudzorwa hakuna kuganhurirwa kubato rimwe rezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti nharaunda. Mapati makuru ose ari maviri akapinda mukuyera kwokudenha apo anopiwa banza, uye muitiro wacho unoitika munyika dzose. Rutanda runozivikanwa navose ndorwokuti upi noupi anodzora muitiro wekuwedzera tsvuku unowanzoshandisa simba iroro kusimbisa betsero yavo yakaisvonaka, kazhinji kazhinji kukuvadziko yemireza yakarurama nesarudzo yamakwikwi.

Kunaka Kwemitemo Nezvisarudzo Zvedare

Kuronga pamutemo kwakapoteredza kuronga matare kwakachinja nenzira inokosha mumakumi amakore apfuura, nematare achirwisana nemibvunzo pamusoro pokuti apo kuongorora kunodarika mutsetse kubva pamubato wapamutemo wezvamatongerwe enyika kusvikira kukushandiswa kwemitemo kusingawirirani.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muna Baker v. Carr (1962) chakatanga kuti nhau dzokudzosera kukura kwaigona kukurukurwa nematare ehurumende, kuchizarura suo redenho dzapamutemo kuruwa rusina ruramisiro. Ichochi chakateverwa naReynolds v. Sims (1964), iyo yakatanga "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe" nheyo, ichida kuti maruwa emitemo ave navanhu vakaenzana. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakaparira mitemo inokosha pakudzorwa kwemitengo asi hazvina kutaura zvakananga naGerrydering.

Voting Rights Act ya1965 uye gadziridzo dzakagovera dzimwe dziviriro pagadziriro dzokuwedzera dzinosarura dzinza duku. Chikamu 2 choMutemo chinorambidza miitiro yokuvhota iyo inosarura pahwaro hwedzinza, uye matare akadudzira ikoku kubatanidza gadziriro dzinobatanidza kuderedza simba rokuvhota kushoma. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro muShelby County v. Raker (2013) chakaputsa chinodikanwa chapamberi pevhu icho chakanga chada mativi akati nemitemo inosarura kuti awane tendero yehurumende isati yachinja miitiro yokuvhotera, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwedzimwe nyika kushandisa gadziriro dzokuwedzera upameso.

Chisarudzo cheChisarudzo cheChisarudzo cheChisarudzo chaMarudzi muna 2019 chakamirira nhambo huru yechinjo muhuru hwenhau. Dare rakatonga kuti kutaura kwechivhozhokera kusingaruramisiri mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo matare ehurumende haagoni kupedza, kunyange apo gadziriro dzokuwedzera dzinoratidza fungidziro dzakanyanyisa. Chirevo chikuru Roberts, kunyorera voruzhinji, chinobvuma kuti kudzora kwakawandisa hakuwirirani nenheyo dzedemocracy asi chakataura kuti matare ehurumende anoshaiwa mipimo inodzorwa nokuda kwokusarudza apo zvirangariro zvehurumende zvakanyanyisa zvakaenda zvikuru.

Pashure paRucho, ngwariro yakachinjirwa kumatare ehurumende negadziriro dzemitemo. matare makurusa anoverengeka ehurumende akatonga kuti kudzorwa kwemitemo kunoputsa mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende, kuchigovera imwe nzira yedenho dzapamutemo. Nyika kubatanidza Pennsylvania, North Carolina, uye Ohio dzakaona matare adzo makuru achirova mepu dzakavakirwa pagadziriro dzemitemo. Ikoku kwakaita kuti kudzikamiswa kwehurumende nedziviriro dzemitemo zvive zvinokosha zvikuru mukurwisa gerrymanning.

Kuedza Kuchinja Nenzira Dzinotsiva Dzokuderedza Nadzo

Vachiziva zvinetso zvinoparirwa nokuchinja, vachinji vakakarakadza ndokushandisa dzimwe nzira dzakasiana - siana dzokuchinja. idzi chinjo dzinovavarira kubvisa kana kuti kuderedza fungidziro dzinoparadza mugadziriro yokuwedzera ndokuparira maruwa amakwikwi ari nani zvikuru anomirira zviri nani vavhoti.

Mabasa Okuzvimirira Okuderedza

Imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira zvikurusa dzokuchinja inobatanidza kugadzira miganhu yakazvimirira yokunyora miganhu yeruwa panzvimbo pokubvumira masangano ehurumende kudzora muitiro wacho. Masangano aya anowanzobatanidza mitezo inobva kumativi makuru ose pamwe chete nemitezo yakazvimirira kana kuti isina kubatana, uye anoshanda pasi pemitemo yakagadzirirwa kusimudzira ruramisiro nokujeka.

Chizvarwa cheCalifornia Rediqualing Commission, chakatangwa kupfurikidza nechirongwa chebhurukwa muna 2008, chinogovera muenzaniso wakatanhamara weiyi nzira. Komishoni ine mitezo 14(55 Democrats, 5 Republicans, uye ina kubva mubato risiri rimwe chete) yakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nokushanda nokuhwirudzura zvakagadzirirwa kusimbisa, vakuru vakuru vakuru vasina muganhu. Komishinari inofanira kutevera mipimo chaiyo apo inodhirowa maruwa, kubatanidza pamusoro penzanga dzefariro nekuita maruwa makuru. Nepo California isati yakwana, kongiswa yakaitwa seyakakwana, mepu dzinogadzirwa nemiraunziro inoyera kupfuura maruwa anokweva nea maganhu akatangira.

Arizona, Michigan, Colorado, uye dzimwe nyika dzakatangawo masangano akazvimirira kana kuti anotsamira pamunhu ane zvivako nemirairo zvakasiyana - siyana. Nzvero inokarakadza kuti aya masangano anowanzoita maruwa amakwikwi akawanda uye fungirano shoma kupfuura mepu dzinodhonza dare remitemo, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwawo kuchitsamira pagadziriro yawo chaiyo nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika umo anoshanda.

Kusvika Kwemitemo Nenhamba

Vamwe vachinji vakakarakadza kushandisa maalgoritime kuti vawane maruwa akavakirwa pamipimo isina kutsiga yakadai sokubatana, kuva munyoro, uye kuremekedza miganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika iripo. Iyi mitoo yealgorithm inovavarira kubvisa fungidziro dzomunhu mukubvisa mirangariro yemasvomhu kupfurikidza nokuvimba nenheyo dzemasvomhu dzine revo pane mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Imwe nzira yakadaro inobatanidza kushandisa maarufabheti ekombiyuta kugadzira zviuru kana kuti mamiriyoni emepu dzinobvira dzinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo, ipapo kusarudza mepu dzinogutsa zvakanakisisa mipimo isingatsigiri rutivi. Imwe nzira inoshandisa zvitsauko zvemasvomhu zvekubatanidza uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemapuraneti kuyera maruwa anenge achikarakadzwa, kuramba izvo zvinoratidza ufakazi hwokushandisa. Nepo iyi mitoo inoratidza chipikirwa, dzinomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinofanira kuiswa patsvakwa uye nzira yokudzikamisa nayo mipimo inopesana yakadai sokubatana kunowirirana nokuchengeta nzanga dzefariro pamwe chete.

Kuona Zviri Nani uye Kubatanidzwa Kwavose

Kuwedzera kujeka mumuitiro wokuchinja kunomirira imwe nzira inokosha yokugadzirisa. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvinoda zviremera zvinoda kudzosera mativi avose kuti zvive nokuteerera voruzhinji, uye kuti zviite kuti mashoko ashandiswe uye mepu dzinokarakadzwa awanike kuvanhu. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vagari vemo kutumira mepu dzavo vamene dzinoda kufungwa kuti dzirangarirwe, kuderedza purogiramu inodzorwa nokuvimbisa kuti manzwi enzanga anonzwiwa.

Ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwaita kuti kutora rutivi kwavose kuve kunobvira zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Kunyora paIndaneti maturusi anobvumira vagari vomunyika kunyora zvikarakadzo zvavo vamene zvezvirongwa zvokuwedzera ndokuzviisa pasi kuti zvirangarirwe. Makombiyuta avose anoita kuti mashoko anopedzesa asvike kumunhu upi noupi ane imo yematongerwe enyika ane zvinhu chaizvo. Kuyera uku kunobatsira kuti zvisarudzo zvokuona zviri pachena zviitwe pachena uye kuti zvinzverwe pachena, zvichiita kuti zviome zvikuru kuita pasina kudzosera kwavose.

Tapuro Pakuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kuwedzera kwematongerwe enyika kunoparira zvikuru kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, chimwe chedenho huru zvikurusa chinotarisana nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzapanguva imwe. Kupfurikidza nokuumba maruwa akakotsekana umo boka rimwe rinotonga, kudzora kunoderedza makwikwi okusarudza uye kuchinja sundo dzinotarisana navakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa munzira dzinokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye dzinodzivisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Mumaruwa akarongwa, kusarudzwa kukuru kazhinji kazhinji kunova kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura kusarudzwa kwavose. Sezvo ruwa rwakakotsekana nokuda kwebato rimwe, makwikwi chaiwoiwo anoitika pakati pavadaviri kubva pabato iroro mukukwikwidzana nokuda kwenzvimbo dzavo. Vavhoti vakuru vanowanzova vanyanyisa zvikuru mundangariro kupfuura vavhoti vechisarudzo chavose, sezvo vatsigiri vazhinjisa vebato vane bviro yokutora rutivi mumibato. Ikoku kunoparira sundo dzokuva vapanowana nzvimbo huru zvikuru kuti vakwidziridziridze kuvavhoti, vachiparira kuvhota.

Vangosarudzwa bedzi mumaruwa akakotsekana, vaiti vemitemo havatongosundi kuva nemwero yenzvimbo dzavo kana kuti kushanda mumativi ose ebato. Chengeteko yavo inotsamira pakuchengeta tsigiro pakati penzvimbo yavo yebato, kwete pakukumbira kuvhota kana kuti mitezo yebato rakasiana. Ikoku kune simba kunodzivisa rudzi rwebatira pamwe yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira neburtisan inodikanwa nokuda kwokudzora kunobudirira, zvikurukuru panhau dzine nharo umo nzvimbo dzebato dzinonyurukira zvikuru.

Ukama pakati pegerrymandering nepolationing hwakaoma kunetsa uye hunokakavadzana pakati pamasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kumwe kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti mupiro wegerrymaninder kuruwa une mwero kuenzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakadai sokutsaura nyika, kukamukana kwemanyuko, uye kuoneka kwepfungwa. Zvisinei, kunyange kana gerrymaniderering isiri mutyairi mukuru wenzvimbo inogarwa, nenzira yakajeka inosimbisa miitiro inopesana uye inoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuibvisa kupfurikidza namakwikwikwi okusarudza.

Migumisiro Yezvemari Nenzanga

Migumisiro yokuronga kudarika zvematongerwe enyika zvinosarudzwa kuti zvipesvedzere muitiro wezvemari, mapurogiramu enzanga, uye kufambira mberi kwenzanga.

Maruwa eGerrymanice anowanzokamuranisa maguta, miganhu, kana kuti nharaunda munzira idzo dzinokamuranisa nzanga dzefariro. Guta ringaparadzaniswa pakati pamaruwa anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rinobatanidza ndima yomumaruwa akakura kana kuti yomumusha, kuderedza inzwi reguta mudare. Ikoku kunogona kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti nharaunda dzomumaguta dziwanire nzvimbo dzakakwana nepfuma nokuda kwegadziriro, dzidzo, zvokufambisa zvavose, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Nenzira yakafanana, nzanga dzomumaruwa dzingazviwana dzikaparadzaniswa pakati pamaruwa akawanda anodzorwa nemaguta kana kuti nenzvimbo yokumusha zvinoiswa pakutanga panzvimbo dzakasiana.

Kushaikwa kwamakwikwi okusarudza mumaruwa akatenderwa kunogonawo kutapura muitiro wezvemari. Apo vaiti vemitemo vanonzwa vakachengeteka muzvigaro zvavo, vangadavidza zvishoma kuzvinetso zvemari zvakadai sokugadzira basa, kuwedzera, kana kuti mirau yebhizimisi. Vangaisa misengwa yemifungo kana kuti zvinodiwa zvebato rebato panzvimbo dzemari. Ikoku kunogona kuguma nemiitiro isingaratidziri migariro yemari yomunharaunda kana kuti zvinodikanwa.

Gadziriro dzebasa renzanga dzinogonawo kutapurwa negerrymaning. Maruwa anodivirirwa betsero yavatsigiri angasawirirana nenharaunda dzebasa romusikirwo kana kuti nzanga dzine zvinodikanwa zvenzanga zvinogoveranwa. Ikoku kunogona kuomesa nhamburiko kugadzirisa nhau dzakadai sokuwana kwoutano, rudzi rwedzidzo, mari yedzimba, uye kuderera kwourombo. Kana maruwa emitemo asingawirirani nenzanga dzaanoda kubatira, zvinova zvakaoma zvikuru kuvamba ndokushandisa miitiro inoshanda iyo inoita kuti igadzirise zvinetso zvomunzvimbomo.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Kurwisana Nemajeri

Nepo kuronga zvinhu kwakabatanidzwa zvikurukuru nezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica, dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakarwisana nenhau dzakafanana ndokutanga mitoo yakasiana - siana yokuvandudza.Kunzvera miitiro yamarudzi ose kunogovera murangariro unokosha padzimwe mitoo yokukweva miganhu yakasarudzwa uye kudzivirira kudzvinyirira.

Ubati ushe hweparamende hunoshandisa masangano ehurumende anoshandira muganhu akazvimirira kukweva maruwa anosarudza, kubvisa muitiro kubva kuudzori hwakananga hwezvamatongerwe enyika. United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, uye New Zealand ose anoshandisa masangano akazvimirira nezvivako zvakasiyana- siyana nemirairo. Aya masangano anoshanda zvikurukuru mumipimo yemitemo iyo zvinhu zvinoisa pakutanga zvinhu zvakadai sokuenzana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, mativi enzvimbo, uye miganhu panzvimbo pebetsero yenzanga.

Dare reUK's Boundary Commissions, somuenzaniso, masangano azvimirira avanhu vose anohwirudzura nokudzokororazve miganhu inopesana panhambo nenhambo. Vanoshanda pasi pemirau yakagadzwa neParamende asi vanoita zvisarudzo zvavo vachizvimirira, vachiita bvunzurudzo dzavose uye vachirangarira zvirambidzo pamberi pemiganhu inopedzisa. Nepo isiri dziviriro pagakava, tsika ino yakadzivisa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kudzorwa kwakanyanyisa kuoneka mune dzimwe nyika dzeAmerica.

Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzokumirira dzinoderedza kana kuti kubvisa ukoshi hwemiganhu. Muidzi gadziriro, mapati anogamuchira zvigaro zvemitemo muwirirano yavo negoverano yevhoti yenyika kana kuti yenharaunda, achiita kuti kuratidzira kuve kusina basa zvikurukuru. Nepo gadziriro dzokumirira dzakaenzana dzine betsero dzadzo dzimene nedzisingabetseri, dzinoratidzira kuti maruwa ane mitezo imwe haizi bedzi nzira yokuronga nayo mimiririri yedemo yedemokrase.

Germany inoshandisa gadziriro yenhengo dzakavhengana dzinobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe nemirariro yakaganhurana, ichiedza kubata betsero dzenzira dzose dziri mbiri. Voter vanokanda mabhoroti maviri(amwe nokuda kwomumiriri womunzvimbomo uye rimwe nokuda kweruvara rwebato) uye dare rose redare rinovhota richiratidza kuwirirana apo rinenge richichengeta mimireza yomunzvimbomo. Iyi gadziriro inoita kuti gergermander ive inowirirana zvishoma nemhaka yokuti chikamu chakaenzana chinovimbisa kuti mumiririri wemitemo webato unowirirana neboka rinowirirana negoveranotendiro pasinei zvapo nokuti miganhuro yoruwa inokweviwa sei.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuchinja Nokumirira

Kuverenga vanhu 2020 uye kuongorora kunotevera kunoratidza kuti zvinhu izvi zviri kuitika zvakazoedzwa sei, uye zvichaguma nei.

Kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuchaita kuti pave nokuchinja kukuru uye kunojeka zvikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, avo vanotsvaka betsero dzinobatanidza vachawana maturusi ane simba zvikuru kukuita miganhu yoruwa ive yakanakisisa. Kune rumwe rutivi, vachinji namapoka evaoni vachava nezvishandiso zviri nani zvokuziva gerrymerdering uye kubudisa dzimwe mepu dzinoratidzira kusvika kwakaisvonaka. Iri nhangemutange yezvombo yeruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ichapfuurira, namativi ose ari maviri achikudziridza mano akakwirira zvikuru.

Kuziva ruzhinji nezvekutsvaka mari kwakawedzera zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kuchisundwa nenhau dzedare dzakakwirira dzedare, kuziviswa kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye nhimbe dzokuvamba. Uku kuziva kwakakura kwakashandura kupinda muchiito chezvamatongerwe enyika mune dzimwe nyika, nezvirongwa zvokutendera vavhoti kuti vatange masangano okuzvimirira kana kuti kutanga mipimo mitsva yokudhirowa kwamaruwa. Rubudiriro rweidzi nhamburiko dzinokarakadza kukura kudikanwa kwavanhu nokuda kwemiitiro inoyera kwezva pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo chishoro kubva mufariro dzakadzika zvamatongerwe enyika chinoramba chakasimba.

Basa rematare ehurumende mukutora mapurisa mapurisa ringawedzera zvimwe kutevera chisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro muRucho. matare makuru ehurumende munyika dzinoverengeka akaratidza kuda kurova mepu dzakagadzirirwa pagadziriro dzehurumende, uye vatsigiri vari kuronda kupiwa mudzimwe nyika. Kutangwa kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo panzvimbo dzinoyera kuchava nzvimbo inokosha yokutarira, sokutanga kungatanga mipimo nemitoo yakasiana.

Chinjo dzomugariro wavanhu dzichapesvedzerawo zvirongwa zvokuchinja. Kuchinja kwevagari vemo kunharaunda dzomumaguta nemumataundi, kuwedzera kwemhatsa yedzinza nedzinza, uye chinjo dzechizvarwa muzvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvose zvinotapura kuti maruwa anogona kukweverwa sei uye kuti nzanga dzine simba rezvamatongerwe enyika ripi. Iyi miitiro yokugara munyika ingaita kuti zvirongwa zvakati zvinobudirira zvive zvishoma kana kuti kuparira mikana mitsva yokushandisa, zvichitsamira pakuti zvinofambidzana sei nemitoo yenzvimbo yetsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinogona Kuitwa Nevagari Vemo Nezvokuvhiya Majemusi

Kunyange zvazvo kugadzira zvinhu kuri chinetso chakaoma kunzwisisa, vagari vemo vamwe navamwe nenzanga vanogona kuita chimwe chinhu chine revo kurwisa kugadziriswa kusina kunaka uye kusimudzira kuratidzwa kwemutsa.

Kutora rutivi mumuitiro wokuyera kunomirira nhano yokutanga inokosha. Nyika zhinji dzinoita kutongwa kwavose uko vagari vemo vanogona kupupurira pamusoro pezvikarakadzo zvokuwedzera, kugoverana mashoko pamusoro penzanga dzavo, uye kutsigira mitoo yakati yokunyora maruwa. Kupinda aya, kunyora tsinhiro, kana kuti kukurudzira dzimwe mepu kunobvumira vagari vemo kuva netapuro yakananga mumaruwa avo. Kunyange kana tsinhiro dzoga dzoga dzikasachinja mugumisiro wokupedzisira, kuvimbisana kwapachena kunogona kupesvedzera kugadziridza zvisarudzo zvenzanga uye kuita chinyorwa chezvakanakira nzanga.

Kutsigira nhamburiko dzokuchinja dzinopa imwe nzira yechiito. Masangano akawanda anoshanda pakuchinja kwapamwero yenyika nehurumende, achitsigira nokuda kwemibato yokuzvimirira, miitiro inoratidzwa pachena, uye mipimo yakarurama nokuda kwokunyora maruwa. Masangano akadai se Common Canger, Chinzwano chaVakadzi Voters, uye FairVote chinoshanda paidzino tsigiro inogamuchirika, mipiro, uye uswa. Kubatanidzwa namasangano iwaya anochinja manzwi uye zvinobetsera kukuita kuti pave nengurutsigo.

Nhano dzokutanga dzinogovera nzira yakananga kukuchinja kusingachinji mumashoko ayo anobvumira matanho evagari vemo. Voter munyika dzinoverengeka dzakabvumira nhano dzokutanga zvirongwa zvokuzvimirira kana kuti kutanga mipimo mitsva yokubatanidza. Kutsigira nhamburiko dzokubatanidza kusaina, kutsigira nhimbe dzekuchinja, uye kuvhotera nokuda kwemipimo yokuchinja apo dzinooneka pabholoti dzinogona kuparira chinjo dzakasimba kukukweva kwamaruwa.

Kudzidzisa vamwe pamusoro pokuvanza kutengeserana kunobetsera kuvaka kuziva vanhu nokutsigira chinjo. Vanhu vazhinji havanzwisisi kuti kuvandudza mabasa sei kana kuti kunotapura sei kumirira kwavo. Kugoverana mashoko pamusoro pokuva mudzori neshamwari, mhuri, uye mitezo yenzanga, kunyora tsamba kumapepanhau omunzvimbomo, kana kuti kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga kusimbisa nhau dzinosimbisa ndangariro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunogona kubetsera kuita kuti vanhu vanoziva kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu idiwe. Vanhu vakawanda vanonzwisisa gerrydering, kunova kwakaoma zvikuru kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vapinde mumiitiro yokunyengera yavose pasina kutarisana navose.

Kuongorora maitiro okuongorora uye kuchengetera vakuru vakuru mhosva kunomiririra rumwe rudzi runokosha rwokuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Kupa ngwariro kunzira iyo maruwa anodhirowewa nayo, kuenzanisa mepu dzinokarakadzwa kudzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa, uye kudanidzira zviri pachena kunobudisa dzvinyiriro nokuda kwokuchinja kusingachinji. Vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuti vataure zvinonetsa pamusoro pokuvanzika kwenzvimbo dzavo pakuchinja, uye kunyora chiratidzo chokuvhota kuvhotera kuvhotera kuvhotera kwavanoitira hanya pamusoro pekumirira kwakarurama.

Kunzwisisa Mavambo: Nzira Yokuziva Nayo Majemusi

Kuziva gerrymanider kunoda kunzwisisa mipimo nezviratidziro zvinokarakadza maruwa zvakashandiswa nokuda kwebetsero inopesana. Nepo pasina mwero mumwe unobvumikisa nenzira yakajeka gerrymanidering, maturusi anoverengeka anonzvera anogona kuzivisa mitoo inonyumwira inoda kunzverwa zvikuru.

Mukaha wokubudirira unoyera kuti mavhota echikamu chimwe nechimwe anoshandurwa zvinobudirira sei muzvigaro. Mugadziriro yakarongeka, vanhu vose vari vaviri vanofanira ku "shata" zvinenge nhamba dzakafanana dzevhoti(*mavhoti anorashwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa kana kuti mavhoti anopfuura anoda kuhwina. Apo rimwe boka rinopambadza mavhoti mashoma zvikuru kupfuura rimwe, rinokarakadza kuti maruwa ave akada kupa kuti boka iroro rive nani. Mukahasha mukuru unoratidza kuti rimwe boka riri kuhwina maruwa acho nemicheto mishoma kana kuti rinenge richihwina micheto mikuru, musengwa unoramba nemhizha.

Partisan symmetry inonzvera kana ukama pakati pevhoti nezvigaro hwakafanana nokuda kwemativi ose ari maviri. Mugadziriro yakaenzana, kana Parti A ikagamuchira X% yevhoti, inofanira kuwina zvinenge nhamba imwe cheteyo yezvigaro izvo Parti B ingawina neX% yevhoti. Nhamba hurusa apo boka rimwe rinoda kuvhota kupfuura rimwe kuti riwire nhamba imwe cheteyo yezvigaro //suggsters gergerder arving arving arving.

Mipimo yokubatanidza inoyera chimiro chapasi chamaruwa. Nepo maruwa akaungana asati achienzana nguva dzose, maruwa asina kubatana ane zvimiro zvakasiana- siyana anowanzoratidzira kupfapfaidzira. Nhano dzakasiana- siyana dzemasvomhu dzekubatana kuripo, kubatanidza Polsby-Popper inopa neReock, inoenzanisa nzvimbo yoruwa neperimeter yayo kana kuti denderedzwa dukusa ringagona kuva naro. Maruwa ane mashoko akaderera zvikuru akafanirwa nokunzvera kana chimiro chawo chichishanda muzvinangwa zvakarurama kana kuti kuratidzira gerrymering.

Kuenzanisa mepu dzinoiswa pamwe chete nekombiyuta kunopa ufakazi hwakasimba hwemamepu anoumba giramaringidzi. Vatsvakurudzi vanogona kugadzira zviuru zvemepu dzinowirirana nezvinodiwa nemitemo nepo dzichitevera mipimo yemitemo, kugadzira kuparadzirwa kwezvingangoitika. Kana mepu yakaitwa iri shopu inowirirana nenhamba inovhura migumisiro isingawanzoitiki mumepu dzisingapindiri. Iyi inokarakadza zvakasimba kunyengera kwemabumbiro edare kuratidzira kuti mepu dzinodenha mepu hadzina kuitika netsaona.

Kunzvera kuti maruwa anokamuranisa sei miganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika iripo kunogonawo kuzivisa kukamukana. Nepo kukamukana kwakati kwemiganhu, maguta, kana kuti mamwe mativi enyika kusingadzivisiki, kuparadzana kwakanyanyisa kunowanzoratidzira kuti kurangarira kwokutsiva kwakakurira ruremekedzo rwenzanga dziripo. Maruwa ayo kupfurikidza nemitemo mizhinji, kubatanidza nharaunda dzinoparadzana nepo dzichidzivisa vamwe nokungwarira, kunoratidzira zvawo kuvakwa namapu anopesana panzvimbo penhamburiko dzokuchengeta nzanga dziri pamwe chete.

Ukama Pakati Pekudzvinyirira Kwemagen’a Nekudzvinyirirwa Kwemhepo

Kunzwisisa kuti kudzora kunobatana sei nezvimwe zvinhu zvinodzvinyirira muvhoti kunobatsira kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu anokosha okugadzirisa matambudziko aya.

Nepo kudzosa kudzora miganhu yoruwa kuderedza simba rokuvhota, mamwe mazano okudzvinyirira anovavarira kudzivisa kana kuti kuodza mwoyo vanhu pakuvhota chose chose. Zvinodikanwa zveID zvikuru zvokuvhota, zvakaganhurirwa mikana yokuvhota yapakuvamba, kuvhota nzvimbo yokuvhara, kubvisa vavhoti, uye ganhuriro pakunyoresa dzinogona kuderedza kuderera, zvikurukuru pakati peboka duku, kutora kwakaderera, uye kuva vavhoti vaduku. Pazvinobatanidzwa nokuvhota, izvi zvingagona kubatanidza miuyo yavo, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakatooma zvikuru nokuda kwemapoka anosarukirwa kuwana ratidziro yakanaka.

Vatambi vamwe chetevo vezvamatongerwe enyika vanobetserwa nokubatira pamutemo kazhinji kazhinji vanotsigira matanho okudzvinyirira vavhoti, uye zvirongwa zviviri zvinogona kusimbisana.Gavhuna rinogona kuparira zvigaro zvakakotsekana zvemitemo izvo zvinobvumira vezvamatongerwe enyika kutsigira zvitadzo zvokudzvinyirira zvisingafarirwi pasina kutarisana nemiuyo yevhoti. Nenzira inopesana, kudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti kunogona kubetsera kuchengeta simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinodikanwa kudzora kuisa muganhu nokupfuudzira. Ikoku kunoparira denderedzwa rokuzvitsikirira iro rinosimudzira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika uye rinoita kuti rive rakaoma zvikuru.

Zvose zviri zviviri kudzvinyirira nokudzorwa kwavavhoti kunotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi nzanga duku, kuchimutsa funganyo yakakomba pamusoro pekukwana kwedzinza mumimiririro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitoo yenhau yorusaruro mukuvhota inopfuurira kupesvedzera miitiro yapanguva ino, uye kuneta kweVoting Rights Act kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti hurumende dzishandise miraudzo yose iri miviri yakadzorwa uye mitemo yokuvhota inodzvinyirira. Kukurukura nhau idzi kunoda kuziva kubatanidzwa kwavo nokuronda chinjo huru dzinodzivirira maruramiro okuvhota nokuvimbisa ruramisiro.

Mugumisiro: Nzira Inofambira Mberi Nokuda Kwomufananidzo Wakanaka

Gerrymander inomirira denho huru kukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inoshatisa nokusekesa nheyo yokuti vavhoti vanofanira kusarudza vamiririri vavo panzvimbo pechinopesana. Muitiro wacho wakabva kubva pakushandiswa kwemuganhu kukuva kukwaniswa kwakaisvonaka kwemashoko, kuchikuita kuti kuve kunobudirira zvikuru uye kwakaoma zvikuru kukurira kupfuura nakare kose. Kunzwisisa kuti kubatira sei, kuziva mitoo yayo yakasiana - siana, uye kuonga miuyo yayo inokurira kure ndiko nhano dzokutanga dzinokosha kupedza chinetso chinopfuurira.

Miuyo yokuronga inopfuura zvikuru miuyo yesarudzo kuti itapure miuyo yemiuyo, nzanga inogarwa, kuratidzirwa kwenzanga, uye kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende. Apo maruwa anokweverwa kufanoronga miuyo, vavhoti vanova vanoodzwa mwoyo, makwikwi anonyangarika, uye vamiriri vangasava vanozvidavirira kumibatanidzwa yavo. Hurumende inovapo ingasaratidzira zvido zvechokwadi zvechiverengero chavagari vemo, ichitungamirira kumitemo inodzikira mumurangariro wavose uye inoderera chivimbo mumasangano edemocracy.

Nhamburiko dzechinjo dzinopa tariro yemiitiro inoyera zvikuru. Komishoni yeIndependent, miitiro inooneka, mitoo yemasvomhu, uye dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo zvose zvinogovera nzira dzinobvira kukuderedza kudzorwa kwemiitiro yehurumende nokugadzira maruwa ayo anobatira nzanga zviri nani. Nepo pasina gadziriro yakakwana, ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti chinjo dzakasanosimudzirwa dzinogona kuvandudza zvikuru kururama kwokuchinja nokuparira makwikwikwi, masangano anomirira zvikuru.

Nguva yemberi yokuchinja kuchaumbwa nefambiro mberi dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzinopfuurira, kubvisa mipimo yapamutemo, chinjo dzechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye kuvimbisana kwavanhu. Vagari vane mikana mizhinji yokupesvedzera miuyo inochinja nokutsigira chinjo, kubva pakutora rutivi mukutemwa kwavose kusvikira kunhamburiko dzinotsigira kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Kuvaka kuziva kwavose nezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokuchinja kunoramba kuchikosha, sezvo fariro dzakadzika midziro dzinobetserwa nemamiriro ezvinhu uye kudzivisa chinjo dzingatyisidzira betsero dzavo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Pakupedzisira, kutaura nezvevatongi kunoda kuzvipira kwakasimba kunobva kuvagari vemo, vachinji, uye vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika avo vanoisa ratidziro yakarurama pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvinopesana. Denho yacho inokosha, asi danda racho (pamberi) chinhu chiri pasi poutano hwehurumende yedemocracy (hwunoita kuti huve hunokosha. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kukuvadza kwayo, kuziva kuvadziko yayo, uye kushanda kugadziridza kwayo ine revo, tinogona kuenda kutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inomirira zvirokwazvo vagari vemo vose uye inoita chimwe chinhu kuzvinodikanwa zvavo nezvinodiwa. Chifananidzo hachisi nhauwo yokudhirowa mitsetse yemitsetse yehurumende inoyera mitsetse pamamepu; ndechinodikanwa chikuru nokuda kwokushanda sechinoitwa, tichivimbisa kuti hurumende inoita maruramiro yayo mukubvumira vanhu uye inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pechinjo dzinogadziridzwa nokubatanidzwa munhamburiko dzokuva mumaoko, masangano akafanana Brennan Center for Justice anogovera zviwanikwa zvikuru, nzvero, uye mabanza okuvimbisana. Kurwisana negerrymaning kunopfuurira, uye kuziviswa, vapikirwa vagari vemo vanoramba vari simba gurusa rokuita mutsara, demokrati inomirira inofanirwa navagari vose.