Pfungwa yekodzero dzokuenzana yakachinjwa zvikuru munhau yeUnited States. Kubvira pakutangwa kwenheyo dzenyika kusvikira pakurwisa kunopfuurira kwekodzero dzevanhu muzana remakore rechi21, rwendo rwokuenzana rwave rwuchiratidzwa nenguva dzinokosha, nhamba dzine mukurumbira, uye kukunda kwepamutemo. Asi nzira yacho haina kumbova yakaonekwa nemhesano, kupesana, uye kufambira mberi. Nyaya ino inoratidza kushanduka - shanduka kwekodzero dzokuenzana muUnited States, kuongorora kupesana kwenheyo, Revolutionments, Chibvumirano chekodzero dzechiningwa, kukura kwedziviriro nokuda kwevakadzi, LBTQ+ vanhu vakaremara, uye zvinetso zvenguva ino zvinopfuurira kuumba kurukurirano yenyika pamusoro peruramisiro nemitemo.

Kutangwa uye Kupesana Kwokuenzana

United States yakavambwa papfungwa yechienzi yokuti “vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana,” sezvakanyorwa muZiviso yeIrevo yeKuzvimirira. Zvisinei, iyi nheyo haina kutambanukira kuvanhu vose. Magwaro okuvamba enyika aiva nepokanidzo yomuzvarirwo: nepo aizivisa rusununguko rwenyika yose, Bumbiro reMitemo rakadzivirira kutangwa kwouranda. Vatatu vaFentiffth vakaregwa sevaranda vatatu namakumi matatu namakumi mashanu vomunhu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvomufananidzo, vachipa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika kundondarira nyika dzavo. Vagari vemo veAmerica vaidzingwa nenzira yakarongwa munyika dzavo uye vainyimwa kuva vaisazowana zvizere chigaro chenzi vagaritive vavanhu veIndian. Chiito cheChitarwari cha1924.

Kubviswa kwavaAmerica veAfrica, vaAmerica vemaIndia, uye vakadzi kubva muchipikirwa chakagadzwa chekuenzana kwakatanga danho ramazana amazana erwisano. Uzivi hwekodzero dzomusikirwo hweChenjero, hwakafuridzira Vavambi, hwakadudzirwa negirazi duku iro rakakosha zvikuru, rinova vanhu vakaenzana. Bva mutauro umene wokuenzana waizoshandiswa gare gare gare navadzori, vanyori, uye maruramiro avagari vemo kuraira kuti rudzi rwurarame mukuwirirana nezvido zvarwo.

Hondo Yevagari Vemo Nekugadziridzwa Kwemigadziridzo

Hondo yeChivil ya1861 1865) yakanga iri rwisano yeropa zvikurusa yenyika yacho uye nguva yayo yokuchinja kukurusa nokuda kwokuenzana. Kubviswa kwouranda kupfurikidza ne 13th Amendment (1865) kwakagumisa uranda hwokutaurirana asi kwakasiya nzvimbo yavanhu vakasunungurwa isina chokwadi. Mukati meKugadziriswa kwePendezhedment yechi 14 (1868) yakavimbisa kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States uye yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo. Pendement ye15th Amendment (1870) yakarambidza kusarura ganda. Idzi dzi tsidzo nhatu dzakamirira kutenderwa kwemitemo yeAmerica yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.

Bva kugadziridza kwakaitwa netsumo inotyisa. Kukwira kwe [[FLT: 0] Mabumbiro Emitemo Mitema uye gare gare Jim Crow ` yakamanikidzira kusarura dzinza nokubvisa ganda muSouth. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa redare raidzosa] mu P] Phonsorg [ [1866]) [mabasa akaenzana], achigovera chifukidzo chapamutemo chegadziriro yorusaruraganda yaizogara inopfuura hafu yezana ramakore. Kudzorwa kwechi 15 kwakabviswa nokuedza kurava nokunyora, mitero, uye kutyisidzira kwamasimba masimba. Kwamakore zana pashure pokusvika kwaGenesvo, chipikirwa chokuenzeka kwamarudzi ose chakaramba kuchisiiwa nokuda kweAmerika.

“ Pakupedzisira, hatizoyeuki mashoko evavengi vedu, asi kunyarara kweshamwari dzedu. ” — Martin Luther King Jr.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuvakwazve Kwechipiri

Masangano Emitemo: Brown v. Board of Education

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi520 pakava nokutangazve kwerwisano yokuenzana kupfurikidza neCivil Rights Movement. Hwaro hwepamutemo hwakavakwa neNAACP, iyo yakadenha kusarurana mumatare. Chisarudzo chechiratidzo mu Brown v. Dare reDzidzo[ [1954] rakazivisa kuti “kupesana asi kwakaenzana” kwakanga kusina nzvimbo mudzidzo yavose, kuputsa [[ PVTY[FLT]. Ichi chisarudzo chakanyandura mubato mukuru uyo waizoda kwete bedzi pamutemo asi kuenzana kwenzanga nechinjo yezve.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha uye Kudzika Mitemo

Sangano racho rakasundwa navanhu vane ushingi uye nhimbe dzakarongwa. [Montgomery Bus Boycott (19551951956) yakarova Martin Luther King Jr. kuutanhamari hwerudzi. muna 1963 March paWashington, apo Mambo akapa “Ndine hope”, akakweva mazana ezviuru kuNational Mall uye akadzvinyirira Hurumende kuita chiito. [[FLT:] Civil Rights Act ya 1964 yakarambidza kusarura kwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika mudzimba dzavose namabasa. [[FLT:]]

Zvisinei, sangano racho rakatarisana nechishoro chamasimba masimba. Medgar Evers, vasikana vana muBirmingham kubhomba kwechechi, uye “Svondo roungwaru” zvave zviyeuchidzo zvakasimba zvendyiko yokurwisa kwacho. Basa ravashingairi vakadai saFannie Lou Hamer, John Lewis, uye Ella Baker rakavimbisa kuti kurwa nokuda kwokuenzana kwakanga kusati kuchiganhurirwa kuvatungamiriri vashomanene vesimba rinokwezva asi kwakanga kuri nhamburiko yakafara, youswa.

Nhaka Yeboka Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Rubudiriro rwama 1960 haruna kugumisa urudzi kana kuti kusaenzana. Kupesana kwemari, kusungwa kukuru, uye kupesana kwetsika kunopfuurira. Bva sangano racho rakachinja nzvimbo yepamutemo netsika dzorudzi. Rakasunda mamwe mapoka akasiiwa kuronga, uye rakatanga gadziriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinopfuurira kushandiswa nhasi. Zviwanikwa zvokunze nokuda kwokunzwisisa nhambo ino zvinosanganisira National Archivess chiratidziro pakodzero dzavagari vemo[ uye [[FLT:]]

Kuwedzera Tsananguro Yekuenzana: Kodzero Dzevakadzi

Kurwira kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi kwakatoda kutosvika paredhiyo. Kokorodzano yekodzero dzevakadzi yokutanga paSeneca Falls muna 1848 yakabudisa Chirango Chokutongwa kweMitemo yeKuzvimirira, ichirayira kuti vakadzi vazivikanwe sevagari vemo vakaenzana. Kurwira kubatanidzwa kwePendement (1920), kwairambidza kuvhota pahwaro hwevatano. Asi kukunda kwacho kwakanga kusina kukwana (8) vakadzi vakawanda vane ruvara rwakaramba rwakaparadzaniswa nemitemo yehurumende uye miitiro yokupa mhosva yemhosva kusvikira paChibvumirano che1973 chekodzero dzemunhu oga).

Musangano wavakadzi wazvino uno worusununguko wama 1960 nama 1970 wakasundwa nokuda kwokuenzana kukuru. Mutemo weReception wa1963 wakatsvaka kuvhara musiyano wemari inotambirwa. ITH IX yeInformations Reformations ya 1972 yakarambidza vatano mupurogiramu dzedzidzo dzinogamuchira mari yehurumende, kushandura mabanza avakadzi mumitambo nedzidzo. [[FLT:] REG] REALT [EX] Confectivement (ERA)[FLD:], yakapfuudzwa neDare muna 1972, yakakundikana kuita kugadziridzwa nepurogiramu yedzidzo inotongedzerwa na1982, kunyange zvazvo kuedza kupfuurira nhasi.

Sangano rinonzi # MeToo raisimbisa kuti vanhu vanoramba vasingaiti unzenza uye rakatungamirira kumiitiro mitsva yokuzvidavirira. Kunyange zvazvo kufambira mberi kukuru kwaitwa, kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi kunoramba kuri basa risati rapera.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nekuenzana Kweroorano

Sangano rekodzero dzengochani rakawana kuoneka pashure pezvimurenga zveStonewall zva 1969, apo vatsigiri venzvimbo inochengeterwa zvikwata zveNew York City vakaramba kunetswa namapurisa. Mumakumi amakore akatevera, vashingairi vakarwira kubviswa kwoungochani, dziviriro dzinorwisana nerusaruro rwevatano, uye kuzivikanwa kwoukama hwechine zera rimwe chetehwo. Dambudziko reAIDS rama 1980 rakanyandura nzanga ndokunyandura fungu idzva rechiito.

Zana ramakore rechi21 rakatanga kuchinja nokukurumidza mumurangariro wavose nomutemo. Muna 2003, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaputsa mitemo yesodoma mu Lawrence v. Texas. Mitengo inoverengeka yakavamba kubvumira roorano imwe cheteyo mudare kana kuti mutemo. Mhaka yechiratidzo Obergefell v. Hodges [20] yakataura kuti kodzero inokosha yokuroora inovimbiswa kuva varoorani vane mitezo mizhinji inowirirana pasi peKiremya ye14. Ichi chisarudzo chakanga chiri nguva yakadzorwa nokuda kweLGBTQ+ kuenzana, kunyange zvazvo kurwa kwekudzivirirwa kwebasa, uye dzimba dzavo dzavo dzose.

Muna 2020, Dare Gurusa rakatonga Bostock v. Clayton County kuti Mutezo VII weChibvumirano cheChivilini Rights Act unorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nezivikanwo yavakadzi. Uku kududzira kunotambanudzira dziviriro dzehurumende kuLGBTQ+ vashandi munyika yose. Kunyange zvakadaro, mitemo yehurumende mumamwe mativi enyika inoramba ine utsinye, uye maruramiro okubvisa maruramiro, zvikurukuru nokuda kwepwere nezvoutano, yazova nzvimbo itsva yehondo.

Kushata Kwekodzero NevaAmerica Vachitora Rutivi Rwourema

Musangano rekodzero dzohurema rakabuda muma 1970, richiwana kurudziro kubva kumasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo namadzimai. Vaiti vairaira mugumo wokuparadza, kuronga, uye rusaruro. Regatitation Act ya 1973[ yaibatanidza Chikamu 504, icho chakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa paurema mumapurogiramu anogamuchira mari yehurumende. Melikans ane Utect (A) ya1990[FLT] wakanga uri mutemo wakakurumbira wekodzero dzavagari vemo uyo wakarambidza rusaruro mumabasa, pokugara vanhu vose, zvokufambisa, uye temate.

ADA yave iri chishandiswa mukuvandudza kuwanikwa muzvivako, nzvimbo dzavose, uye mhoteredzo dzemipimo. Zvisinei, kuzviisa pasi kunoramba kusina kufanira, uye vanhu vane urema vanotarisana nemwero yakakwirira yourombo, urovha, uye kuzviparadzanisa munzanga. Vanhu vane Mitemo yeMitemo yeDzimu yeDzinzo (IDEA)[FLT]] [FLT]] inosimbisa kuti vana vane urema vagamuchire dzidzo yapachena yapachena yapachena, asi vanobatira vanosiyana zvikuru. Kumanikidzirwa kupfuurira nokuda kwe [[FT:2] Act yoKuchinja kwa [FLT]] kutsvaka kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vakaremara vanogona kugamuchira mabasa munzanga dzavo panzvimbo pokumanikidzirwa kupinda mumasangano.

Matambudziko Anozovapo Munguva Ino uye Kurwisa Kunoramba Kuchienderera

Ruramisiro Yedzinza Nenhau Youpenyu Hworuzvinatso

Kupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd, Breenna Taylor, uye vamwe vazhinji vakamutsa kumukira kwenyika yose muna 2020. Black Lives Matter sangano rakasimbisa urudzi hwegadziriro yavanhu mumapurisa, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye mukana wezvemari. Nepo kutsutsutsumwa kwakatungamirira kukuchinja kwamapurisa nokuwedzera kuziva, chiito chemitemo yemitemo chave chichinonoka. Kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota kwakawedzerawo, nemitemo mitsva inoisa ganhuriro inotapura zvikuru kuva muvhoti weruvara. [[FLT: 0] John Lewis Voting Rights Act Act[FLT: 1] yakakarakadzwa kudzorera nokusimbisa Chiratiso chekodzero cha1950, asi seya20, inotarisanawomufambire usina kuvirwa.

Kutama uye Kuenzana

Gadziriro yokutora vatami vasina kunyorwa yakabatanidza kwenguva refu nemibvunzo yokuenzana. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa pamusoro pekuparadzana kwemhuri pamuganhu, Defered Action for Childing Appers (DACA), uye mugariro wavatami vasina kunyorwa pamutemo zvinomutsa nhau dzokubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa rekutsigira DACA muna 2020 chakanga chiri rukundo, asi nguva yemberi yepurogiramu inoramba iri mubatanidzwa nomutemo. Mamiriyoni avatami vanogara muU.S. pasina kodzero dzapamutemo dzakakwana, zvinoparira kubatwa zvisina kufanira neboka.

Kusaenzana Kwemari

Kodzero dzekuenzana hadzina kuganhurirwa kumugariro wapamutemo; dzinobatanidzawo ruramisiro yemari. Mukaha pakati pavaAmerica vakapfuma zvikurusa navagari vose vose wakura zvinoshamisa chifo cha 1970. Misangano nokuda kwomuripo mupenyu, tarisiro youtano yapose pose, uye dzimba dzinotengeka dzinoisa chengeteko yemari sekodzero yavagari vemo. Ruhare Ruoko rwakaenzana rwemari], urwo rwaizorambidza zvakajeka rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nezivikanyo yevatano munharaunda dzakawanda, uyewo kugovera kwedziviriro yemari. Kushaikwa kwomutemo wehurumende inorwisana neRGTBQ+ vanhu mudzimba nechikwereti muenzaniso mumwe wekuenzana kwemari kunoramba kusina kukwana.

Basa Redzidzo Mukusimudzira Kuenzana

Dzidzo chishandiso chehwaro chokufambira mberi. Kudzidzisa nhau yakatendeseka yeUnited States , kubatanidza kukundikana kwayo nokukunda, zvinobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa kurwisa kunopfuurira kweruramisiro. Diversity display inobatanidza mirangariro inobva kumapoka akachekenwa inokurudzira tsitsi nokurangarira kwokutsoropodza. Zvikoro zvinoitawo basa mukuenzanisira kuenzana kupfurikidza nemitemo inobatanidza, mapurogiramu anorwisana negadziriro dzinobatanidza, uye tsigiro yezviito zvevadzidzi. Kudzidzira nokuda kwoMutongi chirongwa (paripo Kudzidzisa kudzorwa kwapa) chinogoverawo zviwiro zvemariso zvokusimudzira masangano akaenzana kupfurikidza nemitemo inopesana, mapurogiramu enzanga.

Kupfuura gadziriro yeKûi12, dzidzo yakakwirira yave iri nzvimbo yezvose zviri zviviri fambiro mberi nekakavadzano. Nharo pamusoro pokubvuma chiito, chikoro chakasununguka, uye dzidziso yerondedzero yedzinza inotsoropodza dzinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro perevo yokuenzana. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasa re 2023 mu Mazita eFair Adgicts v. Harvard yakagumisa nenzira inobudirira dzinza kubvumiranisa, kuratidzira chinjo inokosha mumitemo yakagadzirirwa kukurukura nenhamo yenhau.

mhedziso

Kushanduka kwekodzero dzokuenzana muUnited States inhau yerwisano inopfuurira. Kubva pakutangwa kwepokanidzano kupfurikidza nokugadziridzazve, Civil Rights Movement, uye kukura kwedziviriro nokuda kwavakadzi, LGBTQ, uye vanhu vakaremara, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakasundira rudzi rwacho pedyo nenheyo dzacho. Asi fambiro mberi haisati iri isingadzivisiki. Inoda kuti kutsigirwe kutsigira bvumirano, hondo dzapamutemo, uye kudisa kutarisana nezvokwadi dzisina kunaka.

Nhasi, kurwira kuenzana kunopfuurira pamativi akawanda: ruramisiro yedzinza, maruramiro echirume, kuenzana, kuwanikwa kwevapunzi, ruramisiro yemari, uye kodzero dzokutama. basa rakapedzerwa rokuenzana[ rinoda kuti tidzidze kubva kuzvakaitika kare uye tiite muchinhu chazvino uno. Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro nerokuyera zvichiumba nzvimbo yapamutemo, uye semasangano anoraira chinjo, revo ya “vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana" iri kuramba ichirondedzerwa. Chibereko chaavo vakaparapatidzwa pamberi pedu hachisati chapedzwa chibereko asi chiito chazvinonzi chiito._a chiyeuchidzo kuti kuenzana hachisi nzvimbo asi ibasa renguva dzose kuti vavandukire vanhu vose.