Mutezo we14 weMitemo weKinformation kuUnited States ndeimwe yenheyo dzemitemo dzine simba zvikurusa uye dzakakwikwidzana munhau yeAmerica. Yakasimbiswa muna 1868 mushure meHondo yevagari vemo, yakaitwa kuti ivimbise kodzero dzevanhu veAfrica vakanga vachangosunungurwa, asi zvitsama zvayo (8) zvikurukuru Kudzivirira Kunowirirana neCetation Century Claus (C) zvave zvashandiswa kuva nekodzero dzevagari vemo dzakawanda, kubva kuchikoro kusvikira pakuenzana. Kunzwisisa uku hakusi kungodzidza munhau; kunokosha kuti rudzi rwacho rurambe ruchinzwisisa kuti rudzi rwacho runoramba sei kuenzana nerevo youenzani pasi pomutemo. Nyaya iyi inoongorora mavambo, mirayiridzo, mazarudzo, mazarudzo, uye kupfuurira kuwirirana pamusoro pemitengo dzarwo yarwo nhasi.

Nhoroondo: Nei Kutemwa Kwe Amendeji Yechigumi Negumi Kwakanga Kuchikosha

Kubviswa kwouranda kwakaitwa neHBM Amendment ye135 muna 1865 kwakasiya mamiriyoni evanhu vaimbova varanda asina nzvimbo yepamutemo.Madokero akagadza nokukurumidza “Traudzo Dzechitema” idzo dzakaganhurira zvakakomba kodzero dzeAfrica, dzichibudirira kugadzira gadziriro itsva yokudzorwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, chibvumirano cha 1866 Chivil Rights Act chakaedza kuvimbisa kuva mugari womunyika uye dziviriro yakaenzana, asi mutemo wacho wakanga usina kujeka. Congress, waitungamirirwa neReaster Republicans, yakaziva kuti kugadziriswa kwemitemo kwaidikanwa kudzivirira nokubvisa zvachose iyi dziviriro uye mitemo ipi neipi yehurumende yaidzorwa paari.

Geneth Amendment nokudaro yakanga iri rutivi rukuru rwekugadziridza. Yakagadzirirwa kwete bedzi kudzivirira vaichimbova varanda asiwo kuvandudza kuva mugari weAmerica amene. Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States vagari vemo vorudzi rwacho uye vehurumende kwavanogara, kugadziriswa kwakaparira dare rakaipa Dred Scott v. Sandford chisarudzo [1857], icho chakanga charamba kuva mugari wemo weAfrica.

Gadziriro Huru Dzokuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi

Mubatanidzwa weKinaith Amendment une zvikamu zvishanu, asi zvikamu zvitatu zvemashoko zvakava netapuro huru zvikuru pakuenzana nekodzero dzevanhu.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Chikamu 1 chinovamba, kuti: “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vanodzorwa noumambo hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara.” Ichi chitsama chakabvisa nheyo yokuti kuva mugari wemo wemo kunotangira kuva mugari worudzi. Chakaumba kuva mugari woudangwe, kureva kuti mwana upi noupi akaberekwa pavhu reU. (pasi pezvishoma, zvakadai savana vavamiriri vokumwe) anobva kuUnited States. Iyi yazova nzvimbo inotambira kuoneka mukurukurirano dzazvino uno dzokupinda munyika, zvikurukuru pamusoro pavana vanoberekwa navatami vasina kuberekwa. $a musoro tichashanyira gare gare gare.

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

Iyi mirau inorambidza kubva mu “munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Pakutanga inodudzirwa kushandisira bedzi kururamisira (zvakadai sekodzero kumuedzo wakarurama), Dare Gurusa gare gare rakakudziridza dzidziso ye [[[FLT:]] tsanyuko dzinofanira kuiswa pakuvapo. Iyi dzidziso ine rusununguko rwakati rwehwaro (sokuna maruramiro okuroora, kodzero yokushandisa dziviriro yokudzora, uye yorudyi yokudzivirira utachiona mumuviri, kunyange kana pasina kutyorwa kwakananga kwechibvumirano chapamutemo chehurumende kwakaitika. Zviitwe zvemari zvakafanana ne [FLT:] VFLT].[3][3]

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Zvichida chitsama chakakurumbira zvikurusa nokuda kwavatsigiri vemitemo, chinoraira, kuti: “Hapana Hurumende icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi gadziriro inoisa musengwa panyika kubata vanhu vose zvakaenzana mumigariro yakafanana. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro raziva kuti havasati vari mapoka ose asingawiriraniswi. Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rinoshandisa mwero yakasiana--- siyana yokunzvera inotsamira paboka rakatapurwa. Rokuyera redzinza rinodzorwa ku [[FLT: 0]] Nzvero yezvero yezvero yemari [[FLT:], zvinoreva kuti vanofanira kubatira fariro inomanikidzira uye kukunda. [FFFF] inova inova inova inova inova inova inokunda.]

Dzidziso Yokuchinja: Kuwedzerwa Kwakaitwa Gadziriro Yekodzero Dzevanhu Yechigumi Negumi

Rimwe renzvimbo dzinokosha zvikurusa, asi rinowanzofuratirwa, reMitemo ye 144 yeMitemo yeSangano reMitemo yeMitemo yakatorerwanwa yeBill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika. Pakuvamba, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. [FLT:] , kana kuti kuramba kutongwa nedare redare pasina kuputsa mutemo. Mutezo waCendromente Claus we 1450 Amend Amendment wakachinja kuti. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yenhau dzinovamba muma192020s (g., [FLT:]Gitlow v.[2] New , 1925], Dare guru rairangarira kuti “idziri [Bridete programmendirome Proces) nePromenderomeousssssss Pourcencesssss provices, Hurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Pakasvika pakati pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, inenge gadziriro dzose dzeBill of Rights dzakanga dzabatanidzwa (_rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, rudzidziso, gungano, maruramiro okutakura zvombo (mu] McDonald v. Chicago[), 2010), uye kodzero yokupa zano, pakati pedzimwe. Izvi zvakakudza zvikuru kusvika kwedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo renyika, zvichivimbisa kuti kodzero dzinokosha dzomugari wemo hadzisiwirirani panzvimbo yadzinogara. Dzidziso yokubatanidza inoramba iri mbiru yekodzero dzazvino uno.

Kutapura Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Mhaka Dzakatanhamara Dzedare

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana uye Kuitwa kwaClaus yeCentury Claus yave iri nzvimbo yehondo nokuda kwezvimwe zvezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica.Pazasi pane nyaya dzinoverengeka dzinoratidza simba rekuchinja nzanga.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana chakazivisa kuti paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende yakaputsa Act Claus Protection. Kuchinja dzidziso ye “yakapesana asi yakaenzana” kubva Plessy v. Ferguson (1996), Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti“ zvivako zvedzidzo hazvina kuenzana.” Brown[FLT] haina kugumisa kurongedzwa kwetsika kwekodzero dzavagari vemo uye mutemo wakatevera, zvakadai seChirevongedzo cheChirevo cheChirevo cheChirevo cheGwariro chavagari vemo cha 1964. Mhaka yacho inoramba iri muenzaniso une simba weGenetic Amerekation inoshandiswa kubvisa rusaruro rwehurumende.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Mutemo weVirginia unorambidza roorano yemadzinza wakaregwa sechinoputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Kuenzana neChibvumirano chaCelas. Dare rakataura kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha, uye kuti kutsaura kwedzinza mumitemo yeroorano kwakanga kuri kusarura kunopesana. Kubvisa kunodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji muzvinoitika zvazvino uno zveroorano zvokuenzana uye kuenzanisira kuti Kuchinja kwechigumi nepfumbamwe kunodzivirira sei zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga padzongonyedzo dzoruwa.

Wade (1973)

Ichishandisa muitiro wakafanira, Dare rakaziva maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa mimba sorutivi rwerusununguko runodzivirirwa ne 144 Amendment. Nepo gare gare yakachinjwa na Parentsbreaous v. Casey [[FLT]] [1992] uye pakupedzisira] zvakatonga [[FLT:] maDobs] v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT] [2] [202] [202], [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT:] yakasimbisa basa rokudzivirira nokuzvidzora. Chisarudzo chakatonga chakatonga pamusoro pekugona kubatira somubatanidzwa wekubereka, nhau inosara matare pamberi pezvipo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Muchisarudzo cha5-4, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti Dare reMitemo reMitemo reMitemo ye 14 rinoda kuti pave nemitemo yokuziva michato yakafanana inoitwa mune dzimwe nyika uye kupa marezenisi eroorano kuvaviri vane mitezo yokubereka nayo. Zvose zviri zviviri Dare reSangano reSangano reClaus (kudzivirira kodzero huru yokuroora) uye Kudzivirira Claus (kudzora rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano) zvinotsigira chisarudzo. [[FL:] 0]Obergefell[[FLK:1] iratidziro yakajeka yokuti mutauro weandement ungashandiswa sei kunzwisisa kuenzana. [FLT]

Zvinetso Nemakakatanwa Mukushandisa Mhedziso Yegumi Negumi

Nyaya dzinotevera dzinoratidza kupokanidzana kunoramba kuchiitwa pamusoro pokuti ichokwadi uye kuti idudzirwa sei.

Chiito Chinosimbisa

Nepo Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kuchirambidza rusaruro rwedzinza, hakupi mhinduro kana miitiro yedzinza inoziva donzo rokupedza rusaruro rwakanga yagadzirirwa kutenderwa. Regents dzeUniversity yeCalifornia v. Bakke [1888], Dare rakaramba richitaura kuti miganhu yedzinza yakanga isina kubatana asi kuti rudzi rungagona kuva chinhu chimwe mukubvuma. Chifo chapapo, Dare rakadzikamisa zvishoma nezvishoma mipimo, richigumisa mifungo nokuda kwaFair Adgictss v. Harvard[FLT:] [200]], iyo yakarova nomutoo unokurira chiito chedzidzo yakakwirira mudzidzo yakakwirira. Vatsoropoteshi vanodzivisa kudzorwa kwedzinza rinodzorwa norusarura rusaruro.

Kupa Kodzero

Chipikirwa chokugadziridza dziviriro yakaenzana hachina kutambanudzwa nguva dzose kubhokisi reFirefel. Chikamu 2 che 14th Amendment pakuvamba chinobatanidza chirango chehurumende idzo dzakaramba vhoti kuvagari vemo vechirume, asi ikoku kwakafuratirwa zvikuru kutozosvikira Voting Rights Act ye 1965. Nhasi, nharo dzinonyanya pamusoro pemitemo inovhotera, gerrymaning, uye felony devoncencence. Dare rapamusoro rakabvumira mitemo yakadaro kana vasati vari vadzoresa zvakananga kuvhotera, asi zvinetso zvinopfuurira pasi peSucle Protection Clausleas. [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeRumbiso[FFLT] inogoveraworactive.

Kuberekwa Wakakodzera

Chigaro chave chichidenhwa nezvamatongerwe enyika chinobva kuna avo vanotaura kuti vana vavatami vasina kunyorwa havafaniri kukurumidza kugamuchira kuva vagari vemo veU.S. zvisinei, rugwaro rwakajeka rwechibvumirano chacho() “Vanhu vose vanoberekwa ... vachidzorwa nomutemo wacho”), vakadudzirwa kubatanidza anenge munhu wose akaberekerwa muUnited States, pasinei zvapo nechimiro chavabereki vavo chokuenda kunyika. Kuedza kupi nokupi kwokuchinja nemitemo kana kuti nhevedzano yechiremera kungangotarisana nezvinetso zvebumbiro-mitemo, sezvo Dare Rapamusoro harina kutongotonga zvakananga nheyo yakagadzwa mu United States v. Wong Kim[FLD:1] (18).

Dziviriro Yakaenzana yeLGBTQ+ Vanhu Vamwe navamwe

[[FLT:][FLT]] .Obergefell yakawana kuenzana kweroorano, dzimwe nharaunda dzinoramba dzisingadzorwi. Dare harina kusarudza nenzira yakarongwa mwero wokunzvera unoshanda kumativi evatano kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwavanhu. Bostockv] v. Clayton County [[[FLGG]] [20] yakadudzira kuti Tit VII yekodzero dzechivondi kurambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti chisonzo mumabasa, asi Dare rakaramba kusarudza kana dziviriro yeSaint Claus Claus Explace ichipa dziviriro. Miteko yehurumende inopfuurira kuva vatambi vezvimbudzi, kusvikidzwa kwechimbudzi, uye kutyira kupfuurira kupfukira. Nokuda kwokupfuudzira, ona [FFF]

Mhedziso Yegumi Nemana Muhondo Dzepamutemo Dzapanguva Ino

Nhasi, Fimendimendi ye14th Amendment iri pakati penhau dzakawanda dzakakwirira. Izvi zvinobatanidza denho kukubvisa mimba chifo maDobts (mamwe mapepa anotaura kuti Kudzivirira Kunodzivirira Claus kunodzivirira kubvisa mimba nemhaka yokuti kusarura vakadzi kwakadaro kunodzivisa), kukakavadzana pamusoro pokushandiswa kwedzinza mumitengo yekoreji (yagara yasarudzwa mu [[FLT:]] Mifungo yemasumo yeFaill Adgicts[[), uye zvinoitika zvinobatanidza kodzero dzokubvisa mimba nemhaka yokusarurwa kwavakadzi kuti vashandise zvisaririra zvinowirirana nechinozivana.

Imwe nzvimbo iri kubuda kushandiswa kweKineth Amendment kudenha kuva nomwero kwemasangano anobudisa nhau.Vamwe vanotaura kuti “masangano avose” akaitwa nezvikamu zvesocial network anofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzerusununguko dzokutaura dzevanoshandisa, nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti zvikuva zvinenge zviri vatambi vemunhu oga vasingasungirwi nePendementation. Dare Guru riri kufunga nezvemitemo yehurumende inobatanidza mitemo inorambidza zvikamu kuti zvisabviswa pamaonero.

Mukuwedzera, Chikamu 3 cheChikamu cheTsvene, icho chinobvisa muhofisi munhu upi noupi anopinda murupanduko pashure pokuita mhiko yokutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo, akawana ngwariro itsva pashure pedenho yaJanuary 6, 2021 paU.S. Capitol. mamwe matare ehurumende navakuru vakuru vakarangarira kana aichimbova Purezidhendi Donald Trump akakwaniswa pakuva nenzvimbo yomunguva yemberi muiyi gadziriro, achimutsa mibvunzo iyo pakupedzisira ingapedzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro. Iyi, yakarefuruka, inoratidzira mutoro unopfuurira wekugadziriswa kwedare rose.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Ipenyu yeMitemo Yegumi Nemana

Mubatanidzwa we14th Amendment hausi chinhu chisati chiri chinhu chisingazivikanwi chenhambo yokugadziridza. Chishandiso chepamutemo chine simba icho vatongi, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatsigiri vakashandisa kukudza miganhu yorusununguko nokuenzana kwamakore anopfuura 150. Kubva pakuvimbisa kuva mugari wemo kune vaichimbova varanda, kupfuudza roorano itsva, kunyoresa muchato mumwe chetewo, kunyoresa nokududzirwazve mukupindura kuchinja kwenzanga. Kunyange zvakadaro kugadziridza kwacho kwakadzika miganhuwo pamusoro pechinangwa chapakuvamba, revo, uye basa rakafanira revatongi. Sezvinomuka maruramiro matsva, kutaura kwemiteve, kubuda munyika, kuvhotera, kuvhotera kupfurikidza nokuwana kupfurikidza nokuchinja kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa.

nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FT: 1] Cornell Information Institute’s reGeneral Information ye 144 uye Constitution’s Constitution’s Constitution .