Sumo

Kushanduka kwegadziriro dzokuvhota kunomirira imwe yemiitiro inokosha zvikuru asi inowanzofuratirwa mukudzora kwedemokrasi. Kubva kumagungano ekare apo vagari vemo vaishandisa zviratidzo zvenyama kunzvero dzazvino uno nezvikuva zvakavakirwa paInternet, nhambo imwe neimwe yakarwisana nokusagadzikana kumwe cheteko: kuti ingaita sei kuti kuvhota kuve nyore nokuchengeteka. Nyaya ino inonangidzira kuchinja kuvambira papepa kuvhota, kunzvera ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye magariro enzanga ayo akagadziridzazve mavhoti avanhu nokuverenga. Kunzwisisa rwendo urwu rwakakomba sedemocracy inotarisana netyisidziro itsva munyika yose.

Kudzokorora Zvakaitika Munhau Zvemapuranga Okubudisa Manzwi

Nhau yokuvhota inovamba kare pamberi pekuvhota. Kunzvera kwehurumende kwapakuvamba kwakatsamira pamitoo iyo, kusingareviki, yakapfava uye inooneka. MuGirisi yakare, vagari veAthens vakavhota kupfurikidza nokusimudza maoko (cheirotonia) muekklesia, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokudonhedza matombo (psephoi) mumiitiro yedare rinoyera. Rome Republic yakashandisa mutoo wakarongwa zvikuru: blablot (tabele) yakatangwa muzana ramakore rechipiri BCE kuti idzore pesvedzero yakatanhamara, asi iyo ichiri kuziviswa pachena mune mamwe magungano. Iyi miitiro yapakuvamba inoratidzira mupimo unodzokororwa kuderedza kumanikidza nokuwedzera nenzira yakarurama, branera matsva nguva dzose.

MuMiddle Ages, kuvhota kwakanyangarika zvikurukuru muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika muEurope, kuchitsiviwa nokutonga kwenhaka nokugadza kwechechi. Magna Carta (1215) yakadyara mbeu dzokutonga kwomumiriri, asi kuvhota kwakapararira hakuna kudzokera kutozosvikira pakumuka kwegadziriro dzeparamende muEngland neDutch Republic. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi17, sarudzo dzaiwanzoitwa nenzwi kana kuti kuratidzwa kwamaoko mumisangano yavose, zvichiita kuti uori huve nyore uye husave hwechivande.

Miitiro Yekare Yokurumbidza

Nzira dzokuvhota dzechiGiriki chekare dzakanga dzakasiyana zvikuru. .Kutapwa kwechinguvana kwomugari wemo(atrused substards of big) kwakanyorwa mazita. MuAthens, boule (kouncil) yakasarudzwa nemijenya, kwete sarudzo yakananga, kusimbisa kuchinjwa kwechisarudzo chakakurumbira. Comitia tributa yaishandisa kuvhota, namayuniti eboka rimwe chete (madzinza kana mazana amakore) pashure pekurukurirano yomukati. Iyi miitiro yakaratidzira masangano umo kurava nokunyora kwakaderera uye ukurunako kwenzanga. Vanosimbisawo chidzidzo chinokosha: gadziriro yegadziriro yokuvhotera yakakurumbira yeRoma inoitawo chiverengero chakananga uye manzwi.

MuAmerica, pepuko dzapamberi penyika dzeCumberism dzakadai seHaudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) akashandisa chisarudzo chakavakirwa pabvumirano nenhume dzedzinza. Kunyange zvazvo dzisina kufanana navamiriri vedzinza. Magamuchidzanwa iwaya akapesvedzera mufungo wapashure wehurumende yehurumende. Chinokosha pakubva mumiitiro yakare ndechokuti kuvhota nguva dzose kwave kuri ruzivo rwezvishandiso nemitemo.

Kutanga Kwemabharuti Emapepa

Kushandiswa kwokutanga kwakapararira kwemapepa kwakaitika pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi19, kunyange zvazvo zvifananidzo zvakanga zviripo pakuvamba. MuUnited States, Bumbiro reMitemo rakasiya kudzororo revhoti, kuchitungamirira kumhatsa yenyongano. Majeza aigona kuunza zvikamu zvawo zvakatsikirirwa mubato dzezvematongerwe enyika (mapepa epepa epepa epepa retsono), izvo zvakabvisa chiviso ndokugonesa kutenga. Kuchinja kwe 1850, kwakatungamirirwa neAustralia, kwakachinja chinhu chiri chose. "Australian bolot"(a unifom, ndaza yehurumende yakadhindwa, yakaratidzirwa muchivande muVictoria muna 18566 uye yakaparadzirwa kuBritain, U.S.

Mapepa marota akanga ari echinjo. Akagovera kuvandika, zvisarudzo zvakati, uye akaderedza pesvedzero yavadzori vebato. Zvisinei, ivo vakatangawo zvinetso zvitsva: rongedzero yokunyora yaigona kuva nemigumisiro yemhesano (kukwikwidza kwapanhambo nenharo yamapurendi" gakava ramapurezidhendi we 2000 U.S. inzwi razvino uno), uye kuverenga kwamaoko kwakanga kuchinonoka uye kwakabva zvikanganiso. Pakasvika pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, dzvinyiriro kukuverenga kwazvino uno kwakatungamirira kukugadzirwa kwemichina.

Kuwedzera Kwemabharakiti Epachivande

Kota yepachivande yakanga isiri chinhu chakaitwa asi mugumo wemazana amakore okurwisa kutyisidzira. Pamberi pokugamuchirwa kwayo kwakapararira, vavhoti munzvimbo dzakawanda vaifanira kuzivisa pachena zvisarudzo zvavo, kukoka chiokomuhomwe nokutsiva. Muvhoti wakavanzika akaita zvinopfuura kudzivirira vanhu kuti vasarudzo, kushandura simba kubva kuvarume vane simba vomunzvimbomo kuenda kukusazivikanwa kwetende rokuvhota. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwacho kwaimutsa nharo. MuU.S., nyika dzokumaodzanyemba kwapasi dzaishandisa kuedza kurava nokunyora nokuvhotera kupfurikidza nokuvhotera kuti vasarudzire, kuratidza kuti ruzivo rwokuvhotera harugoni kukurira mitemo yemiitiro yezvo kuvhotera.

Kushandiswa kweBallot yeAustralia

Gadziriro yeroti yeAustralia yakanga ine zvinhu zvina zvikuru: (1) mabhirikiti akadhindwa pamutengo wavose, (2) vaipinda vose vakarongwa pavhota rimwe, (3) kuisa chiratidzo chakavanzika mutende rapachivande, uye (4) mabhora akaiswa mubhokisi rakavharwa. Iyi purogiramu yakagamuchirwa nokukurumidza muEurope nomuAmerica. Pakasvika 1910, hurumende zhinji dzeU.S. dzakanga dzine rudzi rwakati rwekuvhota pachivande. Chiviso pakuvhota chakabatanidzwa muvhoti chakavhengana ne(*) chaizvoizvo chakaderera mune dzimwe nzvimbo nemhaka yokuti tsika yakanga yabvisa dzvinyiriro yenzanga yakanga yaita kuti vanhu vaende kumavhotera. Bva miuyo yokuvimbika yakanga isingarambiki: tsororodzo yakaderera mumitengo itsva.

Zvinetso zvakasara. Vavhoti vaisafanira kupiwa basa. Vavhoti vaida kubatsirwa, kuvhura masuo okuchinja masuo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Mari Kuri Kuwedzera

Sezvo nzanga dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzakava dzakaoma zvikuru, zvigadzikiso zvemichina zvakavimbisa kukurumidza nokurura. Rubudiriro rwokutanga rwakanga rwuri muchina wokuvhota, wakavakwa naJacob H. Myers muna 1889. Voters vakapinda mutende, vakadhonza tsvimbo, uye ipapo vakabvisa zvikwikwidziso kuti vasarudze vanoda kutora. Muchina wakapfigirwa pashure povhotisiti yakagadzirwa, uchidzivisa kuwanda kwemichina inopa magetsi. Pakasvika 1960, michina yezvimbiso yaishandiswa yakanga iri mumitengwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeU.S.

Gadziriro dzekadhi dzechipuni dzakateverwa muma 1960, dzichishandisa kadhi nepeni kudhindindi kumigodhi iyo yaizoraviwa gare gare nemichina inopfura. Nharo ine mbiri yakashata "kukwidza" yegakava rapurezidhendi ra 2000 rakaratidzira kuvadziko yakapfuudza tsvina yemakadhi okurova, ichisunda kumanikidzira kwenyika nokuda kwegadziriro dzemagetsi. Nguva ino inoratidzira pfundo rinokosha: kutanga kumwe nokumwe kwakapedza zvinetso asi kuvamba miitiro mitsva yokundikano.

Michina Inogadzira Zvinhu

Michina yose yakanga yakasimba(jeta). Yakanga isingatsamiri papepa risingatani kuoma kana kuti purogiramu dzekombiyuta dzakaoma. Asi yakanga inorema, ichidhura, uye yakanga isingagoveri nzira yokuongorora yaifamba nayo. Voters zvadzaisagona kusimbisa kuti muchina wacho wainyora zvawaisarudza zvakarurama. Makombiyuta zvaakava anochipa, hurumende dzakavamba kuchinja kuti dziende kumichina yemagetsi. "Big Lie" yechengeteko yechengeteko. Michina yaisakanga isina kukanganisa muma 2000 nedzidzo dzedzidzo dzinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakawanikwa. Asi kwemakumi emakore, michina yemichina yakashanda mamiriyoni ezvokutengesa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvisingabviri mumitengo.

Kuchinja Kwokufambisa Mashoko Nemagetsi

Michina yokuvhota yakava yakajairika muma1990. Voters dzakabata sikirini kana kuti mabhatani akatsikirirwa kuti zvisarudze, uye vhoti dzakachengetwa mumichina. Vatsigiri vakasimbisa migumisiro inokurumidza kupfuvura, mutengo wakaderera kupfuura nguva refu, uye mativi okunyorwa akafanana nezvinonzwika zvemanzwi zvevavhoti vasingaoni. Vatsoropodzi vakanongedzera kukushayikwa kwepepa: pasina chinyorwa chezvinhu zvinooneka, kurondedzerwa kwaisabvira kana purogiramu yekombiyuta yashatiswa kana kuti yakarwiswa. Help American Vote Act ye 2002 (HaVA) muU.S. vakabudisa mabhiriyoni ezviuru zvezvikamu zvenzwiro nemichina yemapofu. Vatsoropotezo vakataura nezvokushatisi: pasina chinyorwa chinyorwa chapapuko pashure pokuparadza chengeteko dzakaitwa seDEFF.

Masangano emichina yokunzvera eOptical akapa nzvimbo yapakati: vavhoti vanotara mapepa nepeni kana kuti chishandiso chaicho chokuisa chiratidzo, uye munzvere wescan anoverenga zviratidzo. Pepa rinova chinyorwa chapamutemo, uye scanner inogovera hwerengedzo dzinokurumidza. Uku kusvika kwaparuvara zvino inzira inoshandiswa zvikurusa muUnited States, yakatenderwa namapoka se Kusimbisa Volting [ sechiyero chazvino chakanakisisa chechengeteko nero. Munyika dzakawanda, kufanana neBrazil naIndia zvakaiswa muDRES asi zvakatarisana zvikuru nekurukurirano dzazvo pamusoro pokuvandika kwegadziriro yekombiyuta.

Masangano Ezvokufambisa Mashoko Azvino

Nhasi, hakuna mutoo mumwe unodzora. Marudzi anosarudza gadziriro dzakavakirwa panhau, magamuchidzanwa emitemo, bhajeti, uye tyisidziro dzinofungwa. MuEurope, mapepa anoverengwa nemaoko kana kuti neoperal scanner anoramba ari anozivikanwa navose. .Germany anoshandisa pepa rakaiswa maoko, nepo Netherlands inoshandisa muvhenganiswa unobatanidza kuvhota kwemichina nerevo. MuUnited States, nyika zhinjisanoshandisa kutora mapepa eoreki, asi mamwe mapepa achiri kushandisa DREES nevhidiations kana kuti pasina puroteji yepepa revotal trans (VPAT). Kuvhotera kuri kure kupfurikidza netsamba kwakawedzera zvikuru.

  • Paper Balots (Mazita adzorwa): inoshandiswa muzvisarudzo zvakawanda zvomunzvimbomo munyika yose. Kupenya kwakakwirira, asi kunonoka uye kushanda nokuda kwavagari vapasi vakawanda.
  • [[FLT: 0] Scape Paper Balots[[FL:1]: Majekiseni anotara mapepa; michina inoanyora. Pepa inogovera chinyorwa chinoongororwa. Zvizhinjisa zvinozivikanwa muU.S. neCanada.
  • Drectting Electronic (DRE) pasina VVPAT : Hapana chinyorwa chepepa. Nokukurumidza asi yakatsoropodza nokuda kwokusavapo. Chichiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzakadai seLouisiana neNevada.
  • ZVINORATIDZWA ne VVPAT: Kuratidza chinyorwa chepepa, chinochengetwa nokuda kwemienzaniso. Inoshandiswa mumazuro maduku eU.S. uye munyika dzakafanana nePhilippines.
  • Remote Electronic (Internet) Volution: Inoshandiswa nokuda kwavavhoti vemhiri kwamakungwa muEstonia (kubvira 2005) uye mune dzimwe nyika dzeU.S. nokuda kwehondo uye vavhoti vashaiwi. Inokwidza funganyo huru dzeivhiti yeIndaneti.

Mutoo mumwe nomumwe une vadziviriri vane mbavarira navatsoropodzi. Denho yegadziriro yazvino uno yasarudzo haisati iri kungosarudza bedzi "kunaka" kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu asi kuchinjira kumigariro yomunzvimbomo apo unoramba uchivimba navanhu (a iyo inogona kuparadzwa nokushongedzwa kumwe kwounyanzvi kana kuti kuputswa kunobudirira.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Panzvimbo pezvo, yakafumura kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pebetsero, mutengo, chengeteko, uye kusasarura.

Kunetseka Nezvokuchengeteka

Michina yemagetsi inovhota inotarisana netyisidziro dzinobva mukuchinja, mazawa, kurwisa kwemakombiyuta, uye kubiridzira mukati. Muna 2007, California Top-toto - Tock Review yakawana kuti kuvhima kwakakomba mumasangano ezvekutengeserana anoverengeka, kubatanidza mano okuchinja vhoti pasina kuonekwa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, vaongorori veDF CON’s Voting Vigillage (2017-presenters) vakavhurazve michina panzvimbo, dzimwe nguva mumaminitsitsi. Nepo kurwisa kuzhinji kunoda kufambidzana kwomuviri, kuwedzerwa kwezvirongwa zvokuvhotera zvino kuwedzera kuvhotera. U. Dhipati reHomendi yeHome Security zvino rinonyora zvirongwa zvokuvhotera zvino sezviwiso zvino, zita rakaunzawo zvinhu zvehurumende asi zvinodzosera chinyorwa.

Mapepa haasati ari anotapurwa kutsotsa , kuvhiya mabhokisi akavharwa, uye kuputsa kwecheni kune muenzaniso wenhau. Asi anopa chinyorwa chakare chinogona kunyorwa namaoko kana kuti namaongororwa. Mapepa engozi, uko muenzaniso wakafanana webhorati unonyorwa kuti uone uwandu hwemichina, ndiwo mupimo wendarama unosimudzirwa namasangano akafanana ne [[FLM:0] .

Nhau Dzokuwana

Kushambadza kunofanira kuva kunosvikwa zvakaenzana kuvagari vose vakakodzera, bva gadziriro zhinji dzinoita mhinganidzo. Mapofu neterevhizheni yakaderera kazhinji kazhinji inoda zviwiriranwa zvenzwi kana kuti zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa nounyanzvi, izvo zvinozivikanwa zvikuru paDREEs kupfuura papepa. Majekisedhi ane kufambiswa kwakaganhurirwa angawana nzvimbo dzokuvhotera mumuviri. Mitezo mishomanene inoda mabhii nebetsero mumitauro yavo yemo. Masangano emagetsi anogona kutaura nezveidzi dzinodikanwa dzinodikanwa nemhizha, asi angabatanidzawo kuoma kunzwisiswa: Software inokundikana kuzivisa zvakarurama kana kuti kubudisa shanduro dzemotokari dzinogona kubvisa mapoka anoiswa mugwete. VaAmerica vane chikwarati chikwane (A) uye mimwe mitemo yakafanana munyika dzakaiswa mumipimo yadzokororo.

Kuvimba Kwavose Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Zvichida denho huru zvikurusa kuvimba kwavanhu. Kupomera kusina donzo kwokupararira kwemhindu, kwakawedzerwa nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga nemhesano dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kwakaderedza chivimbo murusarudzo kunyange mumiitiro yakachengeteka zvikuru. Apo vavhoti vanodavira kuti michina inogona ku "kugadzirwa," hapana kugadzirirwa kwakakwana. Kuyera kwemipimo yezvinonyorwa zvavose, kuongorora kwavose, kurava betsero inopfuudzwa navose, asi vanokwikwikwidzana mukurwisana nenhema dzakawanda. Kushanduka kwamasangano okuvhotera nokudaro kunogona kuva pamusoro pekurukurirano nehurumende pamusoro pouinjiniya.

Nguva Yemberi Yegadziriro Dzokufambisa Mazaya

Tichitarira mberi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoverengeka ruri kumuka runovimbisa kuvhota zvakare — asi rumwe norumwe runouya nokusashanda kunofanira kuyerwa nokungwarira. Vavariro yacho haisi itsva yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu asi kugadziridza kwedemocracy: miitiro inogona kukurira zvose zviri zviviri kurwisa kwekombiyuta nokusavimba kwenzanga.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwokudzivisa

Blockchain yakavakirwa pavhuro yave ichinzi idi rekuvhota sechisarudzo cheU.S. asi zvokwadi yakaoma zvikuru. Mutevedzeri webrockchain mudzoro unoparadzira kutengeserana (masangano) nenzira inofungidzirwa kuva inoyera nokutemwa pachena. Zvirongwa zvakafanana naVoatz (yashandiswa muvhoti shomanene yeU.S.. sarudzo yendege) uye gadziriro yeEstonia yeEstonia yaedza nezvinovharwa zvinodzivisa kufambiswa negadziriro dzinoshandiswa pakuvhota. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzakaziva zvikanganiso zvakashata. [[FLT:] MET] Cybersafecuty & lamp; Lab’s 2020 [1] Nzverongesvurusarusaro yakaisvonaka yakawanwa namano akawanda kupfurikidza nokuvhota-mano okushandisa kuvhotera. Zvipotongedzeiwo kuti kushaiwo njodzi ishaiwo, kana kusingabvumiki, kana kuvhongedzeki yasara kubvumikisa kuoneka zvikuru, kupfurikidza kubvumikisa kuoneka nokuda kwechipotoo

Kuzivikanwa Kwezvipenyu Nezvinhu

Varavi vechitinhiti, michina yeziso, uye kuzivikanwa kwechiso zvakatoshandiswa kunyoresa muvhoti munzvimbo dzakadai seIndia (Aadhaar system) uye nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi mune dzimwe nyika dzeU. Mitemo inogona kuderedza kunyorwa kwemichina yoita kuti ikurumidze kuongorora. Asi inomutsa zvinetso zvepachivande ((biometric data, yakambobiwa, haigoni kuchinjwa seshoko rokuvhotera. Masangano anofanira kugadzirirwa kuchengeta matendimendiki emoriketiko kana kuti kuaidzima, kusapfuudza mabhaisiro mabhaisiro asingagadziriki pamusoro pemibatanidzwa nezvitengo zvesimba. Uyezve, mamichina anogona kukundikana kukundikana kuoneka kuvanhu nemamiriro ezvinhu akati omuviri (g., anoshaikwakwakwa kweminwe mitsetse yeminwe inobva pabasa remaoko) uye kumutsa nhau kana isina kunyorwa pasi pose. Zvinowanzobatanidza kusangana nezvitengo.

Software Yakazaruka neIngano inoongororwa Pachena

Vatsigiri vamasangano vanowedzera nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo yokuvhota. Vanobvuma nyanzvi dzakazvimirira kunzvera purogiramu yesoftware yezvipukanana nedzimba. Kutanga kweNhengo yeNdevedzo yeSangano nemabasa seEcommution project Technology (OSEAT) zvinogovera zvishandiso zvapachena, zvakazaruka zvekudzivirira kwevhoti. Kunyange zvazvo mavambo asingapangi purogiramu yovhotera akachengeteka, anoita kuti vaenzani vagadziri vagadziri vadzo vokutengeserana vadzore nokuderedza giragi. Mhinganidzo huru ndeyokuwana mutemo uye kusavimba kwehurumende kutsamira pasoftware yenzanga. Marudzi akaita seNorway neSwitzerland anoshandisa zvikamu zvinovakirwa pachena musarudzo. Chimiro chinodikanwa chinovimbisa, asi chinoda kugadzirirwa purofiti nokugadzirirwa pamutemo nokuda kweva pamutemo.

mhedziso

Mhindumupindu kubva papepa kusvikira kuvhota kwamagetsi haisati iri nhau yefambiro mberi yemitsetse nerokutevedzana pakati pemipimo inokwikwidzana: kumhanya kwapachivande, kumhanya, kuvhozhokera. Upper, mutengo. Kugadziriswa kwepepa, nokuda kwokupfava kwazvo, inoramba iri shoo yokusagona kubatira chinodikanwa chiri chose, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavavhoti vane urema kana kuti avo vanogara kure kure nenzvimbo dzokuvhotera. Sangano dzemagetsi dzinopa simba asi dzinoda kutarisirwa zvikuru. Sezvityisidziro dzinoparira denho, saizvozvo kugadzirwa kwedemocracy.

Nguva yemberi ichaona gadziriro dzemichero dzinobatanidza kuva nemavara epepa nekumhanya kwokufambisa mashoko nemagetsi . zvakadai semichina inogadzira nyora yepepa, yakabatanidzwa nenzvero dzemaziso nedzisingaganhuri. Chivimbo chichatsamira kwete paruzivo rwokugadzira asi pamiitiro: kuedzwa kwakajeka, kutarisirwa kwavose, uye kuzvipira pamwe chete kumutemo. Chinjo inotevera ingasava muchina mumwe asi gadziriro yedziviriro yokubatanidza yakagadzirirwa kubatira nheyo imwe iyo nhau zhinjisa.