Table of Contents
Pfungwa yokuona zviri pachena kwehurumende yachinja zvikuru muzera remitemo. Zvamborondedzerwa nezvinyorwa zvepepa nemishumo yakadhindwa, kujeka zvinobatanidza mashoko chaiwoiwo epurogiramu (API), uye kubatanidzwa zvakananga kwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau. Sezvo nzanga dzakava netariro dzachinja kubva pakuzivisa kwenhambo nenhambo, kubuda pachena kwemapepa nezvinodhindwa. Iyi mhindumupindu haisati iri shopu yezvoruzivo rwemibato yeteshichaitiki yezvokugadzirwa kwechinhu. Iyi haisati iri shoo yezvokuchinja simba rehurumende navanhu vanoshanda. Rwendo rwokuvhara kusvika pakuzvidavirira, kudzora kwemitengo, mibato yemitengo inoratidzirwa yemitemo, mibato yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoenderera mberi, zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye chishandiso chinoyera nguva dzose chamazvo kutungamirira vanhu.
Mavambo Enhau Okuona Hurumende Zvakanaka
Kutsvaka hurumende yakasununguka kwakabva munhau dzakadzika, kunodzokera shure kunorwisana nokuvanza kwamambo uye kutangwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwetsika dzinosarudzwa nevanhu. Pamberi penhambo yemichina, kuoneka kwakanga kuri zvikurukuru kwechiito: vagari vemo vangagona kukumbira magwaro akati, asi mutoro wokubvumikisa uye kudhura kazhinji kazhinji kushoma.
Nguva Yapamberi Pezvirugu: Chivande uye Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu
Kwamazana amakore, hurumende dzakashanda mufungidziro yapachivande yapanguva dzose. Zvinyorwa zvehurumende zvairangarirwa kuva zvinhu zvavatongi, zvaiwanika bedzi kuvashomanene vakaropafadzwa. John Locke, Jean.Jacques Rousseau, uye gare gare James Madison(argue) dzakataura kuti hurumende yakanga isina kuzvidavirira kuvoruzhinji yakanga yakashata nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Bva miitiro yapamutemo yepamutemo yokuoneka yakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma. Sweden Freedom of the Press Act (1766) inowanzodudzwa somutemo wokutanga wokuoneka wenyika, asi yakaramba iri yakaenzana namakore ane mazana maviri.
Rusununguko Rwomuitiro Wamashoko (FOIA) Nechinoitika Chawo Chenyika Yose
Nguva yakanyura yakasvika muna 1966 neU.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). FOIA yakatanga nheyo yokuti munhu upi noupi ane maruramiro okukumbira kusvika kumachinyorwa esangano rehurumende, kusundira mutoro kuhurumende kuti aruramisire kutsiridza mashoko. Iri mutemo wakanyandura mitemo yakafanana munyika yose: Canada’s Accouption to Information Act (1992), Rusununguko rweAustralia rweRusunungu rweRusunungu rweRuzivo (1992), uye UK’s Freedom of Information Act (20000). Pakazosvika 2000, nyika dzinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe dzakanga dzagamuchira chimiro chakati chekuwana zvinhu munyika dzenguva ino.
Mipimo Yokuona Zvakanaka Munyika Yose Nezvipo
Parutivi pemitemo yenyika, masangano enyika dzakawanda akatsigira mirau inowirirana nokuoneka. Vhoswo Government Prefeneship (] OGP), inotangwa muna 2011, zvino inobatanidza nyika dzinopfuura makumi manomwe dziri mitezo dzakazvipira kuzarura chinjo dzehurumende. Zviito zvakafanana nePifferive Instries Intections Irenation (ETI) yakaraira kuwana mari kubva kuzviwanikwa zvomusikirwo, nepo World Bank’s Open Data Charter yakakurudzira hurumende kubudisa madata erefectation akakwirira neapublic revotion . Iyi mibatanidzwa yemitemo yedzimba yedzimba dzepasi nemhiko dzakaita nyika yose yakagadzirwa pasi kuti pave nevhu rakaoresa rezviwiriranwa zvemichina.
Kuchinja Kwemakombiyuta: Kubva Pakuchinja Zvinhu Kuenda Pakuratidza Kuti Zvinhu Zvakachinja
Indaneti yakachinja zvikuru kujeka kwepasi. Hurumende dzinogona kuchinja kubva paku “mirira zvikumbiro” kusvika ku“kuzivisa kuti zvinhu zvinoshanda.” Ubvendi yakashandura macatalog ePDF kuti ave mararamiro, aitsvakwazve.
Mazita Akazara Nemichina Zvinoverengwa
Mabudi anopindwa neUnited States ne Data.Gov muna 2009, masuo edata akava mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokuoneka. aya maplatifomu anobudisa maseti edata mumichina inonyorwa (CSV, JSON, XML), achibvumira vatori venhau, vatsvakurudzi, uye vaiti vemasangano kunzvera bhajeti, mari, maminuro, maminu emhoteredzo, uye nhamba dzoutano. Masuo akatevera munyika yose /Data.gov. uk muUK, data.gov.fr muFrance, uye Templation. Kunzvera kubva kuPRCPS kuMajeko, mascrective, mascrectives adzo, uye maonzi ezvericrector anoona remotence.
E93 Governance uye Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka
Masangano ezvokudzorwa kwemichina anowedzerawo kuoneka. Vagari vanogona zvino kunyora mukurumbira wekutsvaka mafomu emvumi, mitero yemitemo, uye kuona mapepa okuvhota evamiririri vavo paIndaneti. Ruzivo rwehurumende yeEstonia runobvumira mugari wemo wose kuona kuti ndiani awana zvinyorwa zvake zvoutano nemiraudzo, achigadzira nzira inoonekwa necherekedzo. Rudzi urwu rwekuoneka kwokutengwa kwebhurongedzerwa kwenzira. Runoziva kuti ndirini chaizvo, nei, uye kuti ndiani akaitwa kuti basa rokuvhotera risakwanisike muzera repepa.
Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo Kunoumba uye Kushandisa Mari
Intanenziwo yakarongwa. Maturusi okushandisa madhipatimendi akafanana ne okubhajesa bhajeti anobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota nzira yokugovera nayo mari dzavose. Boka rinodzosa mutemo (sezvinooneka muhhinji yemitemo ya2011 yeIceland yeIceland) uye Taiwan’s vTaiwan . Kunyange zvazvo zvisati zviri nhamburiko dzose dzokupa rubudiriro, vanotara shambadzo dzetsika: Kujeka hakusati kuchangovazve pamusoro pokuona bedzi zvinoitwa nehurumende, asi pamusoro pokuigadzira nokushingaira.
Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichivapo Panzvimbo Inoratidzwa Mavara Anenge Akaita Kuti Zvinhu Zvionekwe
Kubudirira kusingarambiki, zera remakombiyuta rakaunza zvipingamupinyi zvitsva uye zvakatowedzera.
Kuva Woga – Chinetso Chokuona Zvakanaka
Mashoko okubudisa anogona kuratidzira pachena mashoko omunhu oga, kubva panhamba dzeSocial Security kusvikira kumitoo yenzvimbo. Masangano eDhemocratic anofanira kudzikamisa kodzero yavagari vemo yokuziva nekodzero yavagari vemo yokuva voga. General Data Protection Reggatence (GDPR) inoenzanisira uku kuoma kwepfungwa: nepo ichisimbisa udzori hwomunhu oga pamashoko omunhu oga, pane dzimwe nguva inomanikidza hurumende kushandura kana kuti kuisa zvinyorwa zvavose zvinoderedza kuzvidavirira. Mitemo yokuzarura mazita inotora nzira inoiswa mumutsa, inoisa mashoko akavanzika munhevedzano nokuda kwokushandiswa kwakafara apo inodzivirira vanhu vamwe navamwe.
Kuparadzana Kwemadhigirii: Kuzviparadzanisa Nokugadzira
Mazita akavhurika oga haapikidzi kuona kana vagari vemo vasingagoni kuawana. Chikamu chinoramba chakajeka: nzanga dzomumaruwa, dzimba dzine mari shoma, vakwegura, uye vanhu vakaremara kazhinji kazhinji havana kubatana, makombiyuta, kana kuti kudzidza kwemitauro kuti vafambe paIndaneti. MuUnited States, inenge 7% yedzimba hadzina kukwanisa kusvika paIndaneti, uye munyika dzakawanda dzichiri kubudirira, mukamukana wakafara zvikuru. Hurumende dzinofanira kuwedzera kuoneka pamichina yemagetsi ne-oxy / shayclectal shay, mabhodhi eredhiyo, zviziviso zvavose, zviziviso zvereko.
Bureardiatic Resistance ne “Open Data Paradox”
Kunyange apo mitemo inoraira kusununguka, tsika dzamabureaucracy dzinogona kusekesa kuitwa. Vakuru vakuru vavanhu vangadzivisa mashoko nemhaka yokutya kunzverwa, kushaikwa kwounyanzvi hwemichina, kana kuti kusava nechinhu chakapfava. “mhesano yemashoko” inorondedzera migariro umo hurumende dzinobudisa zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko asi dzichiaita kuti ave asingashandi neasinganzwisisiki, anonyorwa zvakanaka, kana kuti anonyanyosunungurwa zvikuru. Pasina tsika yokuvandamira kujeka nepfuma yakakwana nokuda kwokunatsa mashoko, mitemo yokuoneka zviripo iripo bedzi papepa. Kuvandudza kunobudirira kunoda kurovedzwa, zvikarakadzo, uye utungamiriri hunodzorevererwa mipimo pakudzora.
Kuziva Zvisizvo uye Kuona Zvinhu Zvakagadzirwa Nezvombo
Nenzira inosetsa, kusvika kukuru kumashoko kunogonawo kuparira vhiringidzo. Vatambi veMallugar vanogona kubudisa mashoko akarurama, kugadzira mapepa, kana kuti kushandisa zvisina kukwana zvinyorwa kubvisa chivimbo mumasangano avose. Mukati medenda reCOVID . Anoshandisa nhamba dzetapuro namagwaro anobuda mvura zvakashandiswa kuparira nyongano. Hurumende hadzifaniri kubudisa mashoko akarurama bedzi asi dzinofanirawo kuisa mukuita kunyora mashoko, kutaura idisc reconficiation, uye mativi akapoteredza mashoko ose akajeka. Kujeka pasina kuva nechokwadi nenzwi kunogona kuparira.
Nzvero Dzapamhosva: Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka kweHurumende Kunoshanda
Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidza zvingangoitika ((nengozi) zvokuoneka kwemichina.
United States: Data.gov uye Hurumende Yakazaruka Inorayira
Yakatangwa muna 2009, Data.gov yakanga iri faundesheni yaPurezidhendi Oma’s Open Government Itiative. Yakabatanidza mashoko ehurumende (kubva pamazita enhau dzemamiriro okunze kusvikira kumitengo yechipatara(*) uye yakakurudzira vagadziri kuvaka mapurogiramu. U.S. yakagadzawo OPEN Government Data yeSangano reUSC), iyo yakabatanidza kunyorwa kwekujeka uye masangano aidikanwa kubudisa mashoko mumichina neadirobhoti. Nepo nhanho yakatarisana necherekedzo yemari inodzo yemari inodzosaidzosa bhiri yepasi rose nokuda kwechikero neri. Rubudiriro runobatanidza USASC.G.
Estonia: Nyika Inoratidzwa Zvine Zvemadhigirii
Estonia inowanzorumbidzwa sesangano remitemo yakakwirira zvikurusa yenyika. XÚRoad yeplatform yeIndaneti inokurukurirana vanhu vose nemapepa akavanzika, ichigonesa vagari vemo kuwana zvinyorwa zvavo zvoutano, nhau yokuvhota, mapepa emitero, uye mapepa edzidzo kupfurikidza nekadhi rimwe. Muenzaniso wokuona zvakanaka wenyika unoenderera mberi: hurumende iri yose (hwusanganisira vanoona mashoko ezvokurapa kwomurwereyi (*) ari kudimburwa nokuongororwa. Rubudiriro rweEstonia runobva mukugamuchira kuchinjwa kwetsika kwemichina, kutengwa kwapakuvamba mumichina inoshandiswa namagetsi, uye gadziriro yemitemo inovimbisa vagari vemo kuti vadzore kudzora mashoko avo vamene. Zvisinei, vatsoropotendi vanocherekedza kuti zviwi zvisarudzi chiduku, zviduku zvingawana zviri nyore kushandisa kupfuura nyika dzakawanda.
United Kingdom: mashoko.gov.uk neOpen Data Institute
UK yakatanga mashoko.gov.uk muna 2010 muutungamiriri hwaSir Tim Berners ēe naPurofesa Nigel Shadbolt. Mutehwe unogovera zviuru zvemanyuko pamusoro poutsotsi, zvokufambisa, dzidzo, uye mari yavose. Mupiro wechienzi wakanga uri wokuumbwa kwePuritab Data isati iri yemapani anokosha (] OD), iyo inorovedza hurumende namabhizimisi mumitemo yetsika inobudiridza. UK yakapayonawo “mitemo yemitemo yenhau inozati yetsika”. Yakazaukira kupfurikidza namashoko akarongwa, anowanikwa, anowanikwa munyika dzose. Zvinetso zvagara zviripo, kubatanidza kuchengetedzwa namanyoro uye kunyora mashoko muzvikamu zvavose.
Kenya: African Open Data Trailblazer
Kenya yakatanga kuvhura mashoko epachikamu chenyika chenyika yeAfrica muna 2011, ichibudisa mabhajeti enyika, nhamba dzezvoutano, uye mashoko okuverenga. Nhanho iyi yaiva imwe yemibatanidzwa mikuru yezvirongwa zvemavhoti pashure pegore ra20092008, mashoko akavhurika achionekwa sechishandiso chokuvakazve kuvimba kwevanhu. Huduma Centers .Nzvipatara zvehurumende zvinovhara zvivako zvehurumende. Kuwana nzvimbo paIndaneti kutsvakisirwa zvirongwa zvemichina nemvumo zvamatongerwe enyika, Kenya inoratidza kuti nyika dzichiri kubudirira dzinogona kumhanya - chinja kuva nemagetsi. Chidzidzo chinokosha: kubudirira kunotsamira pakuda kupfuurira kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kushandirana kwenzanga zvakadai seInternativerative.
Basa Rokuchinja Rezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Mukuona Hurumende
Zviteshi zvematerevhizheni zvinobudisa mashoko zvazova nzira dzinokosha dzokuona nadzo nguva chaiyo, asi zvinounzawo ngozi dzinokosha.
Kurukurirano Yakananga Nokugadzikiswa Kwekurumidziro
Zvino masangano anoshandisa Twitter (X), Facebook, uye WhatsApp kugoverana kuvhura nhau, nyevero dzemamiriro okunze, uye zviziviso zvemiitiro. Mukati mengwavaira dzomusikirwo, zvikuva zvinogonesa kuparadzira nokukurumidza mirayiridzo yokubuda nokuisa zvinhu. Masangano anobvumirawo vagari vemo kudarika vachengeti vemagedhi enhau enhau nevakuru vakuru vakuru vemibvunzo zvakananga, zvichitungamirira kuzvidavirira kwapakarepo.
Kutarisira Namafungu Avanhu Vakawanda
Mapepa akadai seReddit namapoka anotarisira akatsaurirwa anogonesa vagari vemo kuhwirudzura nenzira inobatira pamwe mashoko ehurumende. “majeet puzzle". Njere" inoitika / uko vazvipiri vanobatana mishumo yokushandisa yakagadziridzwa yakaitwazve nejekesi iri munyika dzinoverengeka. Nhevedzo dzenzanga dzakafumurawo zvibvumirano zvenhema munyika dzinoverengeka. Zvinopa mikoto nokuda kwavaridzi veridzi kuti vagoverane ufakazi kuvatori venhau, sezvinoonekwa muPanama Pepals nenzvero dzinotevera. Zvisinei, maturusi mamwe chetewo anogona kushandiswa kunetsa vashandi voruzhinji kana kuti kuparadzira mashoko asina kupomerwa, kurayira nhungamiro yakajeka uye kudzivirira kwepamutemo nokuda kwokuzivisa zvakanaka zvechitendero.
Ngozi Dzokuchinja Maguva Okutaura Nemitemo
Nepo zvinobudisa nhau zvichiwedzera kujeka, zvinogonawo kuivhiringidza. MaSango emitemo anowanzoita kuti zvinhu zvinonzwika zvinonzwika kana kuti zvinotsausa zvivepo, achigadzira nzvimbo dzokudzokorora umo vagari vemo vanoona bedzi mashoko anotsigira mirangariro iripo. Nhau dzenzanga dzehurumende dzingapambwa netsorororo kana kuti kushandiswa nenzira yakasarudzwa kumashoko akanaka enzanga. Kukurira idzi dzvinyiriro, nhau dzehurumende dzinofanira kuisa mifungo yenhau, kubatanidza kumashoko anobva kumavambo, uye kupinda muidi rinoshingaira. Dzimwe hurumende dzakapinza mu “mibatanidzwa yokuoneka kwemichina inooneka namashoko adzorekaresa". Dzinoongorora zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga nokuda kwemashoko asina kururama uye kururamisa chinyorwa chaicho.
Kuziva Nezvenguva Yemberi: Zvigadzirwa Nemiitiro Zvinoita Kuti Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka Kuve Kusina Kujeka
Makore gumi anotevera achaunza zvishandiso zvitsva zvinogona kuchinjazve nzira iyo hurumende dzinogoverana nayo mashoko() uye nzira iyo vagari vemo vanoashandisa nayo.
Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kujeka Kunoitwa Nounyanzvi
A inogona kuronga mavhoriyamu makuru emashoko asina kunyorwa − mascript, maemail, mishumo yapaburi revhu yaizopotsa vanhu. MaSatimende anogona kutora mashoko akavanzika, kunzvera murangariro mutsinhiro dzavose, uye mashoko omunhu oga akajeka pamberi pokubudiswa. Zvisinei, iI inoparirawo ngozi yokutanga shanje: kana kurovedza mashoko anoratidzira kusatendeseka, zvishandiso zvokuona napo zvingasimbisa rusaruro. Hurumende dzinofanira kuvamba kuvhura processource, maramendice anotemwandivara kujeka, marange marangerwo echipoti echipoka uye anobatanidza nzanga mukuva nemitemo yetsika.
Kudzivirira Zvinyorwa Zvinodzimwa
Ruzivo rweblockchain runopa vhiringidzo dzinooneka dzezviito zvehurumende. Nyika inoisa mapepa ezvibvumirano (jere muGeorgia neSweden), inopa ungetani nokuda kwezvinhu zvavose, uye gadziriro dzokuvhota ndidzo dzinotanga kushandiswa. Kupfurikidza nokuita chinyorwa chamabharatable, chinyorwa chakanamirwa, brectchain inogona kuderedza mikana yeushati hwetsika kana kuti zita renyika pashure peidi. Kunyange zvakadaro kuvhara magetsi echiwirirano nedenho zvinoramba zviri zvinokosha.
Ruzivo Rwokugadzira uye Kudzora Kwakaisvonaka
Kukura kwemichina yehurumende yavanhu nenzvimbo dzakavakwa navagari vemo, kwete hurumende() iri kugadzira uvaki hwekupenya kwechipiri. Zvishandiso zvakafanana neThey Asebenza nokuda Kwako (UK), GovTrack (US), uye Kuvhura (Global) mashoko ehurumende edonzo rehurumende mumichina inovhurika. Hurumende dzinotsigira nokushingaira ruzivo rwehurumende kupfurikidza neAPIS, mactaphons, uye majekisedhi akaza akaza akazaruka angangoona kuvimbisana kwakakwirira uye zvishandiso zvitsva. Nguva yemberi ingaona “zvakafanana sebasa,” apo vagoveri vechitatu vanonzvera zvikumbiro zvehurumende uye vanogovera zviwiro zveshamwari zveshamwari.
Mugumisiro: Kugadzira Gadziriro Yokuona Nayo Zvinhu Zvatinoziva Nezvayo
Kushanduka - shanduka kwehurumende inhau yefambiro mberi inoshamisa nerwisano inopfuurira. Kubva pamapeji apakuvamba eFOIA kukumbira kuti mabhodhi chaiwoiwo enguva ino anenge ane 88, kurongedzero yakajeka: vagari vemo vanotarisira kusununguka, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoita kuti zvibvire. Asi rwendo rwacho haruna kukwana. Kukakavadzana kwemadhigirii, kuvandika, kuvandika, kubatanidzwa kwemajeri, kuisa zvombo zvemajekiseni zvinotyisidzira kukanganisa upfumi. Kufambira mberi, hurumende dzinofanira kutora kwete zvishandiso bedzi zvokuva nechimiro chokujeka asi mudzimu wadzo: kuzvipira kuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvinoshanda zvakanaka, zvinoshandiswa, uye kuziviswa. Kushandisa mashoko okunyora nokudzivirira, kudzivirira vazivi vemabhizimisi, uye kugadzira zvinhu zvinobatanidza masangano, zvinogona kuchinja kuoneka kuva chinhu chaichoidzwa nepamutemo. Muneteshi inodzo inodzorwa kusha kusha nyika inosa. Muneteverwa kusha.