Kushanduka - shanduka Kwemasangano Okutarisira Mumasangano Azvino Uno

Masangano okutarisira anoumba musimboti wokuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Anovimbisa kuti simba rinoongororwa, zviwanikwa zvavose zvinoshandiswa nenzira ine musoro, uye kodzero dzevanhu dzakadzivirirwa. Mumazana amakore, aya masangano akachinja kubva mutsika dzisina kurongwa kuva pamutemo, achichinjira kuzvinorayirwa zvinochinja zvehurumende, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kariro dzavo dzinobatsira sei kutsigira Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu uye kuvimba.

Kubvira kumagungano ekare kusvikira kunzvimbo dzinotarisira dzazvino uno, kutarisira kwave kuri kunokosha nguva dzose kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera.

Mavambo Enhau Okutarisira

Nheyo yokuti vatongi vanofanira kupindura kuhurumende inodzorwa yapamberi pemisi yazvino uno. Athens yekare yakanga ine euthyna yayo — kuzvidavirira kwavose kwamadzishe — uye Roman Republic yakashandisa [ vadzori kunzvera tsika dzavanhu nemari. Uku kuedza kwapakuvamba kwakavanzarika nheyo nokuda kwamasangano epamutemo apashure.

Munguva yeMiddle Ages, Magna Carta (1215) yakatanga muenzaniso wakaoma: chiremera chamambo chakanga chisiri chakakwana. Claus 61 akagadzira dare ramabhishopi 25 rakapiwa simba rokushandisa mashoko echata, nenzira inobudirira dare rapakuvamba rinotarisira.

Glorious Revolution ya1688 yakasimbisa ukuru hweparamende muEngland.Bill of Rights (1689) yakarambidza korona kumisa mitemo kana kuti kubvisa mitero pasina kubvumira kweparamende. iyi nhambo yakava nokubuda kwamatare akamira nokuda kwenhau dzavose, achimirira mumwe wemiitiro yokutarisira mitemo yokutanga yakarongwa.

Mhiri kweAtlantic, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. (1787) renzvero nedzinoiswa pakati pedare, romutemo, uye redare. Kuparadzana kwaMapazu eBumbiro reMitemo, kwakabatanidzwa neBill of Rights (1791), kwakagadzira gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe raigona kuganhurira dzimwe. James Madison akatsigira mu Fiderast No. 51 kuti “kuzvida kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukurira chinzvimbo,” nheyo yenheyo yenheyo yegadziriro youtariri.

Nyika dzeScandinavia dzakatanga kuongorora hofisi yemutungamiriri wehurumende kutanga kwema1800; Paramende yeSweden inonzi Ombudsman (1809) yakaongorora kunyunyuta kwevagari vemo pamusoro pehurumende.

Nenzira yakafanana, mahofisi okunzvera enyika — akadai seNational Accouncip (1903) uye Office yeHurumende yeUnited States yeAuthority (1921) — akagadzwa kuti aongorore ndyiko yehurumende yakazvimirira. Kuwanda kweiyi mitumbi kwakaratidzira kuziva kunowedzera kwokuti udzori hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hwaida zvinopfuura sarudzo; hwakaraira kuzvidavirira kunopfuurira.

Marudzi Emasangano Okutarisira

Kunzwisisa mapoka aya kunojekesa kuti mabasa okuzvidavirira anoitwa.

Utariri Hunotonga

Misangano yeParamende nemisangano ndiyo nhandare huru yetarisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika.Inodzora bhajeti, inosimbisa kuronga, kuitisa mhaka, uye inobvumira kunzvera. Game rePuremmes Committee on Oversing and Government Reformation muUnited States kana kuti Dare Renhau renhau muUnited Kingdom — rinonangidzira ngwariro pakunzvera zviito zvoukuru.

Kutarisira kwomutemo kunogona kuva kunoshanda kana kuti kunoshanda. Kutarisira kunoitwa kunyadzisa kana kuti kukundikana kwemiitiro, nepo utariri hunoshanda huchishandisa maturusi akafanana nezvikamu zvezuva rinonyura, mascreen audiation, uye nzvero dzapamberi pezvi. Australian Palamente Practice inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame pamabasa aya.

Zvisinei, kupesana kunogona kuderedza simba rakwo. Kana boka reruzhinji rikadzora chirongwa chehurumende nevakuru vakuru, kutarisira kungaderera. Asi kunyange muhurumende dzakabatana, tsika dzematare akasimba uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu zvinogona kuramba zvichiongororwa.

Kutonga

Matare anova nechokwadi chokuti mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nemipimo yebumbiro remitemo neremitemo. Kuhwirudzura kwemitemo — simba rokushayisa mutemo kana kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoputsa mutemo wakakomba — chiratidzo chehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno. Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakasimbisa iri simba mu bury v. Madison [1803]. Madison, kubatanidza Germany, India, neCanada, akasimbisa matare emitemo.

Kupfuura hwirudzuro yebumbiro-siseko, matare ehurumende anotarisirawo kuita zvisarudzo zvehurumende, kudzivirira vagari vemo muchiito chehurumende chokuzvidira. Somuenzaniso, French Conseil d’État inobatira zvose zviri zviviri somupi wepamutemo kuhurumende nedare rapamusoro nokuda kwekakavadzano dzokutonga.

Kutarisira dare kunotarisana nedenho: pomero dzechiito chokutonga, denho dzezvamatongerwe enyika pakuzvimirira kwedare, uye ganhuriro dzinoparira zviteshi zvemari. Brennan Center yeChiratidzo [ nguva dzose] zvinyorwa zvinotyisidzira kuzvimirira kwokutonga munyika yose.

Nhungamiro Dzokuzvimirira Nezvisingadzorwi

Utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu hwakawanda hwakaita masangano anoshanda kunze kwokudzorwa zvakananga kwoushumiri.Aya anosanganisira masangano ekodzero dzevanhu, masangano anorwisa uori, mahofisi anoongororwa, uye zviremera zvokudzivirira mashoko.

Muenzaniso weombudsman unoratidzira rudzi urwu. Ombudsman anonzvera zvichemo zvevagari vemo pamusoro pemitumbi yavose, anorumbidza mishonga, uye zvinyorwa zvavose. Paramende Ombudsman yeSweden inoramba iri nzvimbo yenongedzero yenyika yose, uye mahofisi akafanana zvino ari munyika dzinopfuura 120. International Ombudsman Institute [ zvinotevera izvi zvinoitika.

Masangano makurusa okunzvera (SAIs) akafanana ne Office yeHurumende yeU.S. neGerman Federal Court of Discritiers anoparira nzvero dzakazvimirira dzekubudirira kwehurumende nerepamutemo. Sangano reMarudzi ose reProfection Institutions ([[FLT: 0]]NUT]SWE ) inogadza mipimo yenyanzvi nokuda kwokunzvera kwebhizimisi.

Masangano aya anowanzova nemasimba akaganhurirwa okuchengetedza — kazhinji haagoni kuendesa kana kuti kurongera faindi — asi zvaawana zvine chiremera chetsika uye zvinogona kunyandura chiito chemitemo kana kuti chedare.

Vanhu Vanogara Munyika Nevanobudisa Nhau

Kutarisira hakuna kuganhurirwa kumasangano ehurumende. masangano enzanga yavagari vemo (CSOs) uye chinobudisa nhau chakasununguka zvinoita mabasa okuzvidavirira kunokosha.

Mienzaniso inobatanidza basa reTransparency International, iro rinobudisa Uorigation Perceptions Index uye vatsigiri nokuda kwokuchinja kwesangano. Nhano dzeJournational Consourium of Investigative Mitchelies (ICIJ) dzakafumura kubviswa kwomutero wenyika yose muPanama Papers nePandora Papers. Nhamburiko idzi dzinotsamira pakuridzira khwero, dziviriro dzepamutemo, uye tsigiro yavose.

Masangano ehurumende anozvimirira anowanzovimba nezvipo zvinobva munzanga; mishumo yenhau inogona kunyandura kuongorora kwehurumende.

Basa Rezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Pakutarisira

Maturusi anogadzira zvinhu akagadziridzazve kutariswa kwamakore makumi maviri apfuura. Ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa runoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kuona zviri nani, runoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kukwanisa kutungamirira.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvitsva zveruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvinosanganisira:

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  • Miitiro yokudzokorora nokuronga mari yokushandisa — maturusi edhigitatiki anoita kuti vagari vemo varonge zvakananga uye vonde pamusoro pemiitiro, vachiumba mikoto mitsva yokutarisira.
  • DATA nalytic[ — masangano eMitemo anoshandisa maarutimendi okuziva maatomu mukuwana kana kuti gadziriro dzenzanga. Somuenzaniso, masangano eBrazil Controldoria-Geral da União (CGU) anoshanda zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinoparira njodzi dzouori.
  • Wattleer macard — gadziriro dzakakotsekana dzepaIndaneti dzokushuma (mutoo, Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro yeU.S. reP. reP. Regate) rinobvumira kusazivikanwa nokuda kwaavo vanofumura mufambiro wakashata.

Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runomutsawo zvinetso. Kusarudza kwehurumende kunogona kushaikwa kujeka, kuchiumba “bhokisi dema". Zvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama anoderedza chivimbo mumasangano anotarisira. Uyezve, maturusi okuongorora anoitwa nekombiyuta angashandiswa kutyisidzira vanoridza mhere nevanyori venhau. Kutarisira kunoshanda kunofanira kushanduka - chinja kwete kungotarira mabasa avanhu asiwo marobhoti emitemo.

Nyika dzakafanana neEstonia dzakatanga kudzorwa kwemipimo neredhiyo dzinooneka, nepo dzimwe dzichinonoka nemhaka yokuwanira nhaka gadziriro IT kana kuti kudzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. CD Digital Government Policy[[FLT: 1] inopa nhungamiro pamusoro pokudzikamisa kugadzirwa nokuzvidavirira.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nemasangano Okutarisira

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rawo rakakomba, masangano anotarisira anotarisana netyisidziro dzinopfuurira dzinogona kunetesa kushanda kwawo uye kuva pamutemo.

Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kupindira kwedare ravakuru vakuru iitiro hanya inokura munyika yose. Hurumende dzingagadza vakavimbika kuti vaongorore mahofisi kana kuti masangano anorwisana nouori, anozvibvisa, kana kuti kungofuratira zvikarakadzo zvavo. MuHungary, hurumende yakaganhurira kuzvimirira kwedare rejaji neredhiyori. MuPoland, chinjo dzedare dzakanetesa kuzvimirira kwedare rebumbiro remitemo. Iyi mirangariro yokudzokera shure inonyorwa namasangano akadai se International yeIDEA.

Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inogona kuratidzira nenzira yamanomano: tyisidziro dzemari yokushandisa mari, nzvimbo dzisina kuzara, kana kuti kudzivirirwa kwemitemo kwezvisarudzo zvakazvimirira.

Kutadza Kuwana Mari

Sangano gurusa rokuongorora zvinyorwa munyika iri kubudirira ringava bedzi navanzveri vashomanene vanofukidza mamirioni ebhizimisi. Mahofisi eOmbuds kazhinji kazhinji haagoni kubata noukuru hwenyunyuto dzaanogamuchira, kuchitungamirira kukuregeredzwa nokurasikirwa noruvimbo rwevoruzhinji.

Kuganhurirwa kwemanyuko pane dzimwe nguva ndokweune — chimiro chokuparadza kwakapfava. asi kunyange apo kune bvumirano, makwikwi emari yokushandisa anogona kusiya kutarisira kusina kutsarukana. Mitengo inotsigirwa nemari, zvichida yakabatana nechikamu chakatevedzana chemari yenyika yose kana kuti inotsigirwa nevanopa mari pasi pedziviriro dzoruzvimiriro, inogona kubetsera.

Kusakendenga Kworuzhinji Nenyengedzo

Masangano anotarisirwa anotsamira pakuvimbisana kwevoruzhinji kuti kuve kunobudirira. Apo vagari vemo vasingazivi nezvebasa ravo kana kuti kusava nehanya nokuzvidavirira, vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro shoma yokuteerera. Muvhoti anoenda muvhoti dzinobatanidzwa netarisiro, kufukidzwa kwemishumo inoongororwa, uye kuneta kwevoruzhinji nemhosho zvose zvinoparira kusakendenga.

Kushatiswa kwemashoko kunopedza chinetso ichi. Vaiti vemibato vanogona kuzvidza zviwanwa zvoutariri zvapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuzvipa zita rokuti “denho dzezvamatongerwe enyika” kana kuti“ nhau dzemagariro.” Vimba namasangano zvinoparadzwa, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti masangano apedze kurayira. Kudzivisa ikoku kunoda unyanzvi hwekurukurirano hunobudirira, mapurogiramu okunyora namashoko, uye kubatirana nenzanga dzinovimbwa.

Kuraswa Kwemakemikari Nemasero

Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchipa michina yokutarisira nayo, masangano anogona kusava nemashandiro anoitwa zvinhu anoitwa nemunhu anenge achikwanisa kuongorora mashoko; kusachengeteka kwepakombiyuta kunoratidza kuti mashoko anoshanda pakombiyuta haana kutemwa.

Masangano edzimwe nyika anogona kubatsira kuronga kubatana kwemichina.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nekuchinja

Masangano okutarisira anofanira kupfuurira kuchinjira kuti arambe achibudirira.

  • Tsvaka rimwe nerimwe matare anotarisira — Kuparadzanya kunoderedza pesvedzero. Kuita masangano emitemo pakati pehofisi dzemahofisi anoongororwa, masangano anodzivisa uori, mavhozhokeri ekodzero dzevanhu zvinogona kugonesa uchenjeri hunowirirana uye chiito. Kuongorora kwakabatana, mapepa anozivikanwa, uye kuzivikanwa kwezviwanwa kunogona kuwedzera kushanda.
  • Kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo — Kupfuura mikoto yegamuchidzanwa yokunyunyuta, masangano anotarisira ari kuedza nokuwanira vanhu mari, nzvimbo dzokunzvera, uye kunzwika kwakazaruka paIndaneti. Portal da Transparência inorega vagari vemo vachishuma uori zvakananga. Kusvika kwakadaro kubatanidzwa kwesangano nerouswa.
  • Kusimbisa gadziriro dzemitemo — Mabumbiro emitemo nemitemo zvinofanira kudzivirira zvakajeka kuzvimirira nechiremera chemitumbi inotarisira. Gadziriro nokuda kwokuzvitonga kwezvemari, zvakachengetedzwa nokuda kwavatungamiriri, uye masimba akajeka okuwana mashoko akakomba. Mipimo yenyika yose yakadai se SAN mukurwisana noUori inogovera markmarks.
  • Zvimiro zvitsva zvokudzora — Hurumende dzinobatanidza nenzira inowedzera mabasa avose ndokushandisa wirirano dzavose. Kufutunuka kunofanira kutambanukira kuaya masangano emunhu oga. Nenzira yakafanana, kukura kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira mukuita chisarudzo chehurumende kunoda zvikwaniriso zvitsva zvokutarisira — izvozvi zvinobatanidza kunzvera maatomu namakadhi emitemo emitemo.
  • Kudzivisa kudzokera shure kwedemocracy — Sezvo masangano ezvokudzora anodenha tsika dzamadiro, masangano anotarisira anoda gadziriro dzokupukunyuka. Ikoku kungabatanidza kuvaka mibatanidzwa yechinzwano yamarudzi ose, kusakurira tsigiro yavose yakafara, uye kugadzira mapango emitemo anodzima tarisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika anoita kuti kuve kunodhura.

Chinjo inofanira kuva inotapurwa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Zvinoshanda muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yasimbiswa zvingakundikana mune inoderera.

mhedziso

Kushanduka - shanduka kwamasangano anotarisira muhurumende dzinotonga dzazvino uno inhau yefambiro mberi yewirirano nengozi dzinopfuurira. Kuvambira pamitemo yeMiddle Ages kusvikira kuzvikamu zvemichina, aya masangano akawedzera uye akakura, achiratidzira zvinodikanwa zvenzanga zvokuzvidavirira. Asi nhau inonyeverawo kuti kudzongonyedza kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kuora.

Kudzivirira nokusimbisa kunoda kungwarira nguva dzose.Vagari vemo vanofanira kurayira kuti hurumende dzavo dziremekedze kuzvimirira kwemahofisi okuongorora, mahofisi evamiririri, uye matare. Masangano emarudzi ose anofanira kutsigira kuvaka zvinzvimbo uye kuchinja pamutemo. Vatungamiriri vehurumende vanofanira kuvandudza kuti vachengetedze kushanda. Kana migariro iyi ichiwirirana, masangano anotarisira anogona kuzadzika chipikirwa chavo: kuchengeta simba richizvidavirira kuvanhu vaanoshumira.