Mhindumupindu yemitemo yesarudzo irwendo runofadza runoratidzira mipimo inochinja, zvivako zvesimba, uye mano oruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvenzanga munyika yose. Kuvambira pamakurukota apakuvamba edzinza kusvikira kumitemo yemitemo yazvino uno, mitemo inodzora kuti vagari vanosarudza sei vatungamiriri vavo vakaumbwa nguva dzose namasangano enzanga, rwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye sundo isingachinji nokuda kweruramisiro huru zvikuru nemiraudzo. Kunzwisisa iyi yenhau inokosha mukunzwisisa nharo dzinodzora zvamatongerwe enyika zvazvinosarudzwa zvazvino uno. Nyaya inopa murangariro wakatanhamara wakatanhamara pamitemo yechisarudzo, kutevera kukuramaitiro avo ekare, kazhinji kazhinji mavandudziko emitemo anokakava namano akaenzana namakumi maviri.

Mavambo Ekare Okuombera Manzwi

Murangariro wokuvhota somutoo wokuita nawo misi yemitemo yakarongwa isati yaitwa. Nepo zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba mumapoka aiunganidza vavhimi zvakaitwa kupfurikidza nebvumirano yamasanga, kumuka kweguta neumambo kwakada gadziriro dzakarongeka zvikuru.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa neAtene

Mutene inosimudzirwa , dare rinotonga, kana kuti zviremera zvinotonga zvisati zvambovapo, kunyange zvazvo miitiro yazvo yakatobviswa zvikuru pamifungo yazvino uno. Muzana ramakore rechishanu BCE, vagari vemo vemo vakabatanidzwa mu , kuvhota pamitemo uye zvisarudzo zvehurumende mu [[FLT] Eklessia [ [mazita] [magariro]. Vagari vemo vemo vakakandirwa nokuratidzwa kwamaoko kana kuti nokuisa zviratidzo muUganda. Zvisinei, iyi gadziriro inoramwa vakadzi, varanda, uye vasati vari vachipo] muUpfupi wevagari vemo vapasi [FOct:]. Muitiro wemubato we [FFFFFF] [FFFF] [5], umo vagarikidzwa navagari vemo vapfumi vaigona kuvhotera mutungamiriri chamakore gumi.

Roman Republic Richitanga Kukura

Roman Republic yakatanga chirongwa chokuvhota chakaoma zvikuru icho chakapesvedzera mufungo wapamutemo gare gare. Vagari veRoma vakavhota assemblies dzakarongwa neboka renzanga[, zvakadai se Comitia Conturata [[[FLT:]], apo vapfumi vamazana amakore vakashandisa simba guru. Vapfumi vakapfumiswa nomuromo kusvikira muzana rechipiri weBCE, apo kuendeswa kutsororororo dzakavanzika [1][[FLT:] tablabel [[FL:]] [5]] [5]] kuderedza kumanikidza kunoitwa navatsigiriki. Zvinyorwa zvapamutemo, zvakasimbiswa mu Table [FF]

Zviitiko Zvapakuvamba Nezvekare

Kuwa kwoUmambo hweRoma kwakatungamirira kunhambo refu yokutonga kwehurumende kwaiita kuvhota kwakaderera munzanga dzakawanda.

Magna Carta uye Murangariro Wokumirira

Magna Carta wa1215 anowanzodudzwa sechinhu chikuru chomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Nepo zvikurukuru chibvumirano chorugare pakati paMambo John navarindi vanopandukira, chakavamba nheyo yokuti mambo akanga asina kudarika mutemo. Claus 39 akavimbisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kusungwa kana kuti kudzingwa kunze kwokutonga kwapamutemo kwevezera rake kana kuti mutemo wenyika. Chikurukurukuru, chakasuma pfungwa yedare rebharondhi kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mambo aimirira mumiririri weparamende. Mumazana anotevera, iyi dare rakashanduka muPalamende yeEngland, namausiku akasarudzwa neBrugosteres anomirira nhamba yenyika. [FL:] Parmendimes [FFFF] pasi pomus]

Chirungu Chinonzi Kodzero Nechinjo Ine Mbiri

ChiNgezi Bill of Rights cha1689, chakagadzwa pashure peGlorious Revolution, chakaratidzira nhano inosarudzwa kuumambo hwebumbiro remitemo noukuru hweparamende. Gadziro huru dzakabatanidza: kuda kubvumirana kweparamende nokuda kwokumisa mitemo, kurambidza bhero, uye () nenzira inotambudza) kuzivisa kuti mutezo weParamende unofanira kuva wakasununguka [[. Yakavimbisawo maruramiro okukumbira mambo uye maparamende enguva dzose. Idzi nheyo dzakapesvedzera kufunga kwapamhene. Pashure pekuchinja kweAmerica neFrance. Bill of Rights haana kuparira suffgenga yesero, asi yakaisa pfungwa yokuti sarudzo inofanira kudzivirirwa kubva mukudzoronzero youmambo, pfungwa yenheyo yenheyo yetsika yazvino uno uno mumutemo wazvino uno.

Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu Muzana Remakore Rechi19

Zana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe rakaona kukura kukuru mukuitwa kwezvisarudzo uye kuitwa kwomuitiro kwemiitiro yesarudzo muEurope neNorth America.

Kukura kweElectorate muBritain

Chibvumirano cheReformation Act cha1832 muBritain chakanga chiri chinhu chinokosha. Chaiparadzira zvigaro zveparamende kubva ku “matura akaora aivapo” kusvikira kumaguta eindasitiri anokura uye kuderedza zvikwaniriso zvezvinhu zvokuvhota, kuwedzera kuvhota kubva paanenge 400 000 kusvika ku650 000 varume (kubva pavagari vemo ve ~144 000). Zviitiko izvi zvinochinja (Chibvumirano chaReformation of 1867, uye kuratidzwa kweMagazini eInter 1884) uye kuwanda kwemabhazikokota akawanda. Kuchinja kumwe nokumwe kwaiva chirongwa chehondo huru yezvamatongerwe enyika, neChartersssssss airro mabhii. Zviito izvi zvakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma zvisaririra zvemitengo yenyika, kunyange zvazvo zvichiri vanhurume, vanhurume.

Kutendeseka Kwakavanzika Nekusarudza

Chimwe chezvinjo dzinochinja zvikurusa muzana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe chakanga chiri kutanga kwe kwakavanzika . Pamberi pokugamuchirwa kwayo, kuvhota kwaiwanzoiswa pachena kana kuti kwakanyorwa pandandanda dzakazarurwa(kuvhotera kupfumbaniswa nechiokomuhomwe, tyisidziro, uye kumanikidza kwavene vavari vebasa kana kuti vashandirwi. Australia yakanyandura basa rakavanzika mu1850, uye muitiro wacho wakapararira kuBritain (Chiteko cha 1872), United States (zvizvarwa zvakakugamuchira mumhizha yose ye1880 ne18908), uye mamwe marudzi akawanda. “Australiannotte stems shootemsssss, nokunyora chinyorwa chavo chapachiva. Iyi inoshatsamura chinyorwa chapamhine pamutemo.

Chinjo Dzinoshamisa dzeAmerica

MuUnited States, republic yapakuvamba yakava nokuvhota kwakaganhurirwa kuvaridzi vezvinhu vechichena. Pakasvika 1820 na 1830, nyika zhinjisa dzakanga dzabvisa zvikwaniriso zvezvinhu, zvichitungamirira ku “Jacksonian Democracy” nokutora rutivi kukuru (hakuna kuchiri murume muchena). [[FLT:]] Kuvhota kwa 1824[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [1870]) kurambidzwa kwevhotera kwakavakirwa parudzi, asi kumaodzanyemba kunobvumira kuvhotera mitero yakakurumbira mukusarusarudzo. Zvisinei, nhaka youranda yakaparira mapoka makuru. [[FLT] Fitten] [5] Fitin] Fith Revotion [FLT] [F]

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Kushora Nyika Yose Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Zana ramakore rechimakumi maviri rakapupurira kukura kunoshamisa zvikurusa kwamaruramiro okuvhota munhau, kwakasundwa namasangano makuru nokuda kwekudzvinyirirwa kwavakadzi nekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye nemiuyo yehondo mbiri dzenyika.

Kufamba Kwavakadzi Kwoutsi

Kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota vakadzi kwakanga kuri chiitiko chenyika yose. New Zealand yakava nyika yokutanga kuzvipinza vamene kuti ipe vakadzi mavhoti muna 1893. MuUnited States, ye19th Confectment yakatenderwa muna 1920 pashure pamakumi amakore echiito. Majereta akafanana naSusan B. Anthony naAlice Paul vakashandisa kuvhotera, kushora, uye kusateerera vagari vemo. Nenzira yakafanana, UK yakapa vakadzi chitsauko chakaganhurira muna 1918 (pamusoro pe30) uye uenzani hwakazara muna 1928. [FLT.[FLD:2] Fractive Actus Acts of 1928[FOLD:] akapa vakadzi kodzero dzokuvhota, uye kusateerera vanhu vehurumende. Marudzi rwapakati penyika dzose, vakato rwakaitawose, kunyange zvazvo zvakangoitika muna 2015, muna 2015 bedzi Switzerland.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

MuUnited States, Kuvhota maruramiro Act ya 1965 sezvinobvira mutemo wehurumende une simba zvikurusa wati waitwa kuti upedzetetetetetetetemendi. Yakabvisa kuedza kunyora nokunyora, kwakagoverwa nokuda kwokutarisira kwehurumende kwokunyoresa munzvimbo dzine nhau dzemiitiro yokuvhota, uye zvaida zviremera zvine chinjo mumiitiro yokuvhota kuti awane “pare". kubva kuBato reSangano reRumbidzo. Chibvumirano chakatungamirira kukuwedzera kunoshamisa mukunyoresa vvumba reBlabhu muSouth. Chikamu cha 5 chakagadzirirwa kuvhara miitiro mitsva yokunyoresa upamhonga. Zvisinei, Dare gurusa renhau rinopfuvura muchisarudzo [FLT] v. Counter .[FFFoct]

Kukura Kwenyika Yose Kwoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri rakaonawo kupararira kwetsika dzenyika yose kupfurikidza nokubviswa kwemireza nekuwa kwehurumende dzinodzora. Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rakaitwa mupasi rose ravanhu vakuru vakura kubva mukuzvimirira, kutanga pamutemo mukurusa wenyika. Marudzi akawanda eAfrica achangobva kuzvimirira akagamuchira gadziriro dzekare dzakatanga dzakagara dzakagara dzakagarwa nhaka nemasimba enyika, nepo mamwe akaedza kuratidzira. Kuguma kweHondo yeHondo yeDemocracy yakaunza chinjo dzedemocracy muEastern Europe, Latin America, uye mativi eAsia, anoraira mitemo mitsva inosarudzwa kuti idzore norusununguko. Mitezo yenyika yose yamarudzi akawanda se [FLT:] [FLD] [FF:1] na [FLT] Institute yeGeneraltic naEFOD [EFOD] inowedzera kugoverano yemite yemitemuteoto yemiteoto yemite yemiteoto yemiteokero.

Mitemo Yokusarudza Munguva Yetsika

Kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwezvigadzirwa uye kuchinja kwetsika dzenzanga kwakatanga zvose zviri zviviri mikana mitsva uye kudzorwa mukutarisira sarudzo. Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri nerekutanga rakava negakava rinonyandura pamusoro pezivikanwo yomuvhoti, kuvhota mumatsamba, mari yezvirongwa zvemari, uye kusachengeteka kwemakombiyuta.

Mitemo Yokutsanangura

Munyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru United States, mitemo yemavhoti yazova nhambo inodzorwa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti vanodzivisa kubiridzira ndokuwedzera chivimbo chavanhu. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti vanoramba vashoma, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vakaderera vanoshaiwa idi. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mitemo yemadhinditi inoderedza kuderera pakati pamapoka anotapurwa. Dare reSangorime [mus] reCrawford v. Marion County Ecomment Board yakatsigira mutemo wekuvhotera weIndia, inobvumira kuti nyika yose irambe ichitengwa sezvo nyika dzichigamuchira zvinodikanwa zvitsva.

Kutumira Tsamba uye Kutanga Kurira

COVID-19 yakakurumidzisa kushandiswa kweposi muvhota. Nyika dzakawanda nenyika dzakawedzera kusvika kuzvinoshaikwa. Nepo tsamba nepo kuvhota ine nhau refu(by posi kana kuti potoopu(ikava pakati pe 2020 U.S. sarudzo. Nhaudzo pamusoro poutsotsi (kusingadzivisiki) dzakatungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo neganhuriro itsva. [[FLT:] America Act ye[[FL:] Act neOverseaus Vatubee Voating Vo Act (UVAVA) yakagadzirirwa pamutemo (UVASA)[F:1] ya 1986 yakanga yatogadza mipimo yehondo neyokumwe kudzo. [FLT] America Act of[FF]

Kuronga Kuchinja Mari

Basa remari muchisarudzo iitiro hanya isingagumi. MuUnited States, Faceral Econstisaig Act (FFLKA) ya1971 uye ya 1974 inoronga miganhu pamipiro nemhindu. Bruckley v. Chisarudzo chakaenzanisa mari inopedzerwa nokutaura pachena, kuganhura ganhurira ganhuriro. [[FLT:] Biparstantian Reformation Act [BRA) ye2002] yemari yakarambidzwa nokushambadza pedyo neshambadza, asi yakaita vhinziro ya10] United States. [5]

Kutya

Tsarudzo yorusarudzo munhambo yemitengo inotarisana nedenho itsva kubva kutonderano dzekombiyuta, kusarurwa, uye kudzorwa. Sarudzo ya2016 yakawana kudzongonyedza kweRussia, kubatanidza kuedza kudzora gadziriro dzokuvhota dzehurumende ndokuparadzira nhau dzenhema. Mumhinduro, SAUTSECT EFUTS Act namabasa akasiyana- siyana ehurumende akavavarira kuvandudza kuchengeteka kwemuchina wokuvhotera, kunoda nzira dzepepa, uye kuvandudza kugoverana mashoko. Vatungamiriri veEcomputer zvino vanofanira kuwirirana nokuwana mashoko neICVSSEcurity, basa rakaoma zvikuru iro richangowedzera bedzi sezvo kubatanidzwa kwemichina.

Matambudziko Achavapo Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Mitemo yokusarudza inopfuurira kuchinja mukupindura nhau dzinopfuurira: kudzongonyedza, kuparadzira mashoko, uye bviro yevhairasi kana kuti gadziriro dzokuvhota dzakavakirwa paI.

Gerrymandering

Kunyora miganhu yeruwa nokuda kwebetsero dzerusarura kwaveko kwenguva refu sererechikuru. Shoko rokuti “germander” rinovambira muna 1812. Zvisinei, maturusi enhamba azvino uno anobvumira ururami hukuru mukugadzira zvigaro zvakakotsekana. Dare reSupreme rakatonga kuti [ matare ehurumende haagoni kuisa mashoko echimbichimbichimbi, achisiya nhau yacho kuhurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadzira zvirongwa zvekuzvimirira kuti dzidzivise kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Kuverenga vanhu 2020 neringi inoteveve jongwena jira repamutemo zvakaona denho huru. [[FLT:]

Kusanzwisisana Nokudzokororwa Kwenhau

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema pasociation kungasekesa kuvimbika kwesarudzo. Nyika dzakaita mitoo yakasiana: dzimwe dzinoisa mitemo yakaoma (muremo, Network Enigsterment Act), apo dzimwe dzinotsamira pamitemo yechikuva yokuzvidira. European Confected Code of Disciption inogadza nhungamiro nokuda kwamakambani eruzivo rwesayenzi. muBrazil, Super Electoral Active Court yakabatana nezvikuva zvechikuva kuti irwise nhau dzenhema. Kuwirirana nokudikanwa kwemashoko akarurama kunoramba kuri denho huru yemitemo yesarudzo.

Kugadzira Nokuvheneka

Mimwe miganhu yakaedza kuvhota yakavakirwa pavhairasi, kusimbisa chengeteko yakawedzerwa nokujeka. Zvisinei, funganyo pamusoro pouchokwadi, kumanikidza muvhoti, uye kukamukana kwemitauro zvinopfuurira. Gadziriro yokushandisa yeEstonia, inobatanidza gadziriro yokunzvera yakavakirwa papepa. Nyanzvi kazhinji kazhinji dzinobvuma kuti mapepa anoramba ari mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokunzverwa. Mitemo yenguva yemberi yesarudzo ichada kubatanidza zvishoma nezvishoma, yakasanoedzwa zvikuru sayenzi yemhindumupinduro.

mhedziso

Mhindumupindu yemitemo yesarudzo isati yapfuura. Nguva imwe neimwe yakaunza mapoka matsva muvhota, yakaisa dziviriro itsva mukurwisana nokubiridzira nokumanikidza, uye yakarwisana nokusagadzikana pakati pokuwana nokuperera. Kuvambira pamagungano eAtene kusvikira kumabhokisi akarongwa enhambo yetsika, nharidzano inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuda kwavanhu kunotaurwa zvakanaka uye zvakarurama. Sezvo nzanga inopfuurira kuchinja, saizvozvowo mitemo inodzora chiito chedu chinokosha zvikurusa chedemocracy. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau yenhau kunotishongedzera kusanoyera magadzirirwo anokurukurwa nhasi uye kutsigira mitemo inosimbisa utongi hwechigaro chavanhu vose. Nhau yomutemo wokuvhota. Nhau yacho pakupedzisira inhau yokurwisa nokuda kwezvizhinji, zvinooneka zvakaenzana, uye nzanga.