Muganhu mukuru wokutonga uri kudzikamisa chiremera chehurumende nerusununguko rwomuzvarirwo rwomunhu. Tinova nechokwadi sei kuti avo vakaronzeswa vane simba havaishandisi zvisina kufanira?

Mavambo Ekare Eganhuriro Dzehurumende

Pfungwa yokuganhurira simba isati yatanga utongi hwechidhimoni hwemazuva ano nemazana emakore. Kuedza kwokutanga mukuita mitemo kwakaratidza kuti kunyange vatongi vane simba zvikuru vaidzorwa nemitemo yakakwirira zvikuru kana kuti mitemo yakatevedzana. Idzi nheyo dzakare dzakagovera zvitemo zvokuvaka pfungwa dzebumbiro remitemo gare gare.

Tsamba Dzakanyorwa uye Kururamisira MuMesopotamia

MuMesopotamia yakare, Dare raHammurabi [[FLT]] [ichi chirevo chakakura chakamirira kusvetuka kukuru kupfuudzira mberi. Nepo zvirango zvazvo zvakanga zvisina kunaka nemipimo yazvino uno, runyoro rwayo pastare yavanhu rwaireva kuti mutemo wakanga uchizivikanwa uye waishandiswa nenzira inowirirana paumambo. Izvo zvakadzora mirangariro yakashata yavanamejasiti vomunzvimbomo neyakakwirira. Nheyo ye talionis [ (mutemo wokutsiva) wakatanga muganhu unowirirana pakutsiva, unodzivisa zvikuru kukura. Bumbiro remitemo yacho haina kuparira hurumende inosarudzwa, asi yakasimbisa nheyo inokosha inofanira kudzora panzvimbo pokutonga.

Mifungo yechiHebheru yoMutemo Wakakwirira

Bhaibheri rechiHebheru rakasuma pfungwa yechinjo yokuti sungano youmwari yakabatanidza mutongi zvikuru senhau yacho. Muporofita Samueri akanyevera nenzira yakakurumbira vaIsraeri nezvengozi dzoumambo hwakananga (1Samueri 8), achirondedzera kuti mambo aizomanikidzira sei vanakomana vavo, atore vanasikana vavo, uye atore minda yavo. Torah yakaisa pachena miganhu pamadzimambo: akanga asingafaniri kuunganidza pfuma yakawandisa, vadzimai, kana kuti mabhiza (Deuteronomy 17: 14 - 20). Uyu murangariro womutemo " wakakwirira" unogoverwa muganhu wemitengo yenguva dzose wemitengo, ] uyo wakapfuura uye wakaganhurirwa zvikuru vatongi vapasi wakanga uchipesvedzera zvikuru. Kuwedzera, gadziriro ye [FLT:] [FLT] [F]

Ubati Ushe hwaMwari hweAtene: Kuzvidavirira Nokutora Rutivi

Musi weAtene yeClassical zera muzana ramakore rechi5 BCE yakaganhurirwa pahurumende kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi kwakananga nokuzvidavirira kukuru. Mitemo mikuru yakabatanidza [[FLT: 0] kutsiva (kusarudza kwavose vazhinjisa, uko kwakadzivisa kugadzwa kweboka rinotonga zvechigarire. [[FLT:]]] miganhu [[FLT]]] miganhu [[FLT]] yakamanikidzirwa, uye hapana mugari waigona kubata hofisi imwe kaviri. Muitiro [[FLT:]] unoita kuti pave neboka repajiro [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FFFFF]]]] [5] isharoc, inobvumira vagari vemo vakasarira kudzosera kusingadzo inotenderwa kumugariro wavanhu vose. [muto mukurusaidzo]

ChiRome Republican: Machekero, Dzikamo, uye Veto

Roman Republic (50-27 BCE) yakanatsiridza gadziriro yesangano yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa autocracy. Simba rakakamurwa pakati pomukuru mukuru [[FLT: 0] Consuss (2] (vakasarudzwa, mumwe nomumwe akabata simba), vakwiri vakakwirira [[[FFFFF:]] [FULT]] [FUM]] naidzo dzakagovera maruramiro makuru [[FON], uye [[FULT]

Mazana Apakati Nemakore Okutanga uye Kusimbiswa Kwamaruramiro Etsika

Nhambo yeMiddle Ages, kazhinji kazhinji yairatidzirwa nechiremera chakaoma nekodzero youmwari, nenzira inopesana yakadyara dzimwe dzembeu dzinokosha zvikurusa dzeganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru muEngland.

Magna Carta (1215)

Magna Carta inoramba iri muganhu mukurusa wemipimo yenhau pasimba rakakwana. Yakamanikidzirwa paMambo John nemubatanidzwa wevabhero vanopandukira muna 1215, kubudirira kwayo kukuru kwakanga kuri kusimbisa kuti mambo akanga asina kudarika mutemo. Nepo dhipatimendi raibata nechaimoneri, zvikamu zviviri zvakatora parevomende renhau. [[FLT:] Maque: 0] [[FL:]] Chaputer [[FLT:] zvakadzivirira chirango chakazvinangidzirwa panhau yenhau.[FOT] [12]

Kutanga kwoMutemo Wavose

Chinjo dzapamutemo dzaHenry II muzana ramakore rechi 12 dzakatanga mutemo wakarongwa wavanhu vose muEngland, uchitsiva tsika dzomunzvimbomo. Zviratidzo zvoumambo zvakafamba munyika inonzwa nhau ndokusika mutumbi wapamutemo wakarongwa. Nheyo ye stare decis[[FLT] [[FLT]] [kumira nezvinhu zvakasarudzwa) yakareva kuti zvisarudzo zvedare zvakapfuura zvakadzvinyirirwa vatongi navatongi. Ikoku kwakaparira gadziriro yapamutemo yakasununguka yapakare, inoita pfungwa yokuti mutemo ndicho chimwe chinhu chakawanikwa kupfurikidza nerangariro uye muenzaniso, kwete kungorairwa nomutongi.

Zvirongwa Zvesimba Revashanduri: Chechi Nehurumende

Kurwisana kukuru pakati peChechi yeKaturike namadzimambo enyika (kwakabatanidzwa nePunititure Constitution) kwakaparira nzvimbo yakaparadzana ine simba yakasiana neyamasimba yechiremera. Chechi yakataura kuti idzoro panhau dzomudzimu, roorano, uye dzidzo. Iyi mirangariro yakabatana yakadzivisa dzorerwo yose nesimba rimwe ripi neripi, ichitanga pfungwa ine simba yokuti nharaunda dzoupenyu hwavanhu dziripo kunze kwokusvika kwoutongi. Iyi mirangariro yemiganhu yakanga iri musimbo inokosha kupfungwa dzazvino uno pamusoro peparadzana kwechechi nehurumende nedziviriro yenzanga yavagari vemo.

Kujekeswa: Kufurira Hurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Zana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18 rakarerekera zvikurukuru kuuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, richibvisa manyuko echiremera pamaruramiro oumwari negamuchidzanwa kukubvumirana kwavadzorwi.

Kodzero Dzemuzvarirwo Nebvumirano Yenzanga

Kushandisa vafungi vapakuvamba, [[FLT: 0] John Locke 's SECOND Treasured of Government[[FL:3] [1689]) yakaita gadziriro inopesvedzera zvikurusa yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakasununguka. [[FLT:] [FLT]] yakapikisana kuti vanhu vane kodzero dzomusikirwo. Naizvozvo, simba rehurumende rinoganhurirwa, uye rinova ravanhu [[FOF] mudaromes] musati wava wezvamatongerwe enyika. [FF]

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Baron de Montesquieu yevhuro, Mudzimu weMitemo [1748], wakagovera purani yemapurani nokuda kwemabumbiro emitemo azvino uno. Kupfurikidza nefundo yeRoman Republic neGenesi, Montesquieuth yaipikisa kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runochengetedzwa zvakanakisisa apo mabasa ehurumende anokamurwa kuva mapazu matatu akasiana: [[FLT:]]legislati [ (kuita mitemo), [[FLT:], [FLT]] kupfurikidza namamwe masimba anopesana, [[FLT]] hakuna kugona kuunganidza simba rimwe.

Chinoumba Chitendero cheAbsorutism uye Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Chido

Voltaire akatsigira asinganeti rusununguko rwavagari vemo rwekutaura , rudzidziso, uye anotsikirira . achirwisana nesimba risingafungidziriki roumambo hweFrance neChechi yeKaturike. Kungwara kwake namanyoro makuru zvakaparira nzvimbo yavose umo chiremera chaigona kupokanwa. Jean-Jacques Rousseau[ akakarakadza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu umo uchangamire hunogara mu "chido" chavanhu. Nepo uyu murangariro wakaitawo kuti huve nyore kududzira nenzira yechiremera, apo mutongi aigona kutaura kuti asingadi "genera kufarira chaiko vanhu."

Kudzikamisa Miganhu Munhambo Yechinjo

Rondedzero dzeChenjero dzakaitwa muzvinyorwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvakasimba mukati mechinjo dzinochinja - chinja dzomugumo wezana ramakore rechi 18.

Chinjo Ine Mbiri yeEngland (1688)

Pamberi peChinjo dzeAmerica neFrance, Hurumende dzechiNgezi dzekodzero [1689) dzakasimbisa ganhuriro dzakakurirwa muGious Revolution. Yakarambidza kubviswa kwemitemo nechiremera choumambo, mauto akamira murugare pasina kubvumira kweparamende, uye yaida kusarudza kwapachena. Yakasimbisa maruramiro ezvigaro zvokukumbira mambo norusununguko rwokutaura nekurukurirano muParamende. chinyorwa ichi chakagadza kuchinjwa kwemitemo youmambo hwamambo kunogara pamutemo, neSarudzo yapamutemo.

Kuedza kweAmerica: Kugadzirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

[Nyangwa yeChiratidzo yaX.[NU] [yasimbiswa 178] imuenzaniso wakanakisisa uye unotevedzerwa weganhuriro pahurumende. Inosimbisa gadziriro younyanzvi ye [[FLT: 0] mitemo nedziwiro[: [[FFFF:2] [FFF:3] [NHAWU] [NHAU] [NHANHANHA] [INJO] [Inji] [Inji], kana kuti idzoro] inodzora, uye inogona kudzora bhajeti, [[10] .] [igwemafu:[FFFFFF] [10] [10] [i] uye igwengwa.]

Nzira Inochinja yeFrance

French Kuziviswa kwekodzero dzomunhu nedzevagari vemo [1] kwakanga kuri kutaura kune simba kwenheyo dzomunyika yose. Yaizivisa rusununguko, pfuma, chengeteko, uye kudzivisa udzvinyiriri sekodzero dzomusikirwo. Yakatanga kuzivikanwa kwokusava nemhaka, rusununguko rwokutaura, uye kuva nohuenzani hwepamutemo. Zvisinei, Chinjo yeFrance yakaburukira nokukurumidza muTergy, inoratidzira kuti kutaura ikoko kwoga hakuna kukwana pasina masangano akatsigarira, tsika yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuremekedza mutemo. Hurumende yeFrance, nenhevedzano yayo yechinjo, kuita, uye umambo, zvakabatira senyevero pamusoro pemiganhuro yetsika yemitemo yakajeka neya yakakurumbira.

Kuwedzera Rusununguko Mumazana Emakore Echi19 Nechi20

Miganhu yakatangwa nebumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba pakuvamba yaiganhurira zvikuru muavo vaidzivirira, zvikurukuru vachena vezvinhu.mazana amakore akatevera akarondedzerwa neparapatiko refu, yakaoma kutambanudzira iyi dziviriro kuvagari vose.

Kuparadzira Uranda Nokuwedzera Kufamba Mumvura

Kupesana kuri pachena pakati pomutauro wakakwirira werusununguko nechinhu chaichoicho chouranda kwakaita kuti pave nerwisano huru muUnited States. Hondo yevagari vemo ne 13th, 14th, uye 15 yePramendements[ zvikurukuru idzore muganhu webumbiro remitemo, kugadza kuva mugari wemo wemo, dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, uye muitiro wakafanira pamwero mukuru wehurumende. Uku kwakanga kuri kukura kukuru kwemiganhu yesimba rehurumende pamusoro pekodzero dzavanhu. Mazana echi 19 ne 20 aona kukura kunoshamisa kwefrance.[5] Masangano akafanana [[FLT]] [FLT] [F: 2]]] [FLT] [F]

Kutanga Kwehwirudzuro Yekutonga Nematare Ebumbiro Remitemo

Simba rematare rokushatisa mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo rakava nzvero ine simba pamitemo mikuru yemitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira. Kutevera muenzaniso we Marbury v. Madison, nyika zhinji dzakatanga matare akasimba emitemo yemitemo. Pashure pezvinotyisa zveHondo yeNyika II, marudzi eEurope akafanana neItaly akaumba matare makuru ane simba rapamusoro rekuhwirudzura. [[FLT:] Dare reMitemo yeMitemo yeHurumende yeGermany (Boundesgesrichsrich)) rakava rinopesvedzera zvikuru, rakadzivirira nenzira inoshanda kupfurikidza nokuchengeta ganhuriro dzinokosha dzoMutemo. Iyi yakaratidzira ku [FLT] [FF]

Kuchinja Kodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Kuparadza kukuru neutsinye hweHondo yeNyika II zvakaratidzira kukundikana kune ngwavaira kwemiganhu yedzimba pahurumende. Chibvumirano chamauneinderepiso ekodzero dzevanhu (1948), chakagamuchirwa neSangano Romubatanidzwa weMarudzi, zvakazivisa kuti chiremera chaigarwa nekodzero dzakaenzana zvavanhu vose inheyo yorusununguko, ruramisiro, uye rugare. Ichi nechibvumirano chakatevera (ICCPR, ICECCCCCR) chakasimbisa kuti uchangamire hahupi simba risina kuganhurirwa pavanhu vamwe navamwe. Mitengo yeNuremberg yakavamba nheyo yokuzvidavirira kuutsotsi parudzi rwomunhu, kunyange kana yakaitwa muvara wemutemo. Nguva yokutanga, kuti hurumende yaibata sei vanhu yaikuva nhau yetsika yamarudzi ose.[FFFoctal Declation of Humanoctal Declation of of of of Humanions]

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuganhurira Hurumende

Nepo mamiriro ezvinhu enhau achisimbisa ganhuriro, zana ramakore rechi21 rinopa denho huru, itsva dzinoedza idzi nheyo kudzika midzi.

Kugadzirwa Kweropa Nemadhigirii: Kuzvinyima uye Kuva Woga

Kukura kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakasiyana - siyana kwakaparira mikana isingaenzaniswi yokuongorora hurumende. Kuunganidzwa kwemashoko eMisa, kuzivikanwa kwezviso, mapurisa anofanotaurwa, uye kuderera kwemashoko okunyora mashoko okunyora pabondepa kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro penheyo yeD5 Amendment inopesana nokutsvaka kusina musoro uye kodzero yokuva woga. Kuratidzwa kwepurogiramu dzenyika yose dzeNSA kwakaratidza kuti ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakawanda rwapfuura mutemo. Kuenzana pakati pekuchengeteka kwenyika nechivande ndeimwe nyika ihondo huru yehondo inodzosesaririra hurumende yepanguva ino.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Nokuderera KwemaNorm

Criss(pandemics), denho dzemagandanga, kuputsika kwemari, kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kukukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru. Democracracs yakarwisana kwenguva refu nokuchinja kwechinguvana kwemiitiro yemitemo yenguva dzose. Nhenda yeCHOVID yakaona hurumende munyika yose dzichiisa miganhu, nguva dzekusvika, zvirambidzo, uye kudzivirira kwapamutemo, zvinoparira gakava rakakomba pamusoro peganhuriro dzechiremera choutano chavose norudzi rwerusununguko. Ngozi iri mu [[FLT: 0] masimba echinjo dzinodzosera munyika yose, umo zvitedzo zvechinguvana zvinova zechigarire kana kuti apo vatungamiriri vanoshatisa njodzi kuti vatonge chinetedze chishoro.

Chipochi, Kunyoresa Mamutemo Kwechiuto, uye Kuwedzera Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Zvichida denho inokosha zvikurusa yenguva ino kumuka kwamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ayo anokunda sarudzo yedemokrasi asi ipapo nenzira yakarongwa anosekesa gadziriro yamabumbiro emitemo yakasununguka kubva mukati. Iyi [[FT:0]]" pamutemo unoita kuti zvisare. Kuisa pfungwa pamitemo yehurumende kusingadzorwi" kana kuti "Iniblical democracy" kunobatanidza kushandisa maturusi okutonga kunetsa vashori, kubata ganhuriro, shopu yakazvimirira, pepanhau rakasununguka, uye simba rakasununguka kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yetsika. Kurangarira uku kunoda kupfuura kuvapowo zvako kweSarudzo kuutano hwemasangano ose ayo anobatira muganhu wogaro, nzanga yakasununguka, nzanga yakasununguka, uye tsika dzavagari vemo.

Mugumo: Kungwarira Rusununguko Kusingaperi

Mhindumupindu yenhau yeganhuriro pasimba rehurumende haisati iri nhau yefambiro mberi isingadzivisiki. Irwisano huru, kazhinji kazhinji yamasimba masimba pakati pekombamiro yavanhu yapose pose yokupa ngwariro kusimba nechishuvo chine simba rakaenzana chomunhu chorusununguko. Kuvambira pamahwendefa evhu eBhabhironi kusvikira kuhondo dzamadhigirii dzekodzero dzezana ramakore rechi 21, denho huru inoramba iripo: Quiscusuit todietoscustodes?

Mhinduro haisati iri rugwaro rumwe, sangano, kana kuti mutungamiriri. Itsika inoshingaira, yakapindwa, uye yakadzidza yakazvipira zvikuru kumutemo nemitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Kuchengetedza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoda matare makuru, akazvimirira; pepanhau rakasununguka; michina yechengeteko yakasununguka neinozvidavirira; uye kupfuura zvose, tsika dzehurumende dzinokoshesa rusununguko pamusoro pekuchengeteka nenheyo kupfuura betsero dzinodzorwa. Miganhu yehurumende haisati iri yokuzvideredza; miuyo isingadzorwi inoda kuchengetwa kwenguva dzose, kungwarira, uye kudisa kuchinjira kuzvinetso zvitsva. Nguva yemberi yorusununguko iri mumano edu okudzidza zvidzidzo zvenhau zvesimba ndokushandisa nenjeredzo inodzorwa nouchenjeri uye kutsunga nguva dzose kudzora nyika.