Chii Chiri Kutongwa KwomuJudha?

Kutonga kwedare rinobetsera kutongwa kwegadziriro yemitemo yavose, kuchigovera mutoo wokuti vagariwo zvavo vatsive zvakananga mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, boka ravanhu vamwe navamwe (dare rinobetsera vatongi) rinopika kunzwa ufakazi, kugamuchira mirayiridzo pamutemo kubva kumutongi, uye kupa chisarudzo panhau dzeidi. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti miuyo yapamutemo inoratidzira mipimo yenzanga norutongeso rweboka panzvimbo pomurangariro womuiti wechisarudzo mumwe. Rudzi rwokutonga runodzivirirwa mumitemo yakawanda yedare redare redare redare. (nomuenzaniso, Kugadziridza kwesitanhatu Pession kuU.S.Constitution inoivimbisa munhau dzoutsotsi, uye Chitengidzo chinochengeta mumipimo mumipimo wedare.

Kunzwisisa kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera sei — kubvira panguva yacho kuraira kunosvika kurangano yokupedzisira iri seri kwemisuo yakavharwa — kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anokumbirwa kubatira, nokuda kwavadzidzisi vanodzidza magariro avanhu, uye nokuda kwavadzidzisi vanodzidzisa muitiro wapamutemo. Iyi nyaya inofamba muchikamu chimwe nechimwe, ichijekesa mashoko makuru apamutemo, uye inopa nzwisiso inoshanda muchinoitika chavatongi.

Mavambo Enhau Okutonga Kwechitendero

Kutonga kwedare redare razvino uno kwakatanga kwemazana emakore. Mavambo akwo anogona kurondwa kusvikira kuEngland yeMiddle Ages, uko vatongi vavavakidzani vakashandiswa kupedza gakava renyika uye gare gare kutema mhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka. Magna Carta (1215) yakabatanidza mashoko anovimbisa rutongeso rweshamwari dzomunhu, nheyo yakapesvedzera gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakazotevera. Nokufamba kwenguva, vatongi vakava dziviriro pakurwisana nenyanzvi dzehurumende uye nzira yokubatanidza nzanga mururamisiro. Nhasi, nepo udzame hunosihwahuhuhu hunosiana nenyika, pfungwa huru inoramba iripo: boka ravagari vemo vasingasarupo vanosarudza maidi pashure pokunzwa mativi ose ari maviri enhau.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru zvikuru pamusoro pekukura kwenhau, Rekodhi reNational Rinogovera rugwaro rweBill of Rights runoratidzira hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokutongwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi muUnited States, uye U.S. Department of Justice inogovera kupetwa kwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi.]

Marudzi Emajurie

Hadzisati dziri matare ose anobetsera vatongi akafanana. Kune marudzi makuru maviri:

  • Petit (dare) vatongi - Rudzi runonzwa mukutonga kwomuitiro kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi, kazhinji kazhinji kunoumbwa navanhu 6 kusvikira ku 12. Munhau dzoutsotsi chisarudzo chinofanira kuva chakabatana; muzvinoitika zvehurumende dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira chisarudzo chikuru kana mapoka achibvumirana.
  • Vatongi vakuru – A mutumbi mukuru (zvikurukuru 16-23 mitezo) iyo inohwirudzura ufakazi hunopiwa nomuchuchisi kusarudza kana pane chisakiso chinobvira chokuunza pomero dzoutsotsi (pomero).

Nyaya ino inonyanya kutaura nezvedare rinobetsera vatongi vanozviti vatongi uye kutongwa kunobva pakukoka vanhu kusvika pakufunga.

Chikamu Chakanyorwa Nechikamu Chiduku Chomugore: Kukoka Kwako Kushumira

Rwendo runotanga apo mutongi anogamuchira madanho edare rinotonga uye rinorayira mugamuchiri kubuda nokuda kwokusarudza dare redare pamusi wakatarwa. Kubatira padare rinobetsera vatongi ibasa rehurumende, asi kukumbira kunoparirawo misengwa yapamutemo yemhinduro yacho kunogona kuguma nefaindi kana kuti ruzvidzo rwedare.

Zvakanyorwa Nemipumburu Yacho

Kushevedza kunobatanidza:

  • Zuva, nguva, uye nzvimbo yeimba yedare kwaunofanira kushuma
  • Nhamba yezviziviso
  • Mirayiridzo yokupedza kubvunza pepanhau revatongi (kakawanda kacho paIndaneti kana kuti netsamba)
  • Mashoko okuti ungakumbira sei kuti umbomira kana kuti upa chikonzero
  • Udzame hwekurukurirano hwehofisi yedare rinobetsera vatongi

Kugamuchira Zvakanaka

Kana ukanzi uite chimwe chinhu, unofanira kutevedzera mirayiridzo nokungwarira. matare akawanda zvino anokubvumira kunyoresa paIndaneti, kuzadza fomu remibvunzo, uye kusimbisa kana kuti kuudzazve chitarisiko chako. Kana ukakundikana kupindura, ungashorwa. Tsinhiro dzinozivikanwa navose dzokusapinda muhondo kana kuti kunonoka dzinosanganisira zvikonzero zvokurapa, nhamo yemari, kana kuti kana uri mutarisiri mukuru wemunhu anenge achitarisirwa. Nzveranisa website yedare romunzvimbomo nokuda kwemiraudzo yakananga.

Zvikwaniriso Nezvisakiso

Haasi munhu ari wose anokwaniriswa kubatira.

  • Mune dzimwe nyika, kuUnited States ndiko kunogara vanhu kwenguva refu
  • Ane Makore 18 Kana Kuti Anopfuura
  • Kukwikwidza muruwa rwevatongi kwerinenge gore
  • Kukwanisa kuverenga, kunyora, uye kunzwisisa chiNgezi
  • Hapana kutenderwa kwemhosva kutoti kodzero dzako dzevagari vemo dzakadzorerwa

Vamwe vanamazvikokota vanganzi vasare vatevedzere nemutemo, somuenzaniso, nhengo dzemauto dzinoshingaira, vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kana kuti magweta anoshanda sevachuchisi kana kuti vatsigiri vehurumende.

Muitiro Wezvisingaonekwi: Kusarudza Jury

Pane imwe nguva vakadanwa vanhu vanosvika padare, ivo rutivi rwedziva guru umo vatongi vanotongwa vachatorwa. Muitiro wokusarudza, unonzi wakaipa (chiFrench nokuda kwo “kutaura zvokwadi”), wakarongedzerwa kufumura rusaruro uye kuvimbisa vatongi vasingasaruri.

Kushanda Kunoita Kufara

Mutongi anovamba kupfurikidza nokutaura kuboka rose, achitsanangura rudzi rwenhau nenheyo dzapamutemo dzinobatanidzwa. Ipapo mutongi namagweta vanobvunza mibvunzo(8) pane dzimwe nguva seboka, pane dzimwe nguva somunhu mumwe nomumwe. Mibvunzo inonzvera migariro yedare yavagari vemo, zvitendero, zvinoitika, uye zivo ipi neipi yenhau ingatapura kusasarura.

  • “ Mune ukama hwomunhu oga hupi nohupi nemapati kana kuti nemagweta here?”
  • “ Iwe kana kuti mutezo wemhuri wave uri nyajambwa woutsotsi hwakafanana here?”
  • “ Une mirangariro yakasimba pamusoro pechirango chorufu here?” (mumhaka dzerufu)

Vavariro ndeyokuziva mutongi upi noupi asingagoni kuyera nenzira yakanaka ufakazi. mativi ose ari maviri anewo banza rokurova (kutora) vamwe vatongi.

Zvinetso Zvinokonzerwa Nezvisakiso uye Zvinetso Zvinokuedza

Kune marudzi maviri edenho ayo magweta anogona kushandisa kubvisa mutongi anobvira:

  • Sarudza nokuda kwechisakiso[[[FT:1]] - Nhamba isina kuganhurirwa yedenho, inobvumirwa apo mutongi anobvuma rusaruro, ane rwisano yefariro, kana kuti haagoni kutevera mutemo. Mutongi anosarudza kana denho yacho iri yechokwadi.
  • Denho - Rutivi rumwe norumwe runowana chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chezvibharo (vhoriyamu nehurumende; kazhinji kazhinji 3 kusvikira ku 6) izvo zvinogona kushandiswa pasina kutaura chikonzero, asi hazvigoni kushandiswa kusarura pahwaro hwedzinza, hwechirume, kana kuti hwedzinza ( Batson v. Kentucky[] inorambidza rusaruro rwakadaro).

Vamwe vatongi vanosarudzwawo kuti vatsive mutongi upi noupi anogara achirwara kana kuti anodzingwa mukati mokutongwa.

Kutongwa: VaFasi Nezviito

Mutongo wedare rinobetsera vatongi wapiwa chibvumirano, kutonga kwacho kunopfuurira munhevedzano yakarongeka.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Mashoko aya haaratidzi kuti pane zvinotarisirwa kuratidzwa nerutivi rumwe norumwe.

Kuratidzwa Kwouchapupu: Chisakiso Chokutongwa

Pashure pekutaura kwokuzarura, mubato une mutoro woufakazi (kurovererwa mhaka mumhaka youtsotsi, mupurisa mumhaka yavagari vemo) unopa nhau yake. Ufakazi hunouya muzvimiro zvikuru zviviri:

  • Ufakazi hwemari [ – Zvapupu zvinomira ndokupindura mibvunzo pasi pemhiko. Nzvero yakananga inoitiswa kurutivi runodana chapupu; ipapo rutivi runopesana rungayambukira-examine.
  • Ufakazi hwenhau nechaihwo [[[FLT: 1] - Mahwendefa, mavhidhiyo, zvombo, zvibvumirano, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinopinzwa kupfurikidza nezvapupu uye zvinogamuchirwa muchinyorwa chedare.

Kuramba kunowanzotaurwa nevanhu, kushanda, kutungamirira mibvunzo panenge paongororwa zvakananga, uye kufungidzira.

Kuparadzana Nedonzo Rako

Kuongorora kwechikwayana chinhu chinokosha chokuedza kuvimbwa uye kururama kwechipupuriro. Gweta rinoshora rinogona kubvunza mibvunzo inotungamirira (kubudisa mhinduro) ndokuedza kufumura kusawirirana, tsvete, kana kuti misiyano mundangariro. Kuongorora kwomuchinjikwa kunogona kukanganisa kuvimbika kwechapupu, uko vatongi vanofanira kuyera paanenge achitora.

Tsika Dzakatorwa uye Mutemo Wedare

Miedzo inogona kugara kubva pamazuva mashomanene kusvikira kuvhiki dzinoverengeka kana kuti mwedzi. Mutongi achadana nzvimbo dzokuzorora zuva rose. Mukati menhambo, vatongi vanorayirwa kusakurukura nhau yacho nomunhu upi noupi, kubatanidza vamwe vatongi kusvikira kurangarira kwatanga, uye vanonyeverwa kudzivisa kufukidzwa kwenhau kana kuti nzvero paIndaneti pamusoro pomutongo wacho. Uyu mutemo (wakawanda unonzi “kusava nepesvedzero inodzora” unogombedzerwa chose chose kudzivisa rusaruro rwakaipa.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwose hwapiwa uye mativi ose azorora, mubato mumwe nomumwe anoita nharo dzokugumisa. Muchuchisi kana kuti mutongi anotanga kuenda, achiteverwa nedziviriro; muchuchisi ipapo angapazve kupesana. nharo ibanza rokupedzisira rokunyengetedza dare rinobetsera. Attney anopeta ufakazi, anosimbisa maidi makuru, uye anotsanangura chikonzero nei mutemo uchitsigira chimiro chomutengi wavo. Mutongi angadzongonyedza kana gavhuna akaputsa mutemo kana kuti ufakazi.

Mirayiridzo Yacho: Mutemo Wakashandiswa

Mirayiridzo iyi inotsanangura mipimo yepamutemo inofanira kushandiswa kumaidi sezvo vatongi vanoiwana. Somuenzaniso, mumhaka yeutsotsi, mutongi acharondedzera kuti “pamberi pepanikiro ine mufungo” uye achatsanangura mativi outsotsi. Mumhaka yehurumende, mutongi acharayiridza mutoro weufakazi (kazhinji kazhinji“ hufakazi hwechiito chedare”) uye dzidziso dzipi nedzipi dzapamutemo dzinowirirana.

Vatongi vanofanira kutevedzera mutemo sezvawakapiwa, kunyange kana vatongi vamwe navamwe vasingabvumirani nawo.

Kuzvibhadharira: Nguva yaJury Yokusarudza

Vangorayirwa, vatongi vanorega basa mumba mavo voga. Mutevedzeri wedare (varombo) anova nechokwadi chokuti hapana munhu anopinda kunze kwevatongi. Munyaya dzapamusoro dzedare, vatongi vangakumbirwa (vanoramba vari pamwe chete muhotera) kudzivisa pesvedzero yokunze.

Kushanda Kunoita Kuda Kusarudza

Kuzvidira ikurukurirano yakarongeka. Vatongi vanosarudza chaizvoizvo mutungamiriri (kana kuti mutungamiriri wedare) kutungamirira kurukurirano ndokuvimbisa munhu ari wose kuva nebanza rokutaura. Muvambi anochengeta kurukurirano yacho panjanji uye angabetsera kupedza kusabvumirana. Mutongi anohwirudzura ufakazi. (hwakawanda) vanogona kukumbira kuona zviratidziro kana kuti kuva neuchapupu chinoraviwa. Vanokurukura mhaka imwe neimwe kana kuti nhau yepamutemo yakaparadzana.

Pakurangarira, vatongi vanokarirwa kuti:

  • Rangarira ufakazi uye kuvimbika kwezvapupu
  • Shandisa mirayiridzo yepamutemo inopiwa nomutongi
  • Funga nezvemamwe maonero uye edza kuwirirana nevamwe
  • Ramba usingasaruri uye remekedza mafungiro evamwe

Kana mutongi akaramba nemaune kana kuti asingashandisi maererano nemitemo yake, mutongi angaudzwa, asi dare hariwanzopindiri kunze kwokunge paine kusazvibata.

Kusvika Pamutongo

Munhau dzoutsotsi, chisarudzo chinofanira kuva chakabatana: vatongi vose vanofanira kubvumirana pamusoro pemhosva kana kuti kuva vasina mhaka. Kana vasingagoni kusvika pakusawirirana pashure pekurukurirano yakatambanudzwa", kazhinji kazhinji mutongi angazivisa mhaka isiriyo, uye muchuchisi anogona kusarudza kana aizopindura mhaka yacho. Mumhaka dzehurumende, hurumende dzakawanda dzinobvumira chisarudzo chikuru (g., 5 mu6 kana kuti 9 mu 12) kana mapoka akabvumira pachine nguva mberi.

Mutongi, magavhuna, uye magweta vanoverenga mutongo wacho zvinonzwika.

Misoro Chaiyo Mumiedzo Yamajeri

Kugadzirwa Kwenyuchi

Kuparadza kunoitika apo vatongi vanosunungura mukwiridziri mhaka pasinei zvapo noufakazi hwemhosva nemhaka yokuti vatongi vanodavira kuti mutemo hauna kururama kana kuti haufaniri kushandiswa muchiitiko ichocho. Nepo majaji ounyanzvi ane simba rokuparadza, vatongi havavazivisi nezvesimba iri, uye magweta anorambidzwa kuitisana nharo pamusoro pokuparadza. Chinoramba chiri musoro unokakavadzana nenharo yemitemo inodzvinyirira, nepo vamwe vachiurangarira sokusatendeudzira mutemo.

Kukwidza Uye Nyaya Dzekandira

Nokuda kwokutongwa kunoitwa ngwariro huru nenhau, mutongi angarayira vatongi kuti vasarudze kutongwa kwedare racho — zvichireva kuti vanochengetwa vari voga mukati mokutonga uye kuronga kudzivisa kuratidzirwa kumashoko asiri echokwadi.

Basa Romutongi

Mutongi anotonga paufakazi, uye anochengeta murairo.

Mazano Okuti Ushumire Sechibvumirano

Kana ukadanwa nokuda kwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi, hezvino zvikarakadzo zvinoshanda kuita kuti chinoitika chacho chive chinovaka:

  • [ Gadzirira kuteerera: Miedzo inogona kuva nourefu hwechipupuriro.
  • Usavimba namashoko okunze: Dzivisa kutarira udzame hwenhau, kushanyira nzvimbo yechinoitika chacho, kana kuti kukurukura nhau yacho nomunhu upi noupi. Chisarudzo chako chinofanira kutsamira bedzi pane chinopiwa mudare.
  • Kubvunza mibvunzo:[ Mamwe matare anobvumira vatongi kutumira mibvunzo yakanyorwa nokuda kwezvapupu. Kana usina chokwadi pamusoro pechimwe chinhu, bvunza mutongi kana zvakafanira.
  • Iva nendangariro yakazaruka: Teerera ufakazi hwose usati watanga murangariro. Kuda kubatira mubato weboka; remekedza mimwe mirangariro.
  • Ziva kodzero dzako: Kana uchinzwa dzvinyiriro inobva kuvamwe vatongi kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira, zivisai vebheiff kana kuti mutongi.

Chikonzero Nei Tichinzwisisa Nhau Dzokutongwa

Gadziriro yokutonga yedare rinobetsera vatongi haisati iri muitiro wapamutemo bedzi; isangano rehurumende yeruzhinji rinopa simba vagari vemo kuti vatsive zvakananga mururamisiro. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nhano dzinobva kumadaidzo kuti varangane, vanhu vanogona kuita basa ravo nechivimbo nenzwisiso. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa zivo iyi kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa dzikamo pakati pekodzero dzomunhu oga nomutoro wenzanga. Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pebasa redare redare rinotonga, shanyira [[FLT:] Fidrary Judiary’s redare redare redare redare rinotonga kana kuti [FLT:] Dare reHurumende reHurumende reHurumende.

Nguva inotevera pauchakokwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi, uchaziva chaizvoizvo zvokukarira (8) uye chikonzero nei basa rako somutongi riri rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa munzanga yakasununguka.