Kunzwisisa Mutemo Wehurumende

Mutemo wavagari vemo unodzora kakavadzano pakati pemabato avanhu vamwe navamwe(individoal commistry, mabhizimisi, kana kuti mamwe masangano. Chinangwa chawo chikuru ndechokupedza rwisano ndokugovera mishonga, zvikurukuru muchimiro cheripo remari kana kuti chiito chakananga, panzvimbo pechirango. muUnited States, mutemo wehurumende unobva mumagamuchidzanwa avose emitemo yeEngland uye wakashanduka kuti upedze nhau dzakawanda dzisiri dzoutsotsi.

Kukura Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Mutemo wavagari vemo unobatanidza mapazi makuru anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rinobata namarudzi akasiyana ekakavadzano:

  • [[[FOLT:0] Mutemo wokubatanidza: Hurumende zvibvumirano pakati pamapoka. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kuputswa kwebvumirano, kutsanangurwa kwemashoko, uye mishonga nokuda kwezvisingashandiswi. Somuenzaniso, muridzi wemba anokwidza muridzi weimba nokuda kwokukundikana kupedza kuvandudza panguva.
  • [[[NHAU]] Mutemo: unotaura zvikanganiso zvevagari vemo zvinoparira kuvadziko kana kuti kurasikirwa. Zvigunwe zvinowanzobatanidza kuregeredza (muchib., tsaona dzemotokari), kuzvidza, uye chikwereti chezvigadzirwa. Mupurisa anotsvaka kuvadziko kutsiva kuvadziko.
  • [[[FOL:0] Mutemo wakafanira: unofukidza kakavadzano pamusoro pouranda, kushandiswa, kana kuti kuva nezvinhu chaizvoizvo uye zvomunhu oga. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kusabvumirana kwapamuri, kukakavadzana kwemiganhu, uye kutaura kwokudarika.
  • [[[MVURA] Mutemo Wemhuri: unobata neroorano, chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye kurerwa navabereki vasiri vavo.
  • Kupa chirango noMutemo weBasa: kunobatanidza kukakavadzana pakati pavashandirwi navashandi pamusoro pemibairo, rusaruro, kubvisa, uye kotsekano yebasa.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Rimwe ramativi anorondedzera omutemo wehurumende ndiwo mupimo wakajeka. Mureza unofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yavo kupfurikidza ne kurangarira ufakazi [, kureva kuti kungabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti mukwirirwi anosungirwa anofanirwa. Uku kumira pasi kupfuura mupimo wetsotsi. Mutoro uri pamutengi kupa ufakazi hwokuti masero anodzika kunyange zvishoma munyasha dzawo. Somuenzaniso, mukwidzi, mudare rinokuvadza, muteveri anofanira kuratidza kuti kuregeredzwa kwomukwirirwi sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuparira kuvadziko.

Mapoka Nemigumisiro

Mapati mumhaka yehurumende ndiwo anotsanurira dare. (bato rinounza sutu) ne diendendint[ (mubato unosundwa). Mhaka inotangwa chaizvoizvo apo bhinya renhau nedare rinonyunyuta. Kugamuchirwa kunobatanidza kuvadziko dzemari (kudzosa kana kuti kuranga), mirairo (zvirevo zvokuita kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu), kana kuti kuita chakananga (kuitira boka kuita chibvumirano). Kusafanana nomutemo wedare, mutemo wehurumende hausati uchiguma nokuiswa mutorongo. Zvisinei, kukundikana kuwirirana nerutongeso rwavagari vemo kunogona kutungamirira kudare, kubatanidza dare rakaisvonaka kana kuti tsvinyidzirwa.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru munheyo dzemitemo yavagari vemo, nongedzera ku Cornell Legal Information Institute yenhau dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Mutemo Woutsotsi

Mutemo weutsotsi unobatanidza mufambiro unorangarirwa kuva unokuvadza kunzanga yose zvayo. Unotongwa nehurumende (hurumende kana kuti hurumende) uye une vavariro yokuranga vatadzi, kudzivisa mhaka dzomunguva yemberi, kuvandudza vaiti vezvakaipa, uye kudzivirira vanhu.

Zvikamu Zvoutsotsi

Utsotsi hunowanzorongwa noukombi:

  • [[FOLT:0] Tsamba:[ Mhaka dzakakomba dzinorangwa nokuiswa mutorongo kwerinopfuura gore rimwe kana kuti norufu. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kuponda, kubata chibharo, kuba nezvombo, uye kutengesa mirimo. Kutenderwa kwamano kunowanzova nemigumisiro yakareba, yakadai sokurasikirwa namaruramiro okuvhota kana kuti kuva nepfuti.
  • Misdemers: Thongo dzemhosva dzakakomba dzinorangwa negore rimwe mujeri, faindi, kana kuti basa renzanga. Zvikanganiso zvinowanzobatanidza kuba kuduku, kudenha kwakapfava, mufambiro usina nhevedzano, uye kuva nemirimo miduku.
  • Kuputsa kuduku kunoguma nefaindi panzvimbo penguva yomujeri. Matikiti emotokari, kufamba, uye kurasa marara zvibvumikiso zvetsika. Zvinowanzobatwa mumatare ezvifambiso kana kuti enisiparati.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzeutsotsi

Kupomera mhaka kunofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yomukwiridziri kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo. Uyu ndiwo mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa woufakazi mugadziriro yapamutemo, unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yetendero yetsotsi. Murangariro unoreva kuti ufakazi hunofanira kuva hunopwisa kwazvo kuti hakuna munhu ane mufungo angapanikira mhaka yomukwirirwi. Kana pane panikiro ipi neipi yapamutemo, vatongi vanofanira kusunungura. Iyi muganhu unodzivirira vanhu pakutendiswa kusina mhaka uye kunoparira murangariro wokusapomerwa.* mukwirirwi anorangarirwa sea asina mhaka kutozosvikira anzi ane mhaka.

Mapoka Nemugumisiro Womutemo Woutsotsi

Mapati ndiwo chitambudzo kana kuti U.S. (kumirira hurumende) ne diendendint[ (anopomerwa). Muchuchisi anowanzotungamirirwa negwetabheti reruwa (mwero wehurumende) kana kuti U.S. Attorney (mwero wemari). Mukwirirwi ane maruramiro oufakazi hwapamutemo; kana vasingagoni kuwana mumiririri wemhosva, mumwe anofanira kugoverwa. Kubhadharwa kwemhaka yeutsotsi kunogona kubatanidza kusungwa, kugadziriswa, zvakaisvonaka, kudzorwa kuvanyajambwa venzanga, basa, kana kuti chirango chamatuko mumamwe utsotsi.

Kuti unzwisise chimiro chomutemo woutsotsi muU.S., bvunza U.S. Department of Justice’s Criminal Law [[[FLT: 1]].

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pomutemo Wehurumende Noweutsotsi

Apo zvose zviri zviviri zvinotsvaka kuchengeta nhevedzano, zvinosiyana zvikurukuru mudonzo, muitiro, uye miuyo. tafura iri pasi apa inopeta iyi misiyano, asi zvikamu zvinotevera zvinokura panharaunda imwe neimwe.

Donzo Nouzivi

Mutemo wavagari vemo ndi [ [icho ivavariro kuita kuti boka rakakuvadzwa rive rakapoteredzwazve kupfurikidza nokubhadharwa kana kuti nyaradzo inosakarurama. Mutemo wetsotsi ndi murango nemutongo .Inotsvaka kuranga mutadzi ndokuodza vamwe kuita mabasa akafanana. Kutonga kwehurumende chiito chakavanzika; mhaka yeutsotsi inounzwa nehurumende nokuda kwenzanga.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Youfakazi

Sezvacherekedzwa, mhaka dzavagari vemo dzinoshandisa kurangarira ufakazi (inopfuura 50% bviro), apo mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinoda chibvumikiso kudarika kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo[ (zvisingabvumiki). Iyi mhatsa ine revo huru. Mumimwe migariro, munhu angawanwa achirangarirwa kuva anosungirwa mudare ravagari vemo asi akasununguka mudare routsotsi nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho.] Muenzaniso wakakurumbira weO.Smpson anopa chiratidzo ichi.

Mitambo Nemifananidzo

Muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo, masangano masangano avanhu vamwe navamwe (vanhu kana kuti masangano). Munhau dzoutsotsi, hurumende nguva dzose ibato roupomendi. Mukuwedzera, vakwirirwi voutsotsi vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo ayo asingatambanudziri zvizere kuvakwirirwi vehurumende sekodzero inorwisana nokuzvitonga uye maruramiro kukutonga kwokukurumidza. Vamirionts, zvisinei, vangatarisana nenzvimbo dzinoiswa mudare nevanobvunzurudza zvinogombedzera chipupuriro.

Migumisiro Nechirango

Rutongeso rwavagari vemo runowanzoguma nemuuyo wemari kana kuti mirairo yokuita kuti zvirango zvisave. zvirango zvoutsotsi zvinobatanidza kurasikirwa norusununguko, faindi inobhadharwa kuhurumende, uye miuyo yokuzviwanira sechinyorwa chechigarire choutsotsi. Muzvimwe zviitiko, kutenderwa kwoutsotsi kunogonawo kutungamirira kumhosva dzehurumende, (mukwirirwi angarairwa kuripa kubhadhara kubhadhara (uko kwakafanana nokukuvadza kwavagari vemo) sorutivi rwetongero yavo.

Misiyano Inooneka

Muitiro wavagari vemo unodzorwa nemitemo yakadai seFederal Rules of Civil Procedare (FRCP) pamwero wehurumende, nepo muitiro woutsotsi unotevera Federal Miganhu yeCriminal Procediture nebumbiro remitemo seyechina, yeshanu, uye yeTBRAdy. Discovery mumhaka dzavagari vemo yakafara uye yebato; muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, inoganhurirwa zvikuru uye inodzorwa, nedare rinodikanwa kuzivisa ufakazi hwokupari pasi pe [[FLT: 0]Brady v. Maryland[FL:1].

Nokuda kwechifananidzo chine chiremera, ona U.S. nhungamiro yeDare kumisiyano pakati penhau dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi[[FLT: 1].

Mienzaniso Yemhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Nhau dzenyika chaiyoiyo dzinoratidzira kuti chiito chimwe chetecho chinogona sei kuparira zvose zviri zviviri kutongwa kwehurumende noutsotsi, kana kuti nzira iyo gadziriro dzinopedza nayo kuvadziko dzakasiyana.

Mienzaniso Yemhosva Dzavagari Vemo

  • Mhosva yomunhu oga: Munhu anofamba netsoka anorohwa nomutyairi anoregeredza anokwidza mhaka nokuda kwendyiko dzokurapa, anorasikirwa nemibhadharo, uye marwadzo nokutambura.
  • [[FT: 0] Kusvika kweContract:[[FT:1] A confice contrence control paunzi inopomera mutengi anoramba kubhadhara basa rapera, achitsvaka mutengo webvumirano pamwe nokukuvadza.
  • [[[FT:0] Kushambadza: Muridzi webhizimisi anokwikwidzanisa nokuda kwokuparadzira kutaura kwenhema uko kwakakuvadza mukurumbira wekambani, achironda kutsiva nokutsiva.
  • Tsplate: Vavakidzani vaviri vanoitirana nharo pamusoro pomutsetse wefenzi unovhozhokera panyika yebato rimwe, kuchiguma nemurairo wedare wokubvisa nokukuvadza.

Mienzaniso Yemhosva Dzematsotsi

  • Kuba (Lanceny): Munhu anosungwa nokuda kwokutengesa muchiteshi chezvitoro zvinopfuura $500, achipomerwa kuba kusina kururama, uye angatarisana kusvikira kugore rimwe mutorongo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Assault neBhetri:[ Kurwa kweA bar kunotungamirira kupomero dzedenho yakapfava, muparadziri, nezvirango zvinobvira kubatanidza mapoka okudzora hasha, faindi, uye nguva yejeri.
  • Tragtrank: Kushandiswa kukuru kwemirimo kwakafukunurwa neDEA kunoguma nemhosho dzehosho dzehurumende nemitsetse miduku inosungirwa.
  • Chirwere cheProfesi chePuromendi: Mukuru mukuru anoita unyengeri hwokuvanza chikwereti, achitarisana namakore mutorongo rehurumende uye mamiriyoni ari mufaindi, pamwe chete nokushaikwa kwemhindu muchiito chakafanana cheSC.

Cherekedza kuti mhaka zhinji dzoutsotsi dzinogonawo kuva hwaro hwekukwirira mhaka kwehurumende.

Kuitwa Kwepamutemo Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Kunzwisisa nyaya yacho kunobatsira kuti mutemo ushande pamwe chete uye kuti uite zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

Gadziriro Yapamutemo Yavagari Vemo

  1. [[FOM:0] Complant and quompons: Mupurisa anosaina nyunyuto inotaura hwaro hwapamutemo hwesutu nenyaradzo zvakatsvakwa. Kukumbira kunozivisa mupomerwi wemhosva.
  2. Responne: Mukwirirwi anoisa mhinduro (kupomera kana kuti kuramba pomero) uye angataura kuti anopesana.
  3. Throsa: Mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana mashoko, kubatanidza mapepa, zvikamu, uye kubvunzurudza. Kuvhura kuri kuvhura kwakafara uye kunogona mwedzi yapfuura.
  4. Mitambo:[ Mibato ingaisa miitiro yokudzinga, nokuti chisarudzo chokupfupikisa (kupa pasina gakava rechokwadi riripo), kana kuti kumanikidza kuwana.
  5. : Mukutonga kwebhenji (kutonga) kana kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, ufakazi hunopiwa. Mutongi anotakura mutoro wechiratidzo. Pashure pokugumisa nharo, mutongi kana kuti mutongi anopa chisarudzo.
  6. Zivi reZivi rePF: Varasikirwi vangakwirira kudare rapamusoro, vachiitisana nharo zvikanganiso zvomutemo kana kuti muitiro.
  7. [[FOLT:0] Kumanikidza: Kana mupurisa akahwina, vanofanira kuunganidza rutongeso kupfurikidza nebhiriji, nyengedzo, kana kuti mimwe mitoo (kana mukwirirwi asingabhadhari nokuzvidira.)

Kuparwa Kwemhosva

  1. [[FOL:0] Kuchengetwa kwoMutemo: kunounganidza ufakazi, bvunzurudzo zvapupu, uye kungawana magwaro okunzvera.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Arrest and Briting: Anonyumwirwa anoiswa muchitokisi, anobviswa mafingaidhi, uye anotorwa mifananidzo.
  3. Kuisa:[ Muchuchisi anonzvera ufakazi namafaira anopomera mhaka dzakarongwa (mashoko kana kuti mhaka yakaitwa nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwematsotsi).
  4. Kutonga:[ Mukwiri anoziviswa nezvepomero ndokupinda chikumbiro (mhosva, kwete mhaka, kana kuti makwikwi). Bail angarongwa.
  5. Nhungamiro dzePuremment Agement: Kudzivirira kungasainwa kuti kudzvinyirire ufakazi kana kuti kudzinga pomero dzakavakirwa pakuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo.
  6. Tsigiro: Kuchuchisa mhaka kunofanira kuzivisa ufakazi, kubatanidza ufakazi hupi nohupi hwokupa mhaka, nepo dziviriro ine misengwa yakaganhurirwa.
  7. : Vatongi (vanogona kuzivikanwa) vanonzwa nhau yacho. Kupomera kunopa ufakazi pakutanga, uye kuzvidzivirira kungapa zvapupu zvinoparirwa nearemine. Mukwirirwi anofungidzirwa kuva asina mhaka, uye muroveri wemhosva anofanira kubvumikisa kuva ane mhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo.
  8. Vict and Sentdict: Kana ikawanikwa ine mhaka, mutongo wakaparadzana wokutonga unosarudza chirango (mutorongo, faindi, faindi). Nhungamiro dzokudzosa dzingashanda.
  9. [[FT:0] Appals:[ Mukwirirwi angakwidza mhaka pazvikonzero zvapamutemo. Kuroverera mhaka kazhinji kazhinji hakugoni kukwidza kusunungurwa nemhaka yedziviriro dzinopetwa kaviri.

Miitiro yose iri miviri inogona kuva mirefu. Nhau dzevagari vomunyika dzinowanzopedzwa pamberi pokutongwa; mhaka dzoutsotsi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoguma nemhosho dzechibvumirano, apo mukwirirwi anoteterera ane mhaka duku mukutsinhana mutongo wakaderedzwa.

Nei Kudzidza Zviri Mumutemo Kuchikosha

Kusiyanisa mutemo wehurumende newematsotsi hakusi kungodzidza chete, asi kugona kunyora nokunyora kunobatsira vanhu kuziva kana vagumburwa, kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo, uye kushandisa matare.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako

Kuziva musiyano kunobetsera kuziva kuti rudzii rwechiito chapamutemo chokuronda. Kana uri nyajambwa wemhosva, haugoni kunyora mhaka iwe umene. Ndiro basa romuchuchisi (apo unogona kutanga dare ravagari vemo nokuda kwekuvadziko). Nenzira inopesana, kana uchipomerwa mhaka, unofanira kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inotakura mutoro weufakazi uye kuti une maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara uye kugweta. Mugakava rehurumende, une mutoro wokuwana ufakazi ndokubvumikisa mhaka yako.

Kunzwisisa Mapoka

Kubvuma kuti munhu ari mutsotsi kunogona kureva kurasikirwa norusununguko uye kunyadziswa zvachose; kutonga kwehurumende kunogona kukupedza mari asi hakuiti kuti uvharwe mujeri.

Kupinda Muupenyu Hwokuberekana

Kunyora zviri pamutemo kunobatsirawo vagari vemo kunzwisisa nyaya dzakakwirira dzinoshumwa munhau, kubva pamhosva dzemhosva kusvikira kumatare ehurumende anopomerwa makambani. Kunogonesa kutsinhirana nenyanzvi uye kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose. Uyezve, kunzwisisa nheyo dzemitemo kunogona kudzivisa kusanzwisisana nemitemo kana kuti mumabhizimisi.

Masangano akafanana ne [[Ntodzi] American Bar Association's Division for Public Education anogovera zviwanikwa zvokuvandudza kurava nokunyora pamutemo. Vagari vanobetserwa nokudzidza pamusoro pemiitiro yavo yedare yomunzvimbomo namarudzi enhau dzaanobata.

mhedziso

Mutemo wehurumende neweutsotsi imbiru mbiri dzetsika dzemitemo yeU.S., imwe neimwe ine zvinangwa zvakasiyana, miitiro, uye migumisiro. Mutemo wehurumende unopedza gakava rapachivande uye unogovera mishonga, nepo mutemo woutsotsi uchiranga mhaka munzanga uye uchitsigira nhevedzano yavose. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inheyo yezvokudzidza pamutemo kunosimbisa kudzivirira kodzero dzako, kuziva nguva yokutsvaka betsero yapamutemo, uye kubatanidzwa nenzira ine revo negadziriro yeruramisiro. Ungave uri mudzidzi, nyanzvi, kana kuti mugari wemo ane hanya, kuziva iyi kusiyana kunosimbisa mano ako okufamba zvakanaka nomutemo uye zvine musoro.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[FLT: 0] Peji yeCornell LII pamuitiro wavagari vemo ne U.S. inhungamiro yeDare rokuita nhau [.