Mavambo Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Miganhu Yokutanga Pahurumende

Kuedza kweAmerica muUniversity .Indaneti yakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuchengetwa. Chiziviso cheHumori, chakapinzwa muna 1776, chakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vakapiwa maruramiro asina kusiiwa, kubatanidza upenyu, rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwomufarwa. Uku kutaura kwakanga kusati kuri kunongova kusava nemhinduro bedzi; kwakavamba nheyo youzivi yokuti kuva nekodzero dzehurumende kunofanira kuwanikwa mukubvuma kwehurumende uye kuti hurumende ipi neipi inoputsa idzi kodzero dzomusikirwo ingachinjwa kana kuti kubviswa. Vabati veBumbiro remitemo remitemo, vanopesvedzerwa nekodzero dzeChiedza kujeketeruso sezvakaitwa naJohn Locke naBarsquie, yakagadzira gadziriro yokunzvera nedzidzwa kuti vadzivise simba rakanyanya. [FF]

Bill of Rights, yatendera muna 1791, yakadudza zvakajeka miganhu pasimba rehurumende. First Amendment yakarambidza kuita mitemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso kana kuti kudzorwa kworusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, kuungana, kana kuti chikumbiro. Gamende yeChina yakadzivirirwa pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Mitemo yeChibvumirano yeChitanhatu yaivimbisa muitiro wakafanira nemiedzo inoyera. Iyi dziviriro yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemitemo yeBritain, zvakadai semitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeBritain nokudzvinyirira kusawirirana. Bva, kubva pakutanga, idzi ganhuriro dzemitemo dzemitemo dzakashanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, dzichisiya rusununguko rwekodzero dzehurumende. Yaizotora hondo yevagari vemo nemheto yezvibvumirano zvehurumende inoteshina. Yaizotanga kushandisa Bill yekodzero dzekodzero dzehurumende kupfurikidza nedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yeBPUPTS.[FFFFF]

Hondo Yavagari Vemo Nokuvandudza: Kuderedza Ukama Pakati Pehurumende Nevagari

Chivil War (1861-1865) yakanga iri dare ramasimba masimba pamusoro penhau yokuti hurumende yehurumende yaiva nechiremera chokubvisa uranda uye kuvimbisa maruramiro makuru kuvanhu vose. Hondo imene yaimirira kukura kukuru kwesimba rehurumende(Rose Union yakasimudza mauto, yakaturika mauto, uye yakaita kuti Emancipation Proclation. Asi mugumisiro wehondo wakashatisa nhevedzano yemitemo. (150th Amendment (185) yakabvisa uranda nouranda pasina kuzvipira, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwoutsotsi. Handmmall (1868) Yakapa vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakarambidzwa munyika dzakavakirwa kubva mukunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvisina dziviriro mumutemo. Kuramba mutemo kunenge 1870 kwakarambidzwa.

Mukati mekugadziridzazve, hurumende yehurumende yakamanikidzira nokushingaira idzi maruramiro matsva avagari vemo kupfurikidza neChibvumirano chaCivil Rights cha186, Kudzorwa kwaMabasa a 1870 na 1871, uye kuvapo kwamauto ehurumende muSouth. Freedmen Bureau yehurumende yakabetsera yaichimbova vanhu vakaiswa muuranda kuvamba zvikoro, zvibvumirano zvemichato. Zvisinei, chipikirwa cheConsolation conjon chakashaywa nokukurumidza. Chisarudzo cheDare guru mu [[FLT: 0] Cases Casess (1873) [FOct3])] [FLT] yakazivisa bedzi kuva nehurumende inorambidza mabanza kana kuti Immubatanidzwa Claus of 147, inobvisa kunyange maruramiro adzoresaidzo inodzorwa mumitengo. Ipapo, anobvumira kuparadzwa namasimba masimba makuru echipoka, anopesana nesimba renyika duku duku. [[FFose]

Pakasvika mavambo ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, hurumende yehurumende yakanga yarega basa rayo zvikuru sedziviriro yamaruramiro avagari vemo, uye nyika dzokuMaodzanyemba dzakashandisa simba rinodokuva risina kudziviswa pavagari vemo veBlack. Lynchings, kuisa mhaka kusunungura, uye miitiro yezvemari inopa mhaka yehurumende haina kurangwa. Iyi nhambo yakaratidzira kuti kuganhurira simba rehurumende murondedzero hakuna kukwana jekisero kupfurikidza nebazu redare rehurumende neromukuru.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kupindira Kwekodzero Dzavanhu Kunonyandura

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960s yakamuka semhinduro yakananga kukundikano yegadziriro yapamutemo yapashure pasaizi yapamutemo kudzivirira maruramiro eAfrica. Vashandi vakashandisa nzira dzisina masimba masimba(vadhongi, vagari vapinzi, rusununguko, uye nhando huru dzechipo kuti vamanikidze hurumende kutarisana nomukaha pakati pezvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo uye kurarama. Sangano racho rakaita rukundo rwakatanhamara rwakawanda rwapamutemo rwakarondedzerazve miganhu yesimba rehurumende, zvikurukuru simba rehurumende rokusasarura.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakanga iri budiriro yokutanga huru. Dare rapamusoro rakabvumirana kuzivisa kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Kudzivirira kwe 144th Amend Amendment. Mutongi Earl Warren akataura kuti “zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzaniswa hazvina kuenzana.” Chisarudzo ichi chakadzongonyedza dzidziso ye “kamwe” kubva Platesyy uye akatumira shoko rine simba iro hurumende inoparadzanisa dzinza yakanga isina kubatana. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chakatarisana nokuramba kukuru. Kuramba kukuru. Kutungamirira ku“ Rock Rechi959" murentelligent [FFoted], apo Prezidhendi akaitwa kuti adzore kudare remauto kuti atsidzike mutemo wedare rehurumende.

Zviitwa zvesangano racho zvokutonga zvakanga zvine revo zvakafanana. Civil Rights Act ya 1964 yakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika mumabasa, pokugara voruzhinji, uye purogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Mutezo VII weChibvumirano wakatanga Ecult Compuality Commission (EOC). [[FLT:]] Vatting Rights Act of comment of controokition Act of revolution Active Commission(EOC). [[FLT] Act Act [F] Act yehurumende yomunzvimbomo] yakatambira mhinganidzo, dzakadai nokuyera muganhu wetsika kuvhoshonga.

Dr Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Tsamba inobva kuBirmingham Jail” yakataura chibvumikiso chetsika nechebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokusateerera kwavagari vemo:“ Munhu haana bedzi mutoro wapamutemo asi wetsika wokuteerera mitemo bedzi. Nenzira inopesana, munhu ane mutoro wetsika wokusateerera mitemo isati iri yakarurama.] Tsamba yaMambo inoramba iri dziviriro chaiyo yepfungwa yokuti apo hurumende inopfuura ganhuriro dzayo dzapamutemo, somuenzaniso [“chizebhendero) ine maruramiro okudzivisa. Kodzero dzechivoro chevoruzhinji pakupedzisira Hurumende inomanikidzira hurumende kuita sechekedzo pahurumende yokusasarura. Asi yaida chibayiro chouswa kwouswa kuti chishanyi chiite saizvozvo.

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha Zvokutonga: Kuremekedza Miganhu Yechiremera Chehurumende

Rusarudzo rwave rwuri nhandare yakakomba nokuda kwokukwikwidzana ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende pamusoro pekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kupfuura [[FLT: 0] Brown, zvinoitika zvinoverengeka zvechiratidzo zvakaumba nzwisiso yazvino uno yorusununguko rwomunhu nechiremera chehurumende.

Kodzero Yokuva Woga uye Yokuzvitsvakira Uchenjeri

Mu Griswold v. Connecticut (65), Dare rapamusoro rehurumende rakamisa mutemo unorambidza kushandiswa kwezvisarudzo zvevatano neroorano, kuwana maruramiro emitemo kukuva woga mu “penumbras] uye“kusarudza” kweChibvumirano cheRegly Rights. Ichi chisarudzo chakaganhurira simba rehurumende kupinda muzvisarudzo zvomunhu oga. Roe v. Wade [77][127:][FLT] [FT]]

Kuenzana Norusaruro

Mu Lovev. Virginia (1967)[FL:1], Dare rakakurira zvirambidzo zvehurumende paroorano yemadzinza akasiyana, richitaura kuti rusununguko rwokuroora ikodzero huru uye kuti kurongwa kwedzinza kunofanira kudzorwa norumano. Obergefell v. Hodges (2011) yakatambanudza mufungo iwoyo kuvaroorani vorudzi, ichitonga kuti kurambidza roorano panzvimbo imwe cheteyo kuputsa Mutengo wakafanira nedziviriro. Zvose zviitiko zvomugariro wechiremera wakaganhurirwa kurondedzera roorano munzira dzezvisingabvumiki. Nenzira yakafanana, [FLD] Lrannce v. [2005] [F]

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana

Pashure pokupfuudzwa kweChiratidzo cheKostation Act, Dare rakatanga kutsigira gadziriro dzaro. Mu South Carolina v. Kattenbach (66), Dare rakasimbisa kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rePrefera, richiidana kuti “chishamiso chehurumende asi chinoshanda. Kushandiswa kwesimba rehurumende kumanikidzira Hurumende kudzika muganhu we15. Zvisinei, mu Shelby County v. Raker (2013)[FLT], Dare rakadzika mutoo wokusarudza waishandiswa kutema kuti idzo dzoumbiso dzinoda kuteverwa, kubvisa nenzira inobudirira gadziriro iyoyo. Chiretwa chaJohn Roberts akanyora kuti kudzo yacho yakanga iri yakaresa basa uye “kudzorwa kwoudzodzodzo.

Dzimwe nhau dzinokosha dzinobatanidza Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), umo Dare rairangarira kuti kurambidza kweTitle VII paright kunobatanidza rusaruro rwevatano rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti mugariro wetransgender, kunowedzera dziviriro dzehurumende mubasa. Studifish for Fair Adgictss v. Harvard (2023), iyo yakaderedza dzinza raibvuma chiito chapareji chaidzo mukuvadziko yetsika, ichiganhurira mano ehurumende okushandisa rudzi sechinhu mudzidzo yavose. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza miganhuro chaiyoiyo yehurumende.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Mukodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kurwisana Kunopfuurira

Mazuva ano, nyaya dzinokosha dzakawanda dzinotaura nezvemagariro ari pakati pehurumende pakodzero dzevanhu dzakatokura kupfuura kare.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neperero Zvinosarudzwa

Kubvira Selby County, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inoisa zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota zvakasimba, ganhurira posi jnation, deredza nhambo dzokuvhota, uye nyorazve mitsetse yoruwa munzira dzinoderedza simba revoti vashoma. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa iyi mipimo inodzivisa kuvhota uye kuvimbisa chengeteko; vanorwisana nayo mitero yevhotera yezuva razvino uno yakagadzirirwa kudzvinyirira kudzorwa pakati pevoruzhinji napasi pechocho. [[FLT:] John Vocract Active Reactive Act [FL:] [FLT]] (inoiswa muDare reSarudzo) inodzosera pamutemo, asi yakadzoserazverwa kurwisana nemitemo.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero

.Obergefel na Bostock yakaratidzira rukundo rukuru, hondo itsva dzakamuka. Mitemo yehurumende inoronga transformder pwere. Yakadai sedzinorambidzwa kuva navarume, ganhuriro paChirevo, ganhuriro pamitambo yechikoro, uye miraudzo yokuti vadzidzisi “paburi napakuna vabereki [[FLT] vadzidzi kuvabereki] vapfuudzwa mumitengo mizhinji. Mitemo iyi inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhu yesimba remhuri netarisiro yezvokurapa. [[FGT]] [FLT:] Firence] yeChirevose Act [FLT] uye Hurumende dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoshariranwa, dzinopfumbira , zvinyorwa zvamatongedzero.[3]

Kutama Uye Kusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo

Muitiro wokubatanidza wazova nhandare huru yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kurambidzwa kwehurumende yokufamba kwaTrump (kunobatwa mu trump v. Hawaii (2017)) uye “kushivirira kwapashoma napaduku" kunotungamirira kuparadzana kwemhuri kwakava nokupfuudza ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende. Kupfuurira kwevamiririri vehurumende yeBhiden kwemipimo yakati yokunyoresa vatamisi kwakadenhwawo. Deferect Action for Childhoo Havigals (DACA) inorambira mumutemo, nematare achikwikwidza kana bazu redare rakaita simba rokudzivirira vatami vehurumende vakaunza vatami veU. Sazvinganzi. Nhau yezvinganzi dzehurumende yagona kubviswa panzvimbo inonziri panzvimbo dzehurumende (DCA)

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nechinjo Yamapurisa

Black Lives Confect, iyo yakawana utanhamari hwenyika pashure pokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020, yakanangidzira ngwariro pasimba ramapurisa neganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende. Nharo pamusoro pedziviriro dzinokwaniriswa (idzo vakuru vakuru vedziviriro dzesuturo dzevagari vemo) uye kushandiswa kweno "nopanknock" revolse", uye dare rehurumende ratungamirira kuidzo dzoruwa, dzakadai sezvirambidzo zvemitengo nezvinodikanwa zvemiviri. George Floyd Justice muPolicial Act yapfuura Home asi yakakundikana muDare. Panguva ino, Dare Rapamusoro rakapfuurira kukuva rakaganhuridzika maruramiro eChikamu cha1953 muzvinoitika zvakafanana nedziviriro zvinoshanda zvikuru. RGrand-VVF [2] [12] [2] uye FT]

Kubvisa Pamuviri Namaruramiro Okuberekazve

Chisarudzo chakabvisa dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende nokuda kwokubvisa pamuviri, kuchitungamirira kugadziriro yakaganhurirwa yemitemo yehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita kuti zvive pedyo nezvurudzo zvisaregeredzo, nepo dzimwe dzakasimbisa kusvika. Ikoku kwakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro peganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende: Ko nyika inogona kurambidza mugari wemo kubva pakufamba kuenda kune imwe nyika nokuda kwokubvisa pamuviri? Chingadzora kukura mishonga kupfurikidza netelehealth? Kudzorwa pamusoro penhau idzi kunoenderera mberi, uye basa rehurumende rinoramba risina kujeka. Chitendero cheMitengo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yakadenho inodenha dare, neDare gurusa kuti rirambe richibvumira kana kuti ripfuure kana kuti ripfuure mamiriro ezvinhu okuparadzirazve simba.

Basa Redzidzo Mukutsigira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Mugari wemo ane ruzivo anokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende rinodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Dzidzo iripowo mbiri yetsika neyakasarudzika(jekese iripo) inotapura vanhu maruramiro avo nerwisano dzenhau dzakavawanisa. Dzidziso yekodzero dzavagari vemo muzvikoro inowanzomutsa nharo. Nharo pamusoro perondedzero yedzinza yakakomba, project, uye mipimo yedzidzo inoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pokuti hurumende (kupfurikidza namapabhurogiramu echikoro nehurumende) inofanira kutapura izvo vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidza.

Masangano anoverengeka anoshanda kusimudzira dzidzo yehurumende nokuziva kodzero dzevanhu. Purogiramu ye Actives, yakavambwa neyaichimbova Mutongi weDare Gurusa Sandra Day O’Connor, inopa zvinhu zvapachena kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa gadziriro yehurumende uye kukosha kwezvokuongorora nokudzikamiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Southern Polity Law Center’s Teaching Conticence Purogiramu ye (zvino inonzi Kudzidza nokuda kweRuramisiti yeRumbidzo yeChizvarwa, kurwisana nekodzero dzechirungu, uye kupfuurira kurwira kuenzana. Izvi zvinobatsira vadzidzi kuti vaongorore kuti simba rehurumende rishandure nokusunungura vanhu.

Panzvimbo yeyunivhesiti, kosi mumutemo webumbiro remitemo, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye African American dzinonzvera ukama hunogadziridza pakati pechiremera chehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Inhionations dzakafanana ne American Libereties Union [American Livin Liberations] Union (ACLU) uye NAICP ESPA ESPAFFFFFF rovedza chizvarwa chinotevera chavatsigiri vepamutemo kupfurikidza negadziriro dzemitemo uye purogiramu dzesonganiso. Mibato yezivo yavose, mafirimu, mafirimu, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinoitawo basa mukudzidzisa maruramiro avanhu azvinoitirwa pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, sangano rekurongazve uranda nokuda kwebasa rouranda rakawana kupfurikidza namabasa edzidzo yehurumende, mibvunzo pamusoro penhau yehurumende pamusoro penhau dzenhau.

Kuvimbisana pakati pavanhu vaduku kwakawedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nemotokari dzavadzidzi dzinodzorwa, kunyoresa, uye kuita chiito mukudzora pfuti, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye ruramisiro yedzinza. Mibato iyi inoda nzwisiso yenzira yokukumbira nayo hurumende, kuronga kunyunyuta, uye kushandisa matare kudenha. Pasina dzidzo yakasimba pamusoro peganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende, vagari vemo vangasakwanisa kuziva apo ganhuriro idzodzo dziri kuputswa (/kana kuti nzira yokuita nayo kuti vakuru vakuru vazvipire.)

Mugumisiro: Chirongwa Chisina Kupedzwa

Murangariro wenhau pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende unoratidza kuti ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende hadzitongogumiswi zvechigarire. Kubva panguva yakavambwa kusimbiswa kwekodzero dzomusikirwo nokuparadzaniswa kwemasimba, kupfurikidza neHondo yeCivil neReconstruction kuedza kuvimbisa kuva neuwane, kukukwidziridzira kunobudirira kwechibvumirano chekodzero dzehurumende, uye muhondo dzenguva ino pamusoro pokuvhota, kuva woga, uye kuzivikanwa kwenhau kunotsamira pakunzwisisa zvikuru kunobatanidza rusununguko, asi kunoita kudaro zvisina kufanira uye kazhinji kazhinji nemhinganidzo. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kutarisana nomubvunzo wacho: Isimba rakawanda sei rinofanira kuva naro pamusoro poupenyu hwedu, uye simba iroro rinofanira kumira papi?

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mapfidzi mumiitiro yehurumende, uye zviito zveuswa zvose zvinoratidzira kukurukurirana kunopfuurira kweiyi muganhu. Chisarudzo chamaDobs chakachinja makore makumi mashanu echiratidzo; [ Shelby County]] Shountain [ kutonga kudzosa kuiswa kwekodzero dzokuvhota; uye nhau itsva dzakadai semwero yekutaura paIndaneti, kudzikamisa ungwaru, uye ruzivo rwokunzvera ruchamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende nechivande. Kurwisa kodzero dzavagari vemo vomunyika ibasa nesimba, kusingatongodivisi kungwari kunzwisiswa nedzidziso dzemitemo yehurumende inodzoro yenzanga inosarudzwa navanhu. Sezvinonyorwa na Louis Bernens Bhidhia “i ngozi huru, kukuva pachena mum.