Penjero Yegumi Negumi Neimwe Netapuro Yayo Yazvino Uno

Hurumende inoongorora nheyo yayo yepamutemo yeAndemily Amendment, yakanyoreswa muna 1795. Iyi dare rinopa kuti: “Simba remitemo reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kuti ripedzedzerwe kutsika ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kumira, rakatanga kana kuti kutongerwa kurwisana neimwe yeUnited States neVagarications of the State, kana kuti neVagaricates kana kuti neMitemo yeNyika Inomwe. [Imitengo] Mashoko ayo anooneka sematete / bedzi sututiss nepostfixsssss - restant [U.S.Dare Rapamusoro renguva refu rakadudzira kukwidzwa kwomutemo wakafara: mashoko anobviswa pasumo nedare rehurumende, pasineiwiriranwa nevagari vemo vomunyika dzose, kunze kwezvigaro kana kuti vogadzikwa nehurumende vadzorwi vakarurama.

Mumakumi amakore, uku kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu kwakatambanudzwa kuti kufukidze kwete chete nyika iyo imene asiwo “maoko [ma] enyika yacho."(masangano, uye masangano anoshanda zvinobudirira semitezo yenyika. Nokuda kwegadziriro dzoutano, kana nzvimbo ichikwaniriswa sechirongwa chehurumende pazvinhu zvakadai semwero wokudzora kwehurumende, manyuko okushandisa mari yayo, uye kana rutongeso pairi ruchabhadharwa kubva mupfuma yehurumende. Ona Cornell Legal Information Institute: Changamire Immuny nokuda kwokurangarira kwose.

Nzira Iyo Gadziriro Dzoutano Dzinodzorwa Nadzo neHurumende Dzinogona Nayo Mudzidziso YaChangamire Youngwaru

Gadziriro dzezvoutano dzehurumende dzinoita zvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana: zvipatara zvapayunivhesiti, madhipatimendi ehurumende outano ayo anobatira makiriniki, zvipatara zvomuruwa izvo zviri vamiriri vehurumende pamutemo, uye zvivako chaizvo zvakadai semisha yagara kwenguva refu kana kuti zvipatara zvendangariro. Mumativi mazhinjisa, aya masangano anorangarirwa kuva zvombo zvehurumende uye nokudaro anofarikanya dziviriro imwe cheteyo youtongi sehurumende imene. Varwi vanotsvaka kuakwirira nokuda kwokusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa, kuregeredza, kana kuti rufu rusina kururama naizvozvo vanotarisana nomubvunzo wokutanga: ko kose kose Hurumende yakatapukudzorwa kwayo nokuda kworudzi urwu rwokuzvitonga here?

Mhinduro yacho inowanzotsamira pagadziriro chaiyo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita zviito zvinobvumira kukwirira mhaka kunoitwa nesangano rehurumende asi dzichiisa zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvetsika (zvakadai sokunyora chiziviso chezvatinenge tataura muhwindo pfupi, kuganhurira zvirango, uye kurayira kuti mhaka yacho inzwiwe mudare chairo (sedare rokutaura). Dzimwe nyika dzinoramba dziri pedyo nedziviriro yedziviriro yevatarisiri vezvoutano vevoruzhinji, dzichisiya vanyajambwa vasina mushonga upi noupi wehurumende.

Musiyano Mukuru: Changamire weHurumende

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti nepo hurumende yehurumende ine dziviriro yayo imene yapamutemo (yakaiswa murutivi neFederal Tort Antiontes Act), kuzvidzivirira kwoutongi imhinganidzo yakaparadzana uye kazhinji kazhinji yakasimba zvikuru. Deminderlinement yeAndeminth inoshanda bedzi kuhurumende, kwete kuhurumende yehurumende. Uyezve, hurumende dzinogona kudzivirira matare avo vamene ehurumende senhau yemitemo, yakasununguka paEdentith Amendment. Nokudaro, chipatara chinokwidza chipatara chehurumende mudare rehurumende chingatarisana nedziviriro dzose dziri mbiri dzemitemo yemitemo nehurumende.

Kuparadzaniswa naChangamire weHurumende Mukuchengetwa Kwoutano

Pasinei zvapo nenhoo yakafara, varavi pane dzimwe nguva vanogona kukurira kudzivirirwa kwesimba mumumwe weidzi nzvimbo nhatu dzinozivikanwa.

Hurumende kana kuti Waiver

Nyika dzingazvidira kudzivirira zvirwere nokuisa mutemo kana kuti nokuzvibata kwadzo (chirevo, kutenga inishuwarenzi yokudzivirira njodzi inobvumira zvakananga kuti itevedzerwe).

  • Code yeHurumende 76 810 et seq. – mvumo dzinorwisana namasangano avanhu nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinoparirwa ne “mugariro une ngozi wezvinhu zvavose” uye namabasa anoregeredza avashandi, anodzorwa nenhambo yemwedzi mitanhatu uye kukuvadza makepisi.
  • Dare reNew York reZvitatiso - Bvumira kutaura pamusoro pezvipatara zvinobatira hurumende, asi bedzi muDare reMazita; kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi hakuwaniki, uye kukuvadza pakutaura kwakati kunobviswa.
  • TEXAS Act – Waves as resocial acts for theopss yaparirwa nokushandiswa kwokuregeredza kwemotokari kana kuti midziyo, asi anochengetedza dziviriro nokuda kwezvirongwa zvizhinjisa zvokusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa zvinorwisana nenzvimbo dzehurumende yvuremu (zvisingawanzoviki zviripo nokuda kwezvipatara zveyunivhesiti

Nemhaka yokuti vanyengeri vanongotorwa sevanhu vasingadi kuudzwa, vaongorori vanofanira kunyatsopa mutongo wacho mitsetse kuti vaone kana zvavari kutaura zviri pachena.

2. Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzinotaurwa Pasi pa 42 U.S.C. 76 1983

Congress, kupfurikidza neChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChikuru cheChibvumirano cheChikuru cha1871 (chinosimbiswa pana 42 U.S. 764), inobvumira sututi mukurwisana no “mukoma” upi noupi uyo, muruvara rwomutemo, anonyima munhu mumwe nomumwe kodzero dzehurumende kana kuti dzemitemo. Dare Gurusa reMiniversal rakachengetwa mu [[FLT:].Michigan yeScouting Police[[[FL:1]], 491], U. 581 (19989), iro rinotaura kuti “vadziridziri pasi ponurongeri na58, asi vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakabatira musimba ravo reyamuro muyamuro inogamuchirwa mu [FLT] rutivi rwechiwiro yezvipo [FLT] [FF] [F] [FT] [3] [190]) inobvumira kuratidzira kubetsera kubetsera kupfurikidza nechirango chirango chezviito chemu chisiri chepamutemo. (951] Chirairo) chinopiwa chezvisasharo chapamutemo.

Zvisinei, 76 1983 haibvumidzi kuvadziko dzinotaura pamusoro pehurumende kana kuti masangano ayo zvakananga. Kuti awane yamuro yemari, mupurisa anofanira kududza mukuru mukuru musimba rake romunhu oga (uyo angasimbisa kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa) kana kuti kuratidzira kuti hurumende yakakuvadza nenzira inoshanda dziviriro yezvitokisi zvebumbiro-mitemo. Ona DOJ Covil Rights Division: 42 U.S.C. 76

3. Kubvisa Zvibvumirano

Hurumende ingakurira dziviriro yehurumende apo inoita pasi peChikamu 5 cheInith Amendment kusimbisa bvumirano dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro dzokuvakwa kweAmerica neUniversity Act (ADA) neRehabilitation Act zvakatsigirwa sezvinoshanda mune dzimwe nguva, zvichibvumira zvipfeko nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinokuvadzwa nehurumende [1] kubatanidza hurumende yezvoutano (kubatanidza ADHBIIII inobvumikisa kuva norusaruro rwemaune. [[FL:0]] Board of Trustees of University of Alabamav. Garret[FLD:1], 351] U. (2001) [51] (inotema ADHITA IHITA IBBKS, asi uchibva pasuose pasuose reTitletlet). NHAV] NHAVS] NHAV]

Zvisinei, kuderedza hakuna kudzikira; mutungamiriri anofanira kuratidza kuti Congress akaratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yayo kukuvara uye kuti kubvisa kwacho kwakakodzera uye kunowirirana nokuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Zvinovapo Uye Zvinoshanda

Kunyange apo kusiiwa kunoratidzika kuva kunoshanda, kurwisana negadziriro youtano yehurumende chitapano dzechienzi.

Cherechedza Zvinodikanwa Zvokutaura

Nyika zhinji dzinoda vazivi vanobvira kunyora chiziviso chapamutemo chezvavanotaura mukati menhambo pfupi(kazhinji kazhinji 30 kusvikira ku 180) pashure pekuvadziko. Kukundikana kuwirirana kunouraya sutu, pasinei zvapo nezvakanaka. Chiziviso chacho chinofanira kuva nerondedzero yekuvadziko, musi nenzvimbo, uye chitsama cherasikidzo chitsvakwa. Chinodikanwa ichi chinomanikidzirwa chose chose, uye matare haatongobvumiri kukuvadzwa kwakarurama nokuda kwokusaziva mutemo.

Kudzivirira Changamire Sedziviriro Yechishoro

Nemhaka yokuti kudzivirira dziviriro inhau yehurumende, kunogona kumutswa padanho ripi neripi redare, kunyange pashure porutongeso rwapanguva dzose. Hurumende inogonawo kufadza murairo wokudzivisa dziviriro mudzidziso yokuronga, kunonotsa zvinoitika kwemwedzi kana kuti makore. Ona P.S. v. Department of State Health Services, chisarudzo chazvino uno cheTexas chinoratidzira kuti dziviriro yapamutemo inogona sei kudzora chipatara chavose.

Kukuvadza Nokusakwanisa Kudzora Mishonga

Apo kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwehurumende kunoitwa netort kutaura, kazhinji kazhinji kunoisa makepisi pakuvadziko dzinoda kukuvadzwa (80,000 000 000). Uyezve, kurashikirwa kunenge kusingawaniki munyika yose mukurwisana namasangano ehurumende. Juries ingavawo inosarura mukutsigira masangano avose, uye hurumende inogona kushandisa pfuma yayo huru kuisa dziviriro inopfuurira. Magweta amaPlaints anofanira kuyera nokungwarira kunaya kunobvira mukurwisana nendyiko dzemari.

Kubatana Kwakakodzera Nokuda Kwevaidzivirira Mumwe Nomumwe

Kana mupurisa akasundira mushandi wehurumende (munzveri, mukoti, mutarisiri) musimba ravo rokuparadza mari, mukwiridziri angasimbisa kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa. Iyi dziviriro inodzivirira vakuru vakuru pamhosva kutoti vakaputsa maruramiro akasimbiswa zvakajeka emitemo kana kuti ebumbiro remitemo ayo munhu ane mufungo angadai akaziva. Mumugariro woutano, kudzivirirwa kwakakodzera kunodzivirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoparapa mishonga vanoita zvisarudzo zvechikamu chiduku, kunyange apo zvisarudzo izvozvo zvinotungamirira kukuvadziko ine ngwavaira. Chisaruvanze chapamhiko chapamhe chinokura chinokwaniriswa chinotoita kuti ichi chive chiteshi.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwenyika Nokuwedzera Kwetsika

Changamire anodzivisa kubatwa nehosha inhau yezvose zviri zviviri mutemo webumbiro remitemo nemutemo wehurumende, kuchitungamirira kumhatsa inokosha mumativi ose.

Mitemo Nemawaiver Akafara

Florida, Georgia, neWashington dzakaita zviito zvinonzwika zvokuti zvikurukuru kudzivirira kurapwa kunoparira kusashanda zvakanaka pahurumende [1] Somuenzaniso, Changamire Immuniny Sigmentte (Fla Stat. 7668.28) inobvumira kutaura kuti inosvika ku $20 000 pamunhu mumwe uye $30,000 pachinoitika chimwe, nokubvira kwokutaura kwemitemo nokuda kwezvisakafanira. Somuuyo, kurwisana negadziriro dzoutano dzeyunivhesiti dzeFlorida kwakapararira zvikuru.

Nyika ine Narrow kana kuti Hapana Waivers

Mukupesana, zvinotaura kufanana neWest Virginia neSouth Carolina zvinochengeta kudzivirira kwakakwana kuzvipatara zvavose. Munzvimbo dzakadaro, kutora tarisiro bedzi kungava kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo pasi pa 76 1983 kana kuti sutu inorwisana nachiremba wezvoutano somunhu mumwe nomumwe (kana ivo vakaregeredza musimba risiri rehurumende). Kushaikwa kwomuvengi kunogona kuparira kusagadzikana kukuru: murwere akakuvadzwa pachipatara chakavanzika angaporazve mamirioni, nepo murwere ane kuvadziko dzakafanana pachipatara chehurumende inobhadhanyirwa angasawana chinhu.

Zvinoitika Munguva Ichangobva Kupfuura Mumatare

Matare akati kuti ehurumende akakurukura misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kuti matare eruwa anodzivirira zvirwere zveutano anoshanda sei pamasangano ezvoutano ayo anogamuchira mari yehurumende pasi peMedicare kana kuti Medicaid. Mutunhu we115, somuenzaniso, wakaitirwa mu Benett v. University of Alabama Health Services Foundation[[[FLLD] [20] [20] [20]) akatonga kuti gadziriro youtano yepayunivhesiti yavose haina kurasikirwa neyamubatanidzwa nokungogamuchira mari yehurumende. Munguva ino, Sunday Sunday Frity mu Harper v. Department of Health Ser Services and Homess [FLtments:2] [202] kuti gadziriro yezvoutano yehurumende yeMalcriccirecrecrecrec anoshanda bedzi kumiteat, kwete kuiotiogn.

Mazano Anoshanda Kumapofu Nezvipfeko Zvawo

Danho 1: Ziva Kuti Murevereri Aiva Murwiri Wehurumende Here

Hachisi chipatara chiri chose chine “ruwa” muzita racho chinokwanirisa sesangano rehurumende. Gadziriro dzinoshanda, mabhodhi anozvimirira, uye kuzvifadza zvinogona kuita kuti nzvimbo ive“ mubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika” panzvimbo pesangano rehurumende. Zvikamu zvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji zvine mitemo yakaparadzana inodzivirira. Kuongororwa kwokungwarira kwezvirongwa zvokudzora uye zvokutsigira mari kunokosha.

Danho 2: Ziva Vavengi Vanokwezva

Ongororawo mirau ipi neipi yehurumende inoreva kuti ingaita, gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye nhau ipi neipi yemitemo. Tsvakai nokuda kwokusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa, uye nzverai kana hurumende yakatenga inishuwarenzi yechikwereti (inowanzova inodzivisa kudzivirirwa kumiganhu). Uyewo nzverai mitemo ipi neipi yehurumende ingadzivisa utachiona (zvikurukuru, Emergency Medical Atcipment and Act Act, EMTALA, yakachengetwa kuti ive chisakiso chehurumende chechinhu chinodzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu enyika mune mamwe matunhu).

Nhano 3: Edza Nenzira Yakananga Nezvinodikanwa

Kana aripo muparadzi, tevera mitemo yose yetsika kutsamba. Tumirai tsamba inoziviswa, chengeta marisiti, uye kubatanidza chinhu chiri chose chinodikanwa nomutemo. Kana mutemo uchida kuva wechokwadi pasi pokupika, wana affidavit. Rurema rumwe rwemichina rwakadai sokunonoka zuva rimwe kana kuti kukundikana kunyora chitsama chakakwana chezvirango.

Danho 4: Sarudza Dzimwe Nheyo Dzisina Kunaka

Kana kuyamura kwakananga kwapaArt kwakarambidzwa, rangarira kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo (muchib., kusakendenga kwamaune mupasi peRefendment yeSendrey kana kuti ye14 yevarwere vakapinzwa muvasungwa kana kuti varwere vakapinzwa nechikakavara) kana kuti kutaura pasi peADA, Rehabilitation Act, kana kuti Afforditable Care Act yegadziriro isati iri yemagiramu. Uku kutaura kwehurumende kunowanzopukunyuka dziviriro yedziviriro yapamutemo nemhaka yokuti vanozorora pamusangano kana kuti Kuregovererwa kwaro [[FLT]]]

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pamitemo inoramba iri mhinganidzo inotyisa zvikurusa mukurwisana negadziriro dzehurumende dzezvoutano. Midzi yayo yekare yebumbiro remitemo yakasimbiswa namakumi amakore ewedzero yokutonga, ichisiya mapoka ane makwara matete enzira nekanhu, sutus, kana kuti dare rekodzero dzevagari vemo, kana kuti kuchinja kwechinjo kwechikamu chezvokuzviisa pasi pemitemo. Kuda kuwirirana nokuzvidira nokuzvidira kwezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Nemhaka yezvokutsvaka ruramisiro pashure pekuvadziko yezvokurapa, nzvimbo yepamutemo inoda zano rapakuvamba, rapamutemo. VaPractiverictious vanofanira kuramba vari pedyo nemitemo inochinjirwa nemitemo nenhau yehurumende, sezvo kuchinja kuduku kwedzidziso yemitemo inodzivirira kugona kuchinja zvikuru kuwanikwa kweyamuro yeyamuro yeyamuro yeyamu yehurumende. Pakupedzisira, dzidziso yacho inoratidzira kuoma zvikuru pakati pehurumende yehurumende inotonga pamutemo, uye kupfuurira kudzorwa kwemitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FT:1] Cornell LII kupeta-pfugama kwechaungatonga chapamutemo uye project ye [[FLT]Oyez] Project yenhau dzeDare rapamusorosoro pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwechaunga chapamutemo muutano.