Kuchinja Kwokutanga Nezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga: Kugadzirwa Kwapamutemo Kwazvino Uno

First Amendment inomira sechinhu chinokosha chehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nevanhu, ichidzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokubudisa nhau, rwokuungana, uye rwokukumbira. Asi kushanda kwayo kutsika dzemakombiyuta ne(makombiyuta) kunzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga(jeri) yakamutsa kurukurirano huru yepamutemo nenzanga. Masangano anokurukurirana avanhu achinja matauriro edu, kuronga, uye kushandisa mashoko, asi mitemo inodzora kutaura munzvimbo idzi inosiyana zvikuru nedziya dzinoitwa nevanhu vemagamuchidzanwa. Nyaya inopa kuongororwa kwakajeka kuoneka kuti masangano okuchinja zvinhu nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, inoongorora magadzirirwo enhau dzepamutemo dzinoumba magariro epaIndaneti, uye inopa nhungamiro inoshanda nokuda kwevashandisi iyi nzvimbo inochinja.

Kuchinja Kwokutanga: Mavambo Nenheyo Dzemitemo

Chinorangarirwa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, First Amendment inotaura kuti "Konfera haisati ichizoita mutemo... inoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwokugadziridza mhesvo. ” Mumazana amakore, matare eU.S.S. akadudzira ichi chirambidzo kuti chishande kwete bedzi kuDare asi kumativi ose ehurumende pamwero yose. Kugadziriswa kwacho kunosimbisa maruramiro makuru okubudisa pasina kupindira kwehurumende, kunyange ayo asingafarirwi, anomutsa nharo, kana kuti anodenha.

Chisarudzo cheDare guru chakarondedzera ukuru hwekutaura kwakadzivirirwa. Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], Dare rakaramba kuti kutaura kwechimbichimbi kwaigona kuganhurirwa bedzi kana kuchinyandura "chiito chokusatonga.] New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964], Dare rakasimbisa dziviriro dzetsoropodzo dzezviverengero zvavose. Mu [FLT:]] Chinoumba [[FLT]] chisakiso chekudzora kutyorogoga.[FLT] muw'.[FLT][FFLD:5] [20]]

MaTV Enzanga Senzvimbo Yavose Yazvino Uno

Zvikamu zvemasangano enzanga zvakadai seFacebook, X (yaimbonzi Twitter), Youtube, naTik Tok zvava zvakaenzana nenzvimbo dzemataundi, umo mamiriyoni anoungana kuti agoverane pfungwa, nhau, uye pfungwa. Iyi fanano yakakumbirwa nevose vari vaviri nokuda kwedziviriro huru yematauriro paIndaneti uye nevaya vanotaura kuti mabumbiro anofanira kuva nengozi. Zvisinei, chokwadi chepamutemo ndechokuti madhipatimendi aya haasi masangano ehurumende. Makambani ava makambani ega ebasa uye masangano avo.

Musiyano pakati pevatambi vehurumende nevomunhu oga wakakomba. Chibvumirano cheFirst Amendment chinorambidza bedzi chiito chehurumende chinodzivisa kutaura. Kana kambani yesociation ichibvisa post, inomisa mushandisi, kana kuti kugadziridza maatomu ayo kuti awedzere kana kuti adzvinyirire zvimwe zvinhu, haisi kutyora Pendement Yokutanga (nokuti kambani yacho haisi hurumende. Dare reProfeta rapamhene rasimbisazve nheyo iyi. Somuenzaniso, [FLT: 0]] Mantat Community Acce Corp. v. Halleck[FLD]), (20:9), Dare rakatonga kuti mushandi wepatomupi wevoruzhinji haisi mutambi, kunyange zvazvo yakagovera chiganiso nokuda kwokutaura. Uku kurangarira kwechigaro chamagaro, zvinoshanda kumasangano enzanga panzvimbo dzavose.

Vamwe vanoenzanisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nevanhu vanotakura zvinhu zvavo, kufanana nemakambani anotakura runhare, ayo anodikanirwa kuti aendese zvose zvinobatanidzwa zviri pamutemo pasina kusarura. Vamwe vanotaura kuti vanofanira kubatwa sevaparidzi, vane mutoro wemashoko avanopa.

Platform: Chikamu 230 Chinoumba Sei Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Hapana kukurukurwa kweFirst Amendment neInternet kwakakwana pasina kunzvera Chikamu 230 cheChibvumirano cheNhevedzano yeChibvumirano chePunionts cha1996. Mutemo uyu wehurumende unogovera dziviriro mbiri dzinokosha kumabasa ekombiyuta anoshandiswa nevenzanga (kubatanidza zvikamu zvesocial media): (1) havabatwa se "publischer kana kuti mukurukuri" wemashoko anopiwa nemapoka echitatu, uye (2) havadziviriviriki panjodzi dzevagari vemo nokuda kwokubvisa kana kuti kuganhurira kusvika kuzvavanogona kurangarira kuti "zvinei, zvinyadzi, zvinonyangadza, zvine tsvina, zvine masimba, zvine masimba, kana kuti zvimwe zvisingafadzi. ” Muchidimburo, 230 vanopa vose vari vaviri nhoo yedziviriro pamatare anoshandiswa panzvimbo dzevashandi) uye munondo (kuvabvumira kuti vazvigadziswe pachena).

Mutemo wakagadzwa mukati mamazuva apakuvamba eInternet kukurudzira kukura kwenzanga dzepaIndaneti uye kubvumira zvikuva kumapurisa kuti zvisave nomutoro wapamutemo wechinhu chose chinoiswa. Muuyo wave uri wekubudirira kwezvisimwa zvinoiswa navashandisi uye kukura kwemasangano makuru anofambidzana. Zvisinei, Chikamu 230 chakatsoropodzwawo nokuda kwokupa simba rakawanda zvikuru rokuumba hurukuro yavose pasina kuzvidavirira. Vatsoropotedza vanobva kumativi ose ari maviri okuruboshwe neorudyi vakadana chinjo, kunyange zvazvo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana: mamwe maplatifomu anoda kuita zvakawanda kuti arwise kubvisa idition nokuvenga, apo vamwe vanopikisa kusasarura mirangariro yavose.

Chikamu 230 hachisati chichiregerera zvikamu zvedare pamutemo wehurumende weutsotsi, kutaura kwezvitoro zvemari, kana kuti kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende yakavanzika. Hachidzivisiwo vanoshandisa kunzi vanofanirwa nenzvimbo dzavo vamene. Mutemo unoshanda bedzi kunzvimbo dzechikuva senhevedzo. Zvirevo zvenhau zvazvino uno zvakaedza miganhu 230, kubatanidza Gonzalez v. Googlec LLC [2023], apo Dare rapamusoro rakarangarira kana iwe Twebe's realgalm yakaitwa kurukurirano yakadzivirirwa pasi peChikamu 230. Dare pakupedzisira rakadzivisa murairo wakafara, uchisiya mutemo wakakwana. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzvinyiriro kushandura chikamu 230 inoramba yakakomba, uye kugadziridza kukuru kwoukama hwenzanga pakati penzanga nenhau.

Kugutsikana Nemwero uye Kuchinja Mhosva

Mitemo inorambidza kunetsa vanhu, kuvenga, mashoko asina kururama, kunyandura chisimba, uye mabasa asiri epamutemo. Zvakananga zvinosiyana nezvikuva, asi zvikamu zvinozivikanwa ndezvokuti zvirongwa zvinochengeta kodzero yokubvisa zviri mukati uye kumisa kana kuti kurambidza nhau dzinoputsa mitemo yazvo. Uku kuva nomwero haisi nhau yePendekosti yePremendi Yokutanga mupfungwa yepamutemo, asi inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pebasa remakambani emunhu oga mukudzora hurukuro yavose.

Muitiro wemwero wegutsikano unoshamisa zvikuru uye hauwirirani. Zvikamu zvinotsamira pamubatanidzwa wegadziriro dzinogadzirwa nemhizha dzavanhu kuti zvione kuputswa. MaSarevori angaiswa mukati makavakirwa pamashoko anokosha, mitoo yokuvimbisana, kana kuti mishumo yoga yoga. Zvisinei, aya masangano haana kukwana, kazhinji kazhinji anotungamirira kukunyanyova nomuromo wapamutemo kana kuti kudzorwa kupesana nezviri mukati zvinokuvadza. Mwero wemwero wemwero unokatyamadza: Facebook and Istagram yoga inobvisa makumi amamirioni ezvidikaidzwa nokuda kwokuputsa mitemo yawo.

Deplatforming(chiito chokurambidza zvechigarire mushandisi kana peji pachiteshi) chazova muitiro unokakavadzana zvikuru. profile-high ideplatform, yakadai souya waichimbova Purezidhendi Donald Trump pashure pemhirizhonga yeTangeri 6 Capitol, yakatanga gakava rinonyandura. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti zvikuva zvine kodzero (nemutoro) yokubvisa vanhu vanonyandura masimba masimba masimba kana kuti vanoparadzira mashoko ane ngozi. Vashori vanotaura kuti kunyaradza manzwi uye kuisa pfungwa kunyanyisa mumaoko emakambani mashoma ezvo. Nepo izvi zviito zvisingaputsigiridzi Chechi yokutanga nemhaka yokuti zvinoitwa nesangano rehurumende, zvinokanganisa utano hwose hwehurukuro yavose.

Kushandiswa kwemaatomu kuti zvive nomwero. Zvirongwa zvemaatomu kuti zviwedzere kuvimbisana kwoushandisi, kazhinji kazhinji kutangira kuisa pfungwa panzvimbo imwe kana kuti kumutsa nharo. Izvi zvinogona kuva nomugumisiro wokuwedzera manzwi akati paanenge achidzvinyirira mamwe, kunyange pasina kupindira kwakananga kwevanhu. Chiteshi cheFirst Amendment hachidzoreri zvisarudzo zvemitemo, asi migumisiro yokutaura pachena ndeyechokwadi. Vatsvakurudzi vakabatanidza maatomuki kuti kupararira kwemashoko enhema, kupararira, uye kusabatana kwematongerwe enyika. Semugumisiro, vamwe vagadziri vemitemo uye vatsigiriri vemitemo vanoongororwa kana zvikamu zvichifanira kudiwa kuti vazivise kana kuti vagadzirise magirabhuro avo kuti vaderedze kuvadziko.

Maganhu Epamutemo: Kupokanidzana Kwemazuva Ano Nenyaya Dzedare

Nyaya yemitemo iri kukurumidza kugadziriswa uye kubviswa kwenyaya dzakawanda uye kurongwa kwemitemo zviri kuderedza miganhu yekutaura paIndaneti.

Mitemo Yehurumende Inodzikamisa Kudzikama

Muna 2021, Florida neTexas dzakapa mitemo yakananga kumisa izvo zvigaro zvavo zvinorangarira servetic shornomora kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvesocial intercom. Mitemo yeSB 7072 yaFlorida yaida zvikuva zvose kuti igovere mashoko kubva kuvadaviri vezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuarambidza kubva mukuvadzi vomugariro wePurogramme. HB 20 yakarambidza zvivako zvokugadzira magadzirirate pahwaro uye yaida kuti zvizivikanwe pachena. Mitemo yose inoshorwa namapoka ezvoruzivo rwenzvimbo dzebhizimisi panzvimbo dzokugadziridza dzidzo yokutanga, ichiramba kuti zvikuva zvine maruramiro okunyora zviri mukati savaparidzi.

Mu ne-NetChoice v. Paxton [2022], Dare Gurusa rakabvumira pakuvamba mutemo weTexas kubatira apo yaipfuurira, asi gare gare rakabvuma kuhwirudzura nhau yacho. [ Moody] v. Nethoice[[FLT] [2002] [2024] [2024] Dare rakabudisa chisarudzo chinokosha, richiita kuti mitemo inoganhurira mwero yechikuva sezvingabvira iputse Hurumende Yokutanga. Dare rakasimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvezvibatiso pamusoro pezviri mukati , uye nzira yazvinoita nayo kuti zvive zvakadzivirirwa. Chisarudzo chakazvidzivirira chapagadziro chePuriteji chenyika chavanhu chapachivanze, kunyange zvazvo zvichiitwa nedare rakashama zvikuru.

Nguva Yemberi Yechikamu 230

Congress yakarangarira ataurazve asi yakakundikana kupfuudza chiI Chikamu 230. Zvikamu zvakatsaukana kubva pa mira CSAM Act (yakaiswa pachinhu chokubata vana zvisina kufanira) ku [[FLT:] ARN] Act[[[FLT]]] ART[[FLT]] ART [[[FLT]]] REPART [inoda kuti zvikamu zvirimo zvisakafanira uye mabasa ebasa anoitwa nenzira inoitwa nenzira isati iri yapamutemo). Kupesana kwacho kunotowedzera kuoma nezvinotemwaradzikiswa nomutemo upi noupi kuti ubvise puro inodzo yakatetete vhuro yehurumende.

Mhosva Dzedare Panyaya Yokubatanidzwa Kwehurumende uye Dzezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Nzvimbo yakaparadzana asi inowirirana yomutemo yakawana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kumanikidza zvikamu zvemasangano enzanga kubvisa zviri mukati pasina kuputsa First Amendment. Mu Missouri v. Biden[2023], dare reruwa rakawana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru veGwaro reWhite House vakanga vamanikidza zvikuva zvokudzvinyirira kuti vadzvinyirire kutaura kwechiCovertimendi / 19 nenho yejekiseni zvakapikiswa, kuputsa kodzero dzeFirst Amendment. Mhaka yacho iri pakukwidza, uye Dare gurusa ringapedzisira ratongeta. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewo apo hurumende inodarika muganhu wekutenderwa kupwisa mutemo unobvumirwa kubvisa kumanikidza. Iyi nhau inosimbisa kuti Kechipiri [FF:]

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Kuvashandisi

Kunzwisisa mitemo inokosha, asi vanoshandisawo nzira dzinoshanda dzokudzivirira kodzero dzavo voshandisa mitemo inowanzovhiringidza yezvinobudisa nhau.

  • Ziva kuti kutaura norusununguko hakurevi kusvika kwakasununguka. Mfutunuro Yokutanga inokudzivirira pakunzvera hurumende, kwete mumitemo yechikuva chako chapachadenga. Kana zviri mukati mako zvikabviswa kana kuti nhauro yako yakamiswa, chikuva chiri mukati mekodzero dzacho chero bedzi chisiri kuita munhungamiro yehurumende.
  • Rava uye nzwisisa mipimo yebasa nenhungamiro dzenzanga. Chikuva chimwe nechimwe chine mitemo yacho chimene. Kusaziva iyi mitemo hakusi dziviriro. Zvijairanei umene nokutaura kunorambidzwa (somuenzaniso, muitiro waTwitter mukurwisana nokunetswa kana kuti mitemo yeYouTube pamusoro penhema dzezvokurapa.
  • Pasi pekodzero dzako dzokukwirira. Zvikuva zvizhinjisa zvinogovera mutoo wezvisarudzo zvemwero zvinofadza(*) kubvisa kwokusafadza, kurova, kana kuti kunyora mashoko. Shandisa izvi zviteshi kana udavira kuti chikanganiso chaitwa. Tsvaka nhau yako nemifananidzo netsananguro.
  • Funga zvimwe zvikuva. Kana usingabvumirani nomufambiro wechikuva womwero, wakasununguka kutamira kune rimwe basa. Urongwa hwenzanga hwakaisvonaka (mutodho, Mastodon, Blusky) hunopa zvimwe zvinotsiva nemienzaniso yakasiana - siana yehurumende.
  • Ziva kuongororwa nehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo First Amendment ichidzivirira kutaura kwako parambidzo yehurumende, haidzivisi hurumende kuongorora nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nevemagariro avanhu. Masangano anodzikamisa mutemo anogona kushandisa mativi ako avose soufakazi pasina kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo.
  • Gara uchiziva nezvechinjo dzepamutemo. [FLT] Hurumende dzose dziri kukurukurirana nokushingaira mitemo inotapura kutaura kwepaIndaneti. Kutevera masangano akadai se Extonic Foundation uye [FLT]] ACLU[ kunogona kukubetsera kuramba wakagadziridzwa pamusoro penzira iyo chinjo dzinokarakadzwa dzingatapura nayo maruramiro ako.

mhedziso

First Amendment inoramba iri dziviriro inokosha pahurumende inonyengera, asi kushandiswa kwayo kuzvinhu zvinobudisa nhau kwenzanga kunojekeswa uye kunochinja nguva dzose. Zvikuva zvavanhu zvine rusununguko rwakafara rwezviri mukati zvine mwero, nemhaka yokududzirwa kwedare reFirst Amendment uye dziviriro dzeChikamu 230. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kutanga hondo dzemitemo pamusoro pemitemo yemwero yehurumende, kumanikidza kwehurumende, uye utongi zviri kuderedza zvinoreva kutaura norusununguko muzera remichina.

Kuvanhu vanoshandisa, chinokosha kuziva kuti kutaura paIndaneti kunodzorwa nemitemo yepamutemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano zvemunhu oga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute uye SCOTBlog nokuda kwokugadziridza panhau dzinowirirana dzeDare Gurusa.