Kuchinja Kusingaperi Kwekutonga Kwedare Pakodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nemhosva Dzinoitwa Nedare

Kuchinja kwemitemo yedare pakodzero dzevanhu uye mitongo yepamutemo ibwe rekona remitemo yeAmerica. Kubvira pamazuva okutanga eRepublic kusvikira kumirau yeDare Repamusorosoro, zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvakaumba zvikurukuru kurongwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu oga, dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, uye dare chairo rekodzero dzenzanga. Zviratidzo izvi hazvingotsananguri mitemo; zvinorondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende, zvichiwedzera kana kuti kunyoresa mwero werusununguko rwomunhu oga, uye zvinogadza nheyo dzinotungamirira matare epasi pevhu, masangano emitemo anodzora, uye vagadziri vemitempikisi vemiitiro yezvizvarwa. Kunzwisisa uku kuoma kwemitemo yetsika kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mutemo wacho unoratidza sei uye kuti ushandure. judicariary inoita mabasa ose ari maviri segirabhurari nechioni, kutsinhirana tsika panguva inotevera kutsika nokuda kwemigaro yemigano yomunguva yemberi.

Nyaya inonzvera pesvedzero huru neyakasiyana yezvisarudzo zvedare zvine mativi akawanda pakodzero dzevanhu. Inonzvera mashoko enhau umo uku kutonga kwakabuda, inonzvera nhau dzeDare Gurusa dzinokosha zvikurusa idzo dzakarondedzerazve mipimo yapamutemo, uye inoronda tapuro dzadzo kupfurikidza nomutemo, murairo wavose, uye masangano enzanga. Kupfurikidza nokutsauranisa miitiro iyo zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinoumba nayo nyika yedu, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kurwisana kunopfuurira nesimba rinogara kwenguva refu rematare kufambira mberi, kana kuti panguva dzakaita kudaro, kumisa donzo rokuenzana neruramisiro.

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokududzira Kutonga

Kuti anzwisise zvizere tapuro yemitemo yedare pakodzero dzevagari vemo, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa mamiriro enhau apo zvisarudzo izvi zvinovakirwa. Kuedza kweAmerica mukuzvidzora kwave kuchiwanzonetswa nokuoma kuri pakati pepfungwa dzayo dzokutanga dzorusununguko nezvechokwadi zvinopfuurira zvokusaenzana. Bumbiro reMitemo, nepo chinyorwa chezvakaonekwa, chakatanga kuwirirana nokusaruramisira kukuru. Kwakanga kuri kupfurikidza bedzi nenhevedzano yemitemo inogadziridza, mitemo yehurumende, uye, nenzira yakaoma, rondedzero dzemitemo, kuti chipikirwa chokudzivirira kwakaenzana chakavamba kuzadzikwa.

Nguva Yokuvakazve Nekugadziridza Kwehondo Yomunyika Imwe Chete

Hondo yavagari vemo nemuuyo wayo zvakabudisa [[FLT: 0] 13th, 14th, uye 15th Amendments, iyo yakabvisa uranda, yakatanga unzi hwavanhu nadziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, uye yakarambidza sarura dzinza mukuvhota, zvichitevedzana. Idzi dzodzo dzakamirira chinjo yemitemo, asi chipikirwa chadzo chakareruka. Dare Rapamusoro, munhevedzano yemitemo mishomanene nemudzokudzoro mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19, rakaganhurira zvakakomba maruramiro avo. Yainyanya kusarura dzinza iri [[FLT:][FFF][3] [FF]].[FT] inopa maruramiro arose , sezvinopfumirirwa napanuro yezvisaruso. [FUpfumbiso]

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuputsika Kwomutemo

Kurwisa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo kwakasvika pa crescendo pakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Nepo sangano racho rakanga riri shoo yemasvomhu, nhimbe inonyandurwa yokudzivisa kwemasimba masimba, gadziriro yaro yapamutemo yakanga iri inokosha zvakaenzana. [[FLT: 0] National Association for the Ad Advanced People (NAACP) Leavention[[[FFFF] Fuc][54] [FLT: 5, yakaita chisarudzo chakarevesa zvikuru chenhau, chinopedzisa muzvikoro zvakavhozhozhowa, [[FLT:][12][FFFF]].[10]

Chiratidzo Chezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa Nenhaka Yazvo Isingaperi

Mitongo yakati yeDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa inova ine hwaro zvokuti inova yakafanana namaruramiro ayo anodzivirira. iyi zvisarudzo hazvisati zvichingopedza bedzi gakava pakati pamativi maviri; zvinotanga nheyo dzapamutemo dzakafara idzo dzinodzora rudzi rwose.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dismantling State-Sanctioned Secount

Nenzira inoshamisa chisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa chekodzero dzavagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi 20, [FLT] rown v. Board of Education[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] akatendeudza nenzira idimbusa dzidziso "inosiyana" yakagadzwa mu . Ferguson[[FLT]] v.[FL]][FL] [FLT]] [[5]]. Mukuru Mutongi Earl War, anonyora nokuda kweDare, akapfuudza kuti mudzidzo yavose yakapfuudzwa "kunzwa kwouduku" pakati pavana veAfrica iyo yakanga iri "se yakambobviswa.[F] Kutonga kuti nzvimbo yedzidzo yakaparadzana. Kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu makuru echipokato makuru echipo, kunyange kupfurikidza nechinotongeto chenyika yavanhu vose. [F]

Rudo Virginia (1967): Kodzero Yokuroora Waunosarudza

[[FLT:][FLT]] yakataura nezvemitemo inorwisana neroorano. [[FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] Virginia yakabata nhau yemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inodzivisa roorano. Richard naMildred Love, murume muchena nomukadzi muBlack, vakapiwa mhaka muVirginia nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo weRomutemo. Dare rapamusoro raidzongofanana nemitemo yose yasara inorambidza roorano, kudzosa zvose zvinodzivirira Clauslaus neProsalcestion ye 14 re Amegmentation. Dare rakakurumbira rakadudza kuti "rusununguko, kana kuti kwete, risingarongwi nomumwe munhu asingagoni kudzorwa nemitemo yehurumende inodzorwa. Ropanwa Hurumende inotemwarati inoteswa nokuda kweroorano yeroorano. [5]

Kusarudza Vaeni, Rusununguko, uye Kodzero Yokusarudza

[[NT.[FLT][1] .[FLT]] inoramba iri imwe yemirau yapamberi nenharo hurusa munhau yeAmerica. Dare, richiziva kodzero yemitemo yepachivande inovimbiswa chose chose neGaramende ye14 yePraimende Resimende yeIPF, rakarangarira kuti mukadzi ane kodzero yokugumisa pamuviri, achidzikamisa rusununguko rwake nefariro dzehurumende muupenyu. Chisarudzo chakagadza gadziriro yakaganhurirwa yokudzora kubvisa mimba, kupa rusununguko rukuru mumatanho apakuvamba uye kudzora kukura mumitengo. [FFF], kunyange kuto , kunyange kutopfuvura , kana kuti mamiriro echipo echipote, anodzosera mamiriro ezvinhu echipoka apasi pezve enyika.]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuenzana kweroorano nokuda kwevakaroorana veSagaro-Svudi

Kuvaka pamusoro pekufunga kwe Lovall v. Virginia uye dziviriro yakafara yeroorano yakavanzika nedziviriro yakaenzana. Obergefell v. Hoddell[[FLT]][4] . [FLT] yakanyorerwa muchato mumwe chetewo munyika yose. Muchisarudzo cha5-4, Mutongi Anthony Kenney akanyora kuti kodzero yokuroora ikodzero huru mumurangariro wekodzero yeIST, uye kuti mitemo inobvisa varoorani vate-tezote-tezotezorororo yorudzidziso. Yakashatanwa yakaitawo zvakaenzana. Chinotonga chakanga chiri chamakore 5-4 kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kweLTB, chikatapuko mudare repamutemo. [F]

Kutapura Kunoita Mitemo, Mitemo, uye Masangano Enzanga

Zvisarudzo izvi hazviwanzoiti kuti pave nezvinovhiringidza nzvimbo yepamutemo neyenzanga, zvinopesvedzera Congress, matare okugadza mitemo, masangano anotungamirira, uye masangano chaiwo ehurukuro yavose.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mitongo Yematare

Chirango chenyika chinowanzoita chisakiso chapamutemo chinoraira mhinduro yomutemo. Apo Dare Rapamusorosairusa mutemo kana kuti ichiziva kodzero itsva yebumbiro remitemo, rinomanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuita chiito. Somuenzaniso, pashure Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[[[FLT:], Chibvumirano chakapfuura [[[FLT: 1]], Chibvumirano chakapfuura [[[[FLT]]]] Chibvumirano [[[FLT]]] nai] pamutemo [[FLT] [i] yakashandiswa nai. Chikamu chinodzora chisariranwa chinowanzova, chinodzora pamutemo. [mushongedzo chezvikamu]

Kutonga Kwedare Nokupinda Kwemapoka Enzanga

Muuyo wezvisarudzo zvokutonga unotambanukira kupfuura mirau nemirau kunzvimbo yenzanga nokuziva vanhu. Rukundo mudare runogona kunyandura kufamba, kusimbisa nharidzano dzaro nokugovera simba guru. Brown[ yakasimbisa dziviriro yakafara yeChiviligin Rights, nepo [[FLT: 2] Oberge] yakapa simba LGBT+ zvinangwa zvemiitiro, yakadai sedzisiri dzechishavo. Nhando kana kuti chikanganiso kana kuti chiteshiviso chinogona kumutsa kupesana, zvinetso zvapamutemo, zvinetso, uye kuchinjwazve nokuda kwemiitiro yenzanga. [FLT:] [FF] [5] [FFFF]

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Neramangwana Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Sezvo tinopfuurira kupinda muzana ramakore rechi 21, mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo anoratidzirwa nemiganhu mitsva yerwisano uye gakava rinopfuurira remienzaniso yakagadzwa.Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa razvino uno, nechimiro charo chikurusa chetsika, rakaratidza kudisa kuchinja zvisarudzo zvenguva refu, kuchiparira zvose zviri zviviri kusava nechokwadi nomukana nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Kodzero Dzechipiri Dzokugadzirisa Zvinhu uye Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu

Kukura kweDare kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kwekodzero dzeChipiri dzeMberi mu [FLT]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [202] [2002], yakaputsa mutemo weNew York unoda kudikanwa chaiko kwebvumiro yakavanzwa, wakabudisa rukova rwechinodenha chinenge chimiro chiri chose chomutemo wepfuti pfuti. Chisarudzo ichi chakaparira kuedza kutsva, kwakakurumbira kwemitemo yepfuti, kurasira mitemo yezera, kurasisa ganhuriro yenguva inodenha zvombo, uye "kudzorwa kwenzvimbo" kupanikira. Chinotapura pako chavose nokuda kwemibatanidzwa yepfuti yepfuti yepfuti yechino chamasimba masimba [5]

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nekukwana Kwedzidzo

Mu Vatendi venhau dzepir Adgings v. Harvard [20023], Dare rakaguma nenzira inobudirira nokuziva chiito chenhangemutange mukupinda kwapakoreji, kushandura makumi amakore emuenzaniso akanga abvumira mayunivhesiti kurangarira rudzi sechinhu chimwe pakati pavazhinji mukuita boka ravadzidzi rakasiana - siana. Ichi chisarudzo, chakatsamira pakuraviwa kwakakomba kweSuperfecle Translet Translate orgol, chakamanikidzira masangano akakwirira okuchinja mazano okusimudzira mamwe mararamire. Chino chakanga chiri chinhu chikuru mukunyoresa nokuda kwavadzidzi vashomanene vari pasi pemasangano makuru. Ichi chisarudzo chakaparirawo kurangarirwazve kurangarirazve nhamburiko dzamabasa nokuwana, chirati chinoratidzira Dare rehurumende rinotemwaro rinoshandiswazve kuzivisa kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kurangarira dare ripi kana kuti ranganisa mamiriro ezvinhu.

Unyanzvi, Kuva Woga, uye Miganhu Mitsva Yokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Mitemo inoisa mirau yemitemo inopa denho inopa nenzira isingadzivisiki ichapa mitongo yapamutemo. Mibvunzo yakapoteredza kuvandika kwemashoko, tsvukirira kwemitemo, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, uye kuongororwa kwehurumende zviri kupiwa pamberi pematare kakawanda. Nhau dzakafanana nemitemo yevhu retsono, kushandiswa kwokupa mhosva dzoutsotsi, uye kutungamirira kwemasangano ezviteshi zvemasangano enzanga pasi peFirst Amendment inzvimbo dzose dzinorwisa hondo. Zvigadziko zveDare munzvimbo idzi zvicharondedzera miganhuro yomunhu oga nesimba rehurumende munguva inotengwa. Nokuda kwekodzero dzevagari vemo, mubvunzo unonetsa ndiwo kana kuvapo weGain re4 (seatsvaka nokukwidza) uye kudzivirira kwe14 (kusvika) zvichashandiswa zvakanaka kudzivirira zvimiro zvitsva zvekusarura nokushandiswa kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

mhedziso

Muuyo wezvisarudzo zvedare pakodzero dzavagari vemo nemienzaniso yapamutemo zvose zviri zviviri ikwikwidzanwa zvikuru uye yakaitwa zvikuru. Kubva munhaka yakasviba ye Pnety v. Ferguson kuchipikirwa chinochinja [[[FLT:]Brown] v. Board yeDzo , uye kubva mukukura kwekodzero dzakavanzika pasi [[FLT:]] [4] Rae v. kuchengeteko yemite youkwane mu [FLT:] mu . [3] Obergefell]. v], Dare rakakwirira rakaita sechiito muupenyu hwechinyakare. Izvi hazvisipo mumichizati, zvinoumbwa negadziriro zvamagaro, zvinoumbwa nemitemo zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanoita kudzivirira zvose zviri pasi pevhuro.

Bva nhambo yazvino ndeimwe yekusagadzikana kukuru. Kuchinja kwe Roe. Kubviswa kwechiito chokubvuma, uye kukura kwamaruramiro epfuti izvo zviri kusimbisazve nhevedzo dzenheyo. Uku kusimbisa zvokwadi yakakomba: hakuna rukundo rwapamutemo rwechigarire, uye hakuna muenzaniso wakakotsekana zvirokwazvo pakudzorwa. Hondo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, rusununguko rwokubereka, LGBTQ, uye kuva woga kwamativi ose kunoratidzira kuti kurwisa nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo hakugoni kupedzwa, asi muitiro unopfuurira wokududzira, uye kudzorwa kwebasa rinopfuudzira. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vatendi vafundisi, vatsi, vatsigiri, vagari vemo, vagari vemo, vagari vemo, vagari vemo, vagari vemo, vagari vemo, vagari vemo, chidzidzo chinokosha haisiisiri mitemo inotonga mipimo inotonga mipimo ipenyu asi inofanira kupfuurira kutevererwa nokutevedzerwa nokuda kwedare guru, uye kupfuurira kushanda nokuda kweiyi nzira huru nokuda kwekunzwisisa.