Kutonga kwevagari vomunyika inoumba musimboti wegadziriro yegadziro yegakava muUnited States uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemitemo. Apo vanhu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano vasingagoni kupedza kusawirirana kwavo pachavo, vanotendeukira kumatare kuti vatsvake mushonga unovanzika zviri pamutemo. Kusiyana nemhosva dzematsotsi, dzinounzwa nehurumende kuti dzirange zvikanganiso, kukwirira kwehurumende kunoiswa nemapoka ehurumende pachivande (kana kuti dzimwe nguva masangano ehurumende ari munzvimbo inotarisirwa nehurumende) kuti awane muripo, basa chairo, kana kuti murayiro. Rwendo rwokukwidziridza kurudzudza kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira igadziriro yokupedzisira, mutemo unodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende yose iri yose iri mitengo. Kunzwisisa nzira iyi hakukoshi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzepamutemo bedzi asi nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi angazova mutezoteveriwo.

Kupfuudzira Mitemo Yavagari Vemo

Kutonga kwapamutemo kunovamba apo rimwe boka rinopa mhaka — tsvina inoparirwa nerimwe divi () mukwiridzirwo (alleges) akaparira kuvadziko kupfurikidza nokuputswa kwebasa, kuputswa kwekodzero, kana kuti kukundikana kuita musengwa. Rondedzero dzapamutemo dzinogona kumutsa sututi yehurumende dzakakura, kubatanidza kuregeredza, kunyengera, kuzvidza, kukanganisa, kuparira, uye zvinangwa zvisingaverengeki. Nharidziro yemushonga ndeyekuwana mushonga, mari inowanzova yakawandisa, asi dzimwe nguva dzinodzorwa nenzira yakasiana-mo: murairo unoraira mukwidziridziridziro kuita chimwe chinhu. Nemhaka yokuti mapango acho anogona kuva akakwirira mune zvemari, uye mukurumbira unodzorwa mukurumbira unogadzirirwa kusimbisa, uye kuoneka. Kuwana kwokuwana kupfurikidza nokuwana kupfurikidza nokuwana kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa, kutongedzerwa, kutongedzerwa, kutongedzero dzokupedzisira, dare, uye kutongedzero, kutongedzero dzokupedzisira.

Muitiro Wokudzikisa

Mavambo epamutemo edare rehurumende akaitika apo mutengi anoisa collentt nedare rakafanira. Iyi chinyorwa chinoshanda sechikumbiro chokutanga, kuisa kutaura kwemupurisa nehwaro hwapamutemo hwokutsvaka nyaradzo. Muitiro wedare hausati uchingova bedzi kuisa pepa; unobatanidza zvisarudzo zvehwaro pamusoro pokuti ungasarudzei, chinotaura chinobatanidza, uye nzira yokuisa nayo maidi.

1. Kugadzirira Kunyunyuta

Kuderedza nyunyuto yacho kunoda kusanonzverwa kwamaidi nomutemo.

  • Kupa mhaka nepomero dzinodzorwa: Mazita ebato namashoko anotsanangura chikonzero nei dare rine chiremera chokunzwa nhau (simba rechiremera rapasi nechiremera chomunhu oga).
  • Chitatiso chamaidi: Nhoroondo yakajeka, pfupi yezvinoitika zvinomutsa kukwidza mhaka, yakarongwa mundima dzine nhamba.
  • ZVINOTAURWA: Chisakiso chimwe nechimwe chechiito (mutoo, kuregeredza, kuputswa kwechibvumirano) zvinofanira kutaurwa zvakaparadzana, nezvinhu zviri madikanwa kukurira.
  • Munyengetero nokuda kweyamuro: Chikumbiro chakananga nokuda kwemushonga chinotsvaka, chingava chitsama chedhora, basa chairo, kana kuti murayiro.

MuMaganhu eMitemo yeChiviko, kunyunyuta kunofanira kuva ne “kutaura kupfupi uye kwakajeka kwekutaura kwokuti murevereri ane maruramiro enyaradzo.” Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Kutsanangurira kuti tsinhiro dzechokwadi dzakakwana [ [2007] [2007] [FLT] na[FL:] Ashcroft v. Iqbal [2009]) dzakamutsa mupimo usingaondikani, dzichida kuti pembedzekerikwa zvakakwana kubudisa kariro ine mufungo yokuti kuwana kuchazivisa ufakazi hwokutaura. Uku kunoreva kuti [FLT] hakugoni kuvimba necharonge kusinganzwisisiki kana kuti kubvumirana; kana zvichinzi ndizvo, zvinofanira kutaura kuti, chokwadi.

2. Kunyunyuta neDare

Kana nyunyuto yangorongwa, mutongi anofanira kuinyora nomunyori wedare munzvimbo yakafanira. Kushambadza kunowanzoda kuripirwa mari yesendi, iyo inogona kuvambira pamazana mashomanene emadhora nokuda kwezvikumbiro zviduku kusvikira kumazana anoverengeka emadhora ehurumende. Mudare rehurumende, mari yeringi inoiswa nomutemo uye yakaiswa pa $42222 sa2025. Masangano edare angakumbira kupfuurira [[FLT: 0] nokuda kwema paups (pasina muripo webhadhapo) kupfurikidza nokupa mari yemari) kupfurikidza nokupa mutengo wemari. Paposita, dare rinoronzesa chiverengero chemari nemutongo. Ipapo dare rinowana chiziviso chiko chapamutemo [[FLT]

Kushumira Murwiri

Kupfupikisa nyunyuto inongova hafu bedzi yehondo; mukwirirwi anofanira kuziviswa nenzira yapamutemo nezvedare. Iyi nhano inozivikanwa se mutevedzeri wegadziriro uye chinodikanwa chapamutemo chegadziriro. Pasina basa rakafanira, dare harigoni kushandisa chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwirirwi, uye rutongeso rupi norupi rungava rusina maturo.

Mitoo Yebasa

Mitemo inosiyana - siyana, asi nzira dzinoshandiswa dzinosanganisira:

  • Basa romunhu oga: Server (kazhinji kazhinji mubati, mutungamiriri, kana kuti munhu oga) mumuviri anopa madaidzo nokunyunyuta kumukwirirwi.
  • Kupa nokutumira tsamba: Mune dzimwe nyika, mupurisa angatumira magwaro acho kupfurikidza netsamba inopupurirwa neriti redzorero rakumbirwa, chero mukwirirwi akabvuma risiti.
  • Chitendero kupfurikidza nechinyorwa: Kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kuwanwa pasinei zvapo nenhamburiko dzokushingaira, dare ringabvumira basa kupfurikidza nokubudisa ziviso mupepanhau kwenhambo yakatarwa. Uyu mutoo hausati warovedzeka zvikuru uye unoshandiswa bedzi sechisarudzo chokupedzisira.
  • Basa: Mukutonga kweCommunity Procediture 4(d), mupurisa anogona kupfuudzira kunyunyuta pamwe chete nechimiro cherapiti. Kana mukwirirwi akadzosa zviratidzo ndokudzosa mutambi, vanodzivisa ndyiko yebasa, uye mupfumi anowana nguva yokuwedzera yokupindura.

Basa rinofanira kupedzwa mukati menguva yakatarwa pashure pokuisa dare rehurumende (hwunowanzova mazuva 90 mudare rehurumende. Kukundikana kubatira mukwirirwi mukati menhambo iyoyo kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa kwenhau yacho pasina fungira mano yakaipa, kureva kuti muparidzi anogona kushandura, asi kunononotsa chinoitika.

Zvaiita Mudziviriri

Pashure pokugamuchira madaidziro nenyunyuto, mukwirirwi ane nguva yakaganhurirwa yokupindura. Mudare rehurumende, mhinduro inopiwa mukati mamazuva 21 pashure pebasa (kana kuti mazuva 60 kana mukwiridziri akapinzwa ndokuchengetwa sututi muUnited States). Misiano yedare rehurumende inosiana, zvikurukuru inovambira pamazuva 20 kusvikira ku 30. Mukwirirwi ane zvisarudzo zviviri zvikuru: kunyora mhinduro kana kuti kunyora nhevedzano yapamberi pemhiko.

Kupindura

Mhinduro imhinduro yapamutemo yomukwiridziri mupomero imwe neimwe munyunyuti. Mukwirirwi anofanira kubvumwa kana kuti kunyimwa ndima imwe neimwe inoverengwa. Kukundikana kuramba pomero ingabatwa sechibvumikiso. Mhinduro inogonawo kumutsa dziviriro [[[FLT: 0], idzo dziri maidi matsva kana kuti nharo dzapamutemo idzo, kana dziri dzechokwadi, dzinokurira kutaura kwechipomero kunyange kana kutaura kwacho kuri kwechokwadi. Kubvuma kunobatanidza mutemo wetsororo, wawater, estople, uye mutemo weganhuriro. Kuwedzera, mukwikwidzanyiridzo ungataura [[FLT:]]

2 Kukurudzira Kudzinga

Panzvimbo pokupindura, mukwirirwi angatanga kubvisa kunyunyuta kuri pasi poMutemo 12(b) weMitemo yeFederal. Zvikonzero zvavose zvinosanganisira:

  • Dare harina chiremera chokunzwa rudzi rwenhau.
  • Rack yehurumende yomunhu oga: Mukwirirwi ane batano dzisina kukwana nehurumende yeFum.
  • Nzvimbo yakafanira: Mhaka yakachengetwa munzvimbo isina kururama.
  • Kutaura kutaura uko rusununguko runogona kupiwa: Kunyange kana kutaura kwose kuri kwechokwadi, mutemo haugoveri mushonga.

Kana chiito chokudzinga chikabvumirwa, mupoteri angapiwa zororo rokupedza nyunyuto kuti aporese urema.

Kuwana Pase

Kana kukumbira kwokutanga kwangokwana uye kungoita chinhu chipi nechipi chokuramba kwagadziriswa, nhau yacho inopinda mudanho re rekupisha. Kuvhura inzira iyo vanhu vanochinjana nayo mashoko noufakazi zvinowirirana nedare. Inowanzova rutivi rwakareba zvikuru uye runodhura zvikurusa rwekudzosa chishamiso pakutongwa uye kukanganisa.

Marudzi Okuwana

Mumitemo yeFederal neyakawanda zvikurusa yakaenzana nehurumende, mapati angashandisa zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvokuwana:

  • Mibvunzo yakanyorwa: Mibvunzo inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko, yaiganhurirwa ku25 (kubatanidza mitezo miduku) mudare rehurumende. Kupindira kunobetsera kuwana mashoko makuru akadai samazita ezvapupu, misi, uye hwaro hwezvirevo kana kuti dziviriro.
  • [[FOLT:0] Tsingtion:[ Chipupuriro chakanyorwa chikatorwa mudare, namagweta achipanikira uchapupu. Majeri anobvumira mapoka kunzvera kuvimbika kwouchapupu nekiyi muuchapupu. Anogona kutorwa mumapoka, zvapupu, uye zvapupu zvine unyanzvi.
  • Mapati angakumbira kuti rumwe rutivi ruite magwaro chaiwo kana kuti emagetsi, mapikicha, zvibvumirano, maemail, uye humwe ufakazi hunooneka. Kuwana kwemagetsi kwazova chinhu chikuru, kunoda kuti vanhu vachengete nokugadzira maemail, masero okunyorera, uye mamwe marekodhi emichina.
  • Kukumbira mashoko akanyorwa eAdgict: Mashoko ayo mumwe munhu anofanira kubvuma kana kuti kuramba. Kana akabvuma, idi rinorangarirwa kuva rakasimbiswa chose chose nokuda kwamadonzo okutonga, achipedzisa nhau nokuda kwokutongwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwendangariro nendangariro: Muzvinoitika umo mugariro womuviri kana kuti wendangariro womubato uri mugakava, dare ringaraira kunzverwa kwokuzvimirira kwezvokurapa.

2 Kuwana Makakatanwa Nemirayiridzo Inodzivirira

Hakusi kuwanikwa kwose kunopfuurira zvakanaka. Matare angaramba zvikumbiro pazvikonzero zvakadai semashandiro, mutoro usina kufanira, ropafadzo (mashandiro, purofiti, zvichingodaro), kana kuti kuwirirana. Kana asingagoni kusvika pabvumirano, anogona kutsvaka murairo wedare unogombedzera kana kuti nhevedzano inodzivirira inoganhura. matare mazhinji anoda kuti masangano atange kutaurirana mukutenda kwakanaka pamberi pokuisa mufambiro patsva. Muitiro wokuwana unodzorwa nenheyo ye protectionation [: kuwana kunofanira kuva kunowirirana nezvinodikanwa, anorangarira ukoshingamira mberi kwenhau, ukoshi mugakava, zvipfuro zvezviwanikwa, uye mutoro paboka. Iyi yaisimbiswa muMutengo wePrecial Proc.

Kufamba Kusati Kwaitika

Pamberi pomuedzo, mapati anganyora mhatsa yamafambiro kuti akurumidze nhau yacho kana kuti kuipedza pasina muedzo. Kufamba kunokosha zvikurusa kwenguva isati yatongwa i chimiro chorutongeso rwechipfupiso.

1. Kufamba kwokusarudza muchidimbu

Mubato ungatanga kurangarira rutongeso rwechipfupi. Vanotaura kuti hapana gakava rechokwadi pamusoro peidi ripi neripi rezvinhu uye kuti ivo vane maruramiro okutonga senhau yomutemo. Vari kutama vanofanira kunongedzera kuufakazi muchinyorwa (zvinyorwa, magwaro, affidavits) inoratidza kusavapo kwenhau yechokwadi. Vari kusino kunofanira kubudisa ufakazi hwenharo yenharo kuti varatidze nhau yapachokwadi inohwinhanhanha. Kana dare rikapa chisarudzo chepfupiso nokuda kwomupotesi, nhau yasara ingava chitsama. Kana ikapiwa nokuda kwomukwiridziridziridzi, mhaka inorambwa. Rutongeso chishandiso chine simba chokubvisa mashoko anokosha pakutanga.

Kufamba Mulimine Nekufamba Kwemabhanan’ana

Pamberi pokutonga, magweta kazhinji kazhinji anonyora mashoko okusatora kana kuti kubvuma ufakazi chaihwo. Somuenzaniso, vangatsvaka kudzivisa rumwe rutivi kududza kupwiswa kana kuti chitsama. Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, [FLT]] Daubert [____a zita rapashure . Merrell Dow Pardacituts (1993)]

Kutongwa

Miedzo inogona kuva kutongwa kwebhenji (pamberi pomutongi oga) kana kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi) Mutemo weUnited States unovimbisa kodzero yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi munhau dzakawanda dzevagari vemo pamutemo wevose umo chitsama chegakava chinopfuura $20.

Kusarudza Chirango ChomuJury (Voir Dire)

Kutonga kunovamba nezvinotambudza, muitiro wokubvunza vatongi vanobvira kuva vasina rusaruro.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Mashoko okuzarura haasi magakava asi mepu yedare rinobetsera vatongi. Anofanira kuva akajeka, akapfupika, uye anobatanidza.

3. Uchapupu Hunoratidzwa

Mupurisa anoisa panhau yavo pakutanga, kudana zvapupu nokusuma zviratidziro. Chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinonzverwa zvakananga, ipapo chinopinzwa muchinjikwa negweta rinopikisana, zvichiteverwa nokudzoserwazve nokupamhidzwa. Pashure pokunge mupurisa agara, mukwirirwi angatanga nokuda kwechisarudzo chakarongwa (zvino kunzi chiito chorutongeso senhau yomutemo), achiramba kuti mupurisa akakundikana kubudisa ufakazi hwakakwana kutsigira kuwanikwa kwedare. Kana akaramba, mupomeri angapa ufakazi hwavo. Kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa, mutongi angapa miraufakazi.

4. Kutaura Kunopfiga

Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwavharwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe runobudisa nharo dzokugumisa, ruchipfupikisa ufakazi nokukurudzira vatongi kuti vasvike chisarudzo chakati.

5 Mirayiridzo Nemhosva Yakakanganiswa

Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda. Vatongi vanowanzopa mirayiridzo inokarakadzwa yedare uye vanoramba mirayiridzo yokupedzisira yedare. ipapo vatongi vanoronga vodzorera mutongo.

Kufamba Nokukwirira Kwomunguva Yakapfuura

Pashure pokunge mutongo wapinda, boka rinorasikirwa ringakudenha kupfurikidza nokufamba kwapashure pedare uye, kana kuri madikanwa, kukwirira.

1. Kufamba Nokufamba Nepashure

Kufamba kunozivikanwa navose pashure pekutongwa kunobatanidza:

  • Motion nokuda kwekutongwa kutsva: yakafanwa apo murwi anorasikirwa anodavira kuti zvikanganiso mukati mokutonga kwacho “‘ zvakadai semiraidzo isina kufanira yedare rinobetsera vatongi, kusazvibata, kana kuti chisarudzo chinopesana nouremu hweufakazi() yakaita muedzo wakarurama.
  • Motion nokuda kwechisarudzo pasinei zvapo nomutongo (JNOV): Zvino inowanzonzi chiito chakamutsidzirwa nokuda kworutongeso senhau yomutemo. Boka rinosunda rinoramba kuti hapana vatongi vane mufungo vaigona kuve vakasvika chisarudzo chakavakirwa paufakazi.
  • [[[FT: 0] Kuchinja kana kuti kuchinja kutonga: kunotsvaka kururamisa zvikanganiso mukutonga.

Kana uku kutora zvinhu kukarambwa, mubato unorasikirwa ungakwirira kudare rapamusoro. Zvikumbiro haisi mhaka itsva; zvinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare redare nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Mupimo wehwirudzuro unosiyana: mibvunzo yomutemo inohwirudzurwa [ de pov [ (tsva), zviwanwa zvechokwadi zvinohwirudzurwa nokuda kwekanganiso yakajeka, uye zvisarudzo zvedare redare rinotonga zvinofanira kuhwirudzurwa nokuda kwoufakazi hwakajeka. Mutengidziri anofanira kunyora chiziviso chekukwirira mukati menorumano mazuva 30 mudare renyika.

Sarudzo Dzokugadzirisa

Kugadzikisa kunogona kuitika padanho ripi neripi, kubva pasati patongwa kutoitwa pashure porutongeso apo kukwirira kunenge kwamira. Nhau zhinjisa dzehurumende dzinogara pamberi pokutongwa. Kutaurirana kwokugadzikisa kunogona kuva kwakasarongwa kana kuti kwakarongeka kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chapagakava (ADR).

Kubvisa Chiratidzo uye Kubvisa

Matare akawanda anoda kuti matare atore rutivi mu kutsinhirana pamberi pokutonga. Murevereri asina divi raanorerutsira kurukurirano uye anobetsera vanhu kuwana nzvimbo yavose, asi haamanikidziridzi chisarudzo. Kana kurukurirano ikundikana, mhaka inopfuurira kutongwa. Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza mifungo, inoda kuti gakava ripedzwe nomugadziri panzvimbo pedare. Arbitation inogona kubatanidza kana kuti kusabatanidza.

2. Betsero Dzokugara

Kugadzirisa nyaya kunobatsira munzira dzakasiyana - siyana:

  • [[FT:0] Kudzora kukuru:[[FLT: 1] Kudzivisa ndyiko dzokutonga, kubatanidza mari yokupupurira nounyanzvi, ndyiko dzedare, uye mibhadharo yegweta.
  • Kutongwa: Papati dzinodzora muuyo panzvimbo pokuusiyira kudare rinobetsera vatongi kana kuti mutongi.
  • Kureurura: Zvibvumirano zvokugara zvinogona kuchengetwa zvakavanzika, kusafanana nezvinyorwa zvedare zvekutonga.
  • Kumhanya: Kugara kunogona kuitika nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura muitiro wokuedza, uko kunogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti makore.

Mativi ose ari maviri angada kugamuchira zvishoma kupfuura zvaaikarira kudzivisa ngozi yerutongeso rwakaipa.

mhedziso

Nzira yedare rehurumende yakaoma, nedanho rimwe nerimwe rakazadzwa nezvisarudzo zvemiitiro nezvinodikanwa. Kuvambira pakunyorwa kwokutanga kwenyunyuto kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira (*kugona kugadzikiswa, chisarudzo, kana kuti kukwirira) nhanho dzose dzinoda ngwariro yokungwarira kuudzame uye nzwisiso huru yegadziriro yehurumende. Sangano yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa fariro dzinokwikwidzana dzekubudirira, kururama, uye muitiro wakafanira. Nepo pasina mhaka mbiri dzakafanana, mugwagwa wose unoramba usingachinji. Mutezo upi noupi unobatanidzwa mumhoshoro unofanira kubvunza mushandisi womurwi ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kuti aende kunzira mberi muitiro uyu unodenha. Manyuko akadai [[FLT:] Facel Restion Res Resvilution of Civil Procture [FLct:1] uye wepagences omutemo unopiwazve.