Gadziriro yeruramisiro yavagari vemo inoumba musimboti wechisarudzo chegakava rine rugare munzanga yazvino uno, ichipa vanhu namasangano mutoo wakarongeka wokugadzirisa zvakaipa zvinobuda kunze kwenzvimbo yokurovererwa mhosva. Kusafanana nomutemo woutsotsi, umo hurumende inoshanda somuchuchisi anotsvaka chirango nokuda kwokuputswa kwenhevedzano yavose, mutemo wehurumende unonangidzira pakupedza rwisano dzakavanzika kupfurikidza nokubhadhara, kuita chimwe chinhu chakananga, kana kuti dzimwe nzira dzinowirirana. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakadzika mipimo yetsika yemitemo yevagari vemo negadziriro yenzanga yenzanga nemitemo.

Chii chiri Tsika Yokutonga Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete?

Gadziriro yeruramisiro yavagari vemo igadziriro yemitemo, matare, uye miitiro yakagadzirirwa kutsiva gakava pakati pebato vavanhu voga(vamiriri, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano ehurumende anoshanda musimba risiri routsotsi. Chinangwa chayo chikuru kugovera gadziriro ine rugare, yakatenderwa pamutemo yokupedza rwisano nokupa rusununguko kuavo vakatambura kuvadziko. Nepo mutemo weutsotsi unotsvaka kuranga ndokudzivirira vapari vemhosva, mutemo wehurumende unovavarira kudzorera vakuvadzwa kunzvimbo yavo yapamberi poutsotsi, kana kuti kuva pedyo sezvinobvira, kupfurikidza nemiuyo yemari kana kuti mirairo yokuita chiito kana kuti kurega chiito.

Mutemo wevagari vemo unofukidza mativi makuru erwisano, kubatanidza kuputsa bvumirano, kukuvara kwemitoro, kusawirirana kwemitoro, nhau dzemhuri dzakadai sechatanuro nekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, nhau dzebasa, uye kuputsa zvinhu zvemari. Nzvimbo imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo chaiyo nemirau yapamberi, asi vose vanogoverana nharidzano imwe cheteyo yoruvako: kupedza kusawirirana pasina kutendeukira kubetsero kana kuti masimba. Sangano inodzorwa nemitemo yemitengo inosiana inosiana nemitemo yegwenga. [FL: 0] CEF]

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvegadziriro Yeruramisiro Yevagari Vomunyika

Kunzwisisa chimwe nechimwe chinokosha kumunhu wose anobatanidzwa mukupa mumwe mhosva kana kuti kutsvaka kushandisa nzira yacho kunobatsira kuti pave nemitemo inodzora vanhu.

Matare

Nyaya dzehurumende dzinonzwiwa zvikurukuru mudare redare, rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera chakati. Pamwero wokutonga. Padare duku dzinotaura dzinobata nharo dzinobatanidza zvitsama zvishomanene zvemari (kazhinji kazhinji kusvikira kuzviuru zvishomanene zvemadhora) nemiitiro yakapfaviswa uye kazhinji kazhinji pasina magweta. matare edare ehurumende akadai sematare eruwa kana kuti matare eruwa ehurumende ane mikana yakawanda yakakwirira. matare edare anoongorora matare edare nokuda kwemhoshoro dzemitemo, uye matare makurusa (akuru) anobatira sevatongi vokupedzisira uye vatongi vakaregi. Basa redare nderokushandisa mutemo kumaidi anopiwa, kuvimbisa kuti matare ose ari maviri ane mukana wakanaka wokunzwiwa. Juristoristism ipfungwa huru: dare rinofanira kuva nekodzero yemitemo pamusoro pemhosva uye kupesana kwemhosva pamunhu oga oga oga oga.

Vatongi

Vatongi vanobatira savatongi vasingasaruri, vanotarisira nguva dzenhau, vanodzora pamibato, vanorairidza vatongi (kana pane vapi navapi), uye vanopa mhedziso dzokupedzisira mumitongo yebhenji. Vanodudzira mirau, vanoshandisa muenzaniso, uye vanova nechokwadi chetsika dzakarurama. Munhau dzehurumende, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanoita basa guru kupfuura mumhaka dzoutsotsi, zvikurukuru mukudzora kuwana nokuwana. Zvisarudzo zvavo pamirau yakajeka zvinogona kutapura zvikuru miuyo. Vatongi vanewo chiremera chokupa zvirango zvinorwisana namapati kana kuti magweta avo vanopinda mumufambiro wakashata wokutenda, vachibetsera kuchengeta perero yegadziriro yacho.

Vatengi

Magweta ane marezesi anomirira fariro dzavapfumi navapomeri. Mitoro yavo inobatanidza kurayira vatengi pakodzero dzemitemo, zvikumbiro zvekunyora nokufambisa, kunzvera, kukurukura, uye kupa ufakazi pakutongwa. Rudzi rwetsika runotsamira pakusatendeseka kwetsika mumiganhu yetsika. Munhau zhinji dzevagari vemo, zvikurukuru avo vanobatanidza masangano makuru, mufananidzo wapamutemo unodokuva unosungirwa nemhaka yokuoma kwemitemo. Zvisinei, vanhu vane miganhu yakaganhurirwa vangatarisana nemhinganidzo dzokuwana zano rakakodzera, denho inokurukurwa murutivi nemibato yeyamuro yetsika yapamutemo.

Mazai

Vakwikwidzi ndivo vanhu vanobatanidzwa zvakananga mudare. Mutongi anotanga nhau yacho kupfurikidza nokuisa nyunyuto; mukwiridzirwi anopindura nemhinduro kana kuti kufamba. Kunze kwavanhu, vamiririri vanogona kuva masangano, masangano ehurumende, kana kuti mamwe masangano apamutemo. Boka rimwe nerimwe rine maruramiro okupa ufakazi, zvapupu zvinoparirwa neantimine, uye pembedzo yakashata. Kunzwisisa basa romunhu nemisengwa zvakafanana nokuchengeta magwaro anokosha mukati mokuwana.

Jurisciation

Juriscion ndiyo inosarudza kuti idare ripi rinogona kunzwa nhau. Rakavakirwa pazvinhu zvakadai senzvimbo yenzvimbo, nhau yegakava (muchirevo, mutemo wemhuri v. kubhuroka), uye chitsama chemari padanda. matare eFederal ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa, zvikurukuru chinofukidza nhau dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende, mamiriro ezvinhu ane mhatsa, uye zviitiko umo United States iri mubato. matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakafara, anobata nhau dzakawanda dzevagari vemo. Kuisa zvisina kururama mudare risina hurumende kunogona kutungamirira kudzingwa uye kupambadza nguva. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru zvikuru muhurumende, ona kutsanangura kwehurumende [[FLT:]

Kodzero Dzevanhu Mugadziriro Yokutonga Kwehurumende

Vanhu vanobatanidzwa mukurwisana kwemitemo vane kodzero dzinokosha dzakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvakarurama uye zvakakodzera.

  • Kururama kumimiririri yapamutemo — Nepo isina kuvimbiswa munhau dzose dzevagari vemo (nhau dzakafanana netsotsi umo Sixth Amendment inogovera gweta), mapati ane maruramiro okupinza zano rechisarudzo chawo. Mamwe masangano anopa zano rakagadzwa munhau dzakati dzehurumende, dzakadai sekodzero dzomubereki.
  • Kukutonga kwakarurama [ — Kubatanidza maruramiro kumutongi asingasaruri kana kuti vatongi, maruramiro okupa ufakazi ndokudana zvapupu, uye maruramiro okunangana noufakazi hunopesana. Mitemo yetsika inovimbisa ziviso nebanza rokunzwika.
  • Yakarurama kupa ufakazi — Paritis dzingatanga magwaro, ufakazi, uye zviratidziro zvemiviri zvinowirirana nezvinotaurwa kana kuti zvinodzivirira. Mitemo youfakazi inodzora kusagona kudzora, kudzikamisa kushanda mukurwisana norusaruro.
  • Kugona kukwidza [ — kutonga kukurusa kwokupedzisira kunokwirira kudare rapamusoro. Kukwirira kunoganhurirwa zvikurukuru kukuhwirudzura mhosho dzomutemo kana kuti zvikanganiso zvakakomba zvemifungo, kwete kurangarirazve maidi kutoti kwakaipa nenzira yakajeka.
  • Kururama kukuvanza chakavanzika — Kukurukurirana kwakati, kwakadai sekurukurirano dzakaropafadzwa dzegweta, kunodzivirirwa pakuziviswa. Kutaurirana nokupedza kukurukurirana zvakavanzika zvinowanzova zvakavanzika, zvinokurudzira kurukurirano yakazaruka.

Iyi maruramiro haasati ari akakwana; angabviswa kana kuti kuganhurirwa nebvumirano (muremu, zvikamu zvokutora) kana kuti nemirairo yedare. American Bar Association[[FLT: 1] inogovera zviwanikwa zvakawanda pakodzero dzezvizvarwa munhau dzevagari vemo.

Mishonga Inowanika Mugadziriro Yokutonga Kwehurumende

Kurapa kunotora zvinhu mumapoka maviri akafara: mishonga yepamutemo (mari yakuvadzwa) uye mishonga isingachinjiki (mirairo yedare yokuita kana kuti yokurega kuita chimwe chinhu). Kusarudza kwokurapa kunotsamira parudzi rwekuvadziko uye kuderera kwemari.

Kukuvadza Kwokuronga

Kukuvadza kwokuronga ndiko kurapa kwakakurumbira zvikurusa, kwakagadzirirwa kutsiva muparadziri nokuda kwokurasikirwa chaikoiko. Ikoku kunogona kuva mari, zvakadai semabhiri okurapa, mari yakarasika, mari yokugadzira, kana kuti kurasikirwa nemhindu dzebhizimisi, zvakadai sokurwadziwa nokutambura, kurwadziwa kwepfungwa, kana kuti kurasikirwa neboka. Chinangwa ndechokuita kuti mupometi ashaye, kwete kuranga mukwiridziridziridzi. Somuenzaniso, mutsaona yemotokari, boka rakakuvadzwa ringawanazve mari yokuvhiyiwa, kugadziridzwa, uye kurasikirwa nenzvimbo yemari inotambirwa. Mubvumirano, zvinangwa zvokuisa chibvumirano chokuwana chikwata chisiri chikwata mudaidzo chaizodaive chakaitwa sezvinozivikanwa. Somuenzaniso, mutsaona yetsaona, boka racho ringangova rarasika.

Kukuvadza Kwomuranga

Kukuvadza kwokuranga (kunonziwo kuvadziko dzomuenzaniso) kunopiwa mukuwedzera kukuvara kwokutsiva apo mufambiro womukwiridziri wacho wakanga usina mufungo zvikuru, une ruvengo, kana kuti unonyengera. Zvinobatira kuranga muiti wouipi ndokudzivisa kusazvibata kwakafanana nevamwe. Idzi dzakashata hadziwaniki muchinoitika chiri chose; matare mazhinji anoganhurira kushandiswa kwawo, uye muitiro wakafanira webumbiro remitemo unoda kuva wakaenzana nekuvadziko. Somuenzaniso, mugadziri uyo achiziva kuti anotengesa chibereko chakashatairwa chinoparira kuvadziko yakakomba angatarisana nekuvadziko. Dare gurusa reU.S. rakatonga kuti reshiyo rinopfuura nhamba hurusa rezvikamu zvokurashikirwa neridzo dzerapiso dzinoshatanwa dzingaputsa muitiro wakafanira.

Kuvhiringika

Murayiro wedare ndiwo murairo unoda kuti mubato aite chimwe chinhu (murairo wokuraira) kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu (murairo wezvokuraira). Idzo mishonga inowirirana inoshandiswa apo kuvadziko dzemari dzinosakakwana (somuenzaniso, kudzivisa kushatisa mhoteredzo kunopfuurira, kumanikidza chibvumirano chisina kurongeka, kana kuti kuraira kudzorerwa kwezvinhu zvakabiwa. Mirayiro yePrelianitaria ingapiwa nokukurumidza mumhaka yezvokuchengeta mugariro uripo uchimirira kutongwa, nepo mirairo yechigarire inogumisa nhau yacho. Kuzvidza murayiro kunogona kuguma nokuzvidza zvirango zvedare.

Kushanda Kwakananga

Mutambo wakajeka unomanikidzira mubato kuita misengwa yawo yapamutemo, panzvimbo pokuripira kuvadziko. Iyi mushonga inowanzochengeterwa zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana, zvakadai senzvimbo kana kuti mifananidzo isingawaniki yakasiyana, uko kusina chinotsiva chakakwana. Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinodzivisa kuraira kuita kwakananga nokuda kwebasa romunhu oga nemhaka yokuti kungaisa uranda husingadzorwi. Somuenzaniso, kana mutengesi akaramba kuva pedyo neimba pashure pokusaina chibvumirano, mutengi anogona kukwidza nokuda kwokuita kuti ashandutsirwe zita rounzi.

Kuzivisa

Chisarudzo chinodzorwa chiziviso chedare chekodzero nemisengwa zvebato pasina kuraira chiito chipi nechipi kana kuti kutsiva. Chinoshandiswa kujekesa chimiro chapamutemo chaitambwa kusati kwawedzera kana kuti kupedza kusazivana pamusoro pemashoko echibvumirano, chikwereti cheinishuwarenzi, kana kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, muresitorendi angatsvaka mutongo wokubvisa mutongo kuti asagona kufukidza kutaura chaiko. Iyi mushonga unogona kudzivisa kudhura mari kupfurikidza nokujekesa mutemo pakutanga.

Kutongwa Kwemhosva Kwehurumende

Kutonga nyaya yehurumende kunosanganisira matanho akasiyana - siyana, imwe neimwe ine mitemo yakananga uye nguva inosvika.

Kunyunyuta

Muitiro unovamba apo mutongi anoisa nyunyuto nedare rakafanira, achitaura hwaro hwechokwadi hwekutaura kwacho, rondedzero dzapamutemo dzinotsigira nyaradzo, uye mushonga utsvakwa. Chinyunyuto chinofanira kupiwa pamukwiri pamwe chete namadaidzo, kupa mukwirirwi ziviso nomukana wokupindura. Mitemo yeganhuriro inoisa miganhu yorumano nokuda kwokunyora; kurasikirwa nayo kunogona kudzika ganhuriro yechigarire. Somuenzaniso, kutaura kwokukuvadziko yomunhu oga kunofanira kuiswa mukati mamakore matanhatu kutsamira pahurumende.

Zvaakaita Mudziviriri

Mukwirirwi anofanira kupindura mukati menhambo yakatarwa (kazhinji kazhinji 20-30). Vanganyora mhinduro yokubvuma kana kuti kuramba pomero imwe neimwe, uye vangamutsa dziviriro dzokubvuma. Kana kuti, vangagadzira chiito chokudzinga (Rula 12(b) mudare rehurumende) achiramba kuti kunyange kana maidi ari echokwadi, mupurisa haana kutaura kutaura zvapamutemo. dare ringabvumira kufamba kwacho nepokusiya. Kana mukwiriri akakundikana kupindura, rutongeso rwakakwana rungaitwa kwavari.

Kuwana

Kuwana idi rokuunganidza ufakazi apo mumwe nomumwe anogona kukumbira magwaro, kubvunzurudza (kunyora mibvunzo), kuisa pasi pechipupuriro mumhiko, uye kubvumidzwa. Kuwanwa kwakafara(chinhu chipi nechipi chisina kubvumirwa chakaenzana nenhau inowanwa. Chikamu ichi chinogona kuva nguva inowirirana neinodhura, asi kunokosha kuti pave nenhau uye kuti pave nehuvandurire. Mitemo inotoda kutanga kuziviswa kwoufakazi hunokosha. Kunetsa kwacho kunozivikanwa navose; matare angapindira kuti adzorere kana kuti adzivirirwe. Nokuda kwemirairo yakawanda, ona Kutonga kwechivinga kwaCivil uye kuyera ukoshinwa. [FLT]

Kutongwa

Kana nyaya yacho isati yapera kana kuti yadzingwa, inoenderera mberi kutongwa. Mudare rinobetsera vatongi, vatongi vanosarudza maidi uye vanoshandisa mutemo mumirayiridzo yomutongi; mutongo webhenji, mutongi anoita mabasa ose ari maviri. Mutongi anopa nhau yavo pakutanga, achiteverwa nomukwiridzwi. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rungadana zvapupu, kuisa zviratidziro, uye kuisa majekiseni mukwayana zvapupu. Pashure pokupfiga, mutongi kana kuti vatongi vogadzi ndokudzorera mutongo. Mupimo wechiratidzo munhau dzevagari vemo ndi “kurangarira uchapupu hwenhau”. kungangova kutoti kutaura kwomuputeriti ndokwechokwadi, uye mupimo wakaderera kupfuura weutsotsi."

Kufamba Nokukwirira Kwomunguva Yakapfuura

Pashure porutongeso, boka rinorasikirwa ringaisa ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapashure pomutongo, zvakadai sokufamba kwokutonga senhau yomutemo (kupupurira kukwana kwoufakazi) kana kuti kufamba nokuda kwekutongwa kutsva. Kana kukanyiwa, zvinogona kukwirira kudare reaupellate. Zvikumbiro zvinonangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvomutemo kana kuti zvikanganiso zvakakomba; matare edare anogara achinonoka kuwana chokwadi chokutongwa. Muitiro wokukwirira unogona kutambanukira kwemwedzi kana makore. Munhau dzakawanda, mwero yakawanda yokukwirira inobvira, kubatanidza zvikumbiro nokuda kwechibereko kuU.S. Dare rapamusorosoro.

Zvinetso Nekuchinja Mugadziriro Yokutonga Kwehurumende

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, gadziriro yeruramisiro yavagari vemo inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira. [[FLT: 0]] Aya anoramba ari nhau inotambudza: vanhu vazhinji havagoni kubhadhara magweta, uye mipiro yeyamuro yapamutemo iduku. Kuzvimirira kunowanzorwisana nemitoo yakaoma, inotungamirira kuidzo dzeidzo nedzinofungwa kuva dzisina kururama. [[FLT:]] Mitoo yokunonoka [ inyunyuto inozivikanwa navose; kuwana nokufambisa mashoko kunoitwa kunogona kusunda mari yapamutemo kupfuura ukoshipidhiro yezvirengo. Kukurukura idzi nhau dzakawanda zvino zvinokurudzira zvino [FOct:] kurukurirano inotemwaradzikiswa. [[FLT] Mitengo inokamuraniswa yakakwana.[FFFF]]

mhedziso

Gadziriro yeruramisiro yavagari vemo igadziriro yakakwirira inodzikamisa maruramiro avanhu nedikanwo yenhevedzano yekanganiso. Kuvambira pakuronga kwokutanga kwemipimo yenyunyuto kusvikira pamubairo wokupedzisira wechakaipa chechakaipa kana kuti nyaradzo inosakarurama, nhano imwe neimwe yakarongedzerwa kuvimbisa kuva nokururama, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira. Nepo gadziriro yacho isina zvikanganiso (kuoma, uye mhinganidzo dzokupinda dzinoramba dziripo) zvinokosha, zvinova zvinokosha kunzanga yedemocracyracy kana kuti kunzvera pamutemo. Kana uri muridzi anotsvaka muripo nokuda kwechakaipa, mukwidzi anopomerwa mhaka, kana kuti mugari ari kuda kunzwisisa kodzero dzako dzapamutemo, zivo yegadziriro yeruramisiro yokushandisa nenzira inobudirira uye mutsigiri weruramisiro. Kubvunza muteveri wezvokwane mukurumbira wapamutemo [Fernal Association Active Associationsean] [[1]][5]