Kurondedzera Kusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo: Chisakiso Chorusununguko Rwomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo ikodzero huru nerusununguko runodzivirira vanhu pahurumende inonyengedzwa uye kumanikidzwa. Kusafanana nekodzero dzevanhu, dzinonyanya kukoshesa kubatwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo, rusununguko rwevagari vemo runodzivirira kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga, kutaura, uye hana pakudzongonyedzwa nehurumende. MuUnited States, idzi dziviriro dzinoiswa muBumbiro reMitemo remitemo, zvikurukuru muBill of Rights, uye dzakatsanangurwa nokusimbiswa kwemazana amakore okuongorora. Kunzwisisa kodzero idzi kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose, sezvavanoumba gadziriro yokutora rutivi rwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji nechiremera chomunhu oga.

Iyi nhungamiro inofamba muvimbiso huru imwe neimwe muBumbiro reMitemo, inotsanangura kushandiswa kwayo kwazvino uno, uye inosimbisa zvisarudzo zvikuru zveDare Gurusa izvo zvakaumba miganhu ndokusvika paiyi rusununguko.

Bhili Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Gumi Kwokutanga

Yakasimbiswa pana December 15, 1791, Bill of Rights yakakurukura funganyo dzeAnti-Fedalist kuti hurumende yehurumende ichangobva kuumbwa yaizotsika rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Iyi nhevedzano gumi inoronga zvirambidzo zvakati pasimba rehurumende ndokuchengeta masimba ose asina kurongwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Kugadziriswa kumwe nokumwe kunobatira sechenjero mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri uye vimbiso yorusununguko rwomunhu oga oga.

Kupfuudzira kweMitemo Gumi

  • Mutemo wokutanga: unodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rworudzidziso, rwokutsikirira, rwegungano, uye rwokukumbira.
  • [ Amendment: inochengetedza maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo.
  • transformed: inogumisa kuiswa kwechikamu chimwe muzvina chavarwi mumisha yavanhu pasina mvumo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Foundation: Kungwarira kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari.
  • [FINT Amendment yechitatu: Inogovera muitiro wakafanira, inodzivirira pakuzvidzora, uye inodzivisa ngozi yakapetwa kaviri.
  • [[FLT: 0] SSHmendment: inovimbisa kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasingasaruri, uye zano repamutemo.
  • mendurutsiation: Inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mumhaka dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza gakava pamusoro pe $20.
  • [[FLT: 0] menduro youtsinye: Forbid broward yakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye chirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose.
  • 04] mendement: States kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati muBumbiro reMitemo hakurambi kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.
  • Hurumende yeTenth Amendment:[ Nyika dzinochengeterwa nyika hadzina kupiwa United States kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Mwero Wokutanga Worusununguko: Fandesheni Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Mitsetse yayo mishanu inodzivirira mibato mikuru yenzanga inozvidzora: kutaura norusununguko, kunamata (kana kuti kwete) maererano nehana, kubudisa pasina ganhuriro, kuungana norugare, uye kukumbira hurumende kugadzirisa zvigumbu.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kure namashoko anotaurwa. Dare guru rakataura kuti kutaura kwokufananidzira (g., kupisa mureza, kupfeka madhuze) kunodzivirirwa, semipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika mumigariro yakati. ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazviri dzinodzorwa kusanonzvera, zvinoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kuva nefariro inomanikidzira uye kushandisa mitoo miduku miduku. Mitengo isingatongo kubatanidza Brandenburg v. Ohio[[FL:1] [1969], iyo yakasimbisa kuti kutaura ikoko kunogona kurangwa bedzi kana kukanyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo, uye [[FLT:]] C.C[FFLT] [FF]] 0], iyo inotambanurira kubatira kutongedzerwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Chivako chaClaus chinorambidza hurumende kuita rudzidziso rwehurumende kana kuti kuda rumwe rudzidziso kupfuura rumwe. Free Execroem Claus inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu okushandisa kutenda kwavo pasina vhiringidzo yehurumende. Makurukota anowanzomuka pamharadzano yemirayiro yorudzidziso nemitemo yavose (somuenzaniso, muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kusunungurwa kworudzidziso pamitemo inorwisana neshanje kana kuti kuratidzirwa kwezviratidzo zvorudzidziso pazvinhu zvavose. Chisarudzo cheDare reProfet:0] Masterbindiced Hanhop v. Comforadom Commis []] (2018)

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Chiteshi chenhau chapachena chinoshanda sechinongwarira pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende. First Amendment inowanzorambidza kuganhurirwa pamberi pezvi (chisaririra pamberi pokubudiswa) uye inodzivirira vatori venhau kumanikidzirwa kuzivisa manyuko akavanzika mumashoko akawanda. Zviitiko zveLandmark zvakadai seNew York Times Co. v. United States[FLT] [FLM] (1971] yakabvumira kubudiswa kwePentagon Paper, kusimbisa kuti hurumende inotakura mutoro unorema kururamisa pamberi pokuzvidzora.

Kodzero Yokuungana Nokukumbira

Iyi maruramiro anogonesa vagari vemo kuronga kunyunyuta, kufamba, uye misangano, uye chiito chechikumbiro chehurumende. Nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo zvinobvumirwa chero bedzi zvichiri zvinogutswa ndokusiya dzimwe nzira dzekurukurirano dzakazaruka. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira nguva dzose maruramiro kugungano rine rugare, kunyange nokuda kwezvikonzero zvisingadikanwi kana kuti zvenharo.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

Second Amendment inorava, kuti: “Kugadziridzwa kwakarongwa zvakanaka, kuva kuri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hakuzotyorwi.” Nokuda kwenhau zhinji dzeAmerica, kugadziriswa kwakadudzirwa zvikurukuru mumashoko ebasa rematongerwe ehurumende. Asi Mujinga yeColumbia v. Heller [2001] [2001], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti kupera kwenhau kunodzivirira munhu ane kodzero yokuva nechibhamu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvegamuchidzanwa zvinobvumirwa nomutemo. Kutevera [FOct:] [FLD] DN] V [FF]

Nhasi, Second Amendment iri pakati penharo dzinonyandura pamusoro pezvitatiso zvokudzora pfuti zvakadai secherekedzo dzenzvimbo yazvo, kudenha zvombo, uye “mitemo inoiswa mudhudhu. Matare anoshandisa mhatsa yemiedzo kuyera ganhuriro, nokugamuchira mashoko . textastubaunderstood àbby. Brup[FLT:]

Wechitatu: Kuchengetedzwa Kwenhau

Yakabva munyunyuto dzehurumende dzinorwisana neBritain yeMabasa, Third Amendment inorambidza nguva yorugare yokugara chikamu chimwe muzvina chevarwi muimba ipi neipi pasina kubvumira kwomuridzi. Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzopikiswa, inoramba iri chiratidzo chokuzvipira kwomuvambi kukuva oga uye kuva mutsvene kwomusha. Dare Rapamusoro rakaizivisa sorutivi rwekodzero huru yebumbiro remitemo yokuva voga, zvikurukuru Griswold v.Connecticut[F:1]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Nokunyepedzera

Gemendment yechina inoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti uwane gwaro rakavakirwa pachinhu chinobvira usati waita kunzvera kana kuti kubvunda, kutoti kwapakarepo kuchishanda. Kunzvera kwokusazengurira kunobvumirwa mumigariro yakaganhurirwa, zvakadai semvumo, migariro inopesana, tsvakurudza chinoitika chokusungwa, uye kusiiwa kwemotokari. Kutonga kwekubvisa kwacho kunoitwa mu Weeks v. United States (1914) ndokushandiswa kuzvinhu mu Mapp.OOO [1961]] [197]])

Matambudziko Achiri Kusangana Nawo: Kushandisa Madhigirii

Kukura kworuzivo rwemichina kwakachinja zvikuru jurisprudence yeChina. Mu Riley v. California (2014, Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti mapurisa aingoda pamutemo wokunzvera zviri mumichina yeserura yeserura yakabatwa painenge yavanzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Karbate v. United States[FLT] [2017]) (2017) yaidavira kuti kuwanikwa kwesero yekare renhau dzekare kuumba kunzvera kweChokopo yeChina, ichida pamutemo inotsigirwa nechisakiso chinenge. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidza kuzivikanwa kuti kwezva kwoungwa kwomutemo muzera remateshiviro kuti nyika dzinofanira kugadziridza zvinhu zvitsva.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Kuchinja Kwechishanu kunoshanda senhoo yevanhu vanobatwa mugadziriro yeruramisiro yeutsotsi.

  • [[FLT: 0] Mutongo Mukuru: Nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba dzomubatanidzwa, vatongi vakuru vanofanira kupa mhaka munhu asati agona kutongwa.
  • Jeopardy:[ Munhu haagoni kutongwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka kana kuti kutenderwa.
  • Kuzvitutumadza: “Kodzero yakakurumbira yokuramba akanyarara” /_Hapana munhu anogona kugombedzerwa kuva chapupu chinozvipomera amene.
  • Muitiro unodikanwa: Hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro yakanaka isati yanyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.
  • inotora Claus: nzvimbo yapachivande haigoni kutorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu pasina muripo bedzi.

Miranda `yakabva Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ishandiso inoshanda yeropafadzo yeFindreFmment mukurwisana nokuzvidira. Kudzikamisa kwomutemo kunofanira kuzivisa vanonyumwira mukodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva negweta mukati mokubvunzurudza.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Dare Rechitanhatu Remitemo Rinobvumira Kutongwa Kwemhosva Rinoita Kuti Vapomerwi Vatongerwe Mhosva Nokutongwa Nevanhu Vose.

  • [ Kukurumidza uye Kutonga Kwavose: Kudzivisa kusungwa kusingachinjiki pasina kutongwa uye kuvimbisa kujeka.
  • Jury: Jurtes dzinofanira kubviswa ndokutorwa kubva kumumiriri anosiyanisa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Tsigiro yepomero: Vadziviriri vanofanira kuziviswa nezvorudzi nemuuyo wepomero.
  • Kupomera mhaka: Mupomerwi anogona kugura
  • [ Muitiro wokumanikidzira: Vadziviriri vanogona kudana zvapupu kuti zvifarirwe.
  • [ Yakarurama ku Zano: Nokuda kwemhosva dzinotakura mutongo unobvira wokuiswa mutorongo, vakwirirwi vanopomerwa vanofanira kupiwa gweta pandyiko yehurumende ( Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963).

Dare rapamusoro rinopfuurira kunatsa chinoumba betsero inobudirira yezano. Mu Missouri v. Frye (202) na Lafler v. Cooper[ (20202) Dare rakaramba richidavira kuti kodzero yezano rinobudirira inotambanukira kugadziriro yokukumbira inonzi [“magariro okuita zvinhu zveutsotsi, zvino inopedza ruzhinjisa hwukurusa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Miedzo Yehurumende

Seventh Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutonga nyaya dzedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzevagari vemo umo chitsama chemari inokakavadzana chinopfuura $20. Kusiyana nedzimwe gadziriro dzekodzero.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Mutezo Wemitemo Wechisere unorambidza hurumende kuisa mari yakanyanyisa, faindi yakawandisa, kana kuti zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose.

  • Kusimbisa chirango chorufu nokuda kwamapoka akati avapari vemhosva, akadai savanhu vane urema hwoungwaru ( Attins v. Virginia, 2002) uye vaduku ([Roper v. Simmons, 2005).
  • Kurambidza upenyu hunogombedzerwa 16) pasina kandtimosfera nokuda kwavana ( Miller v. Alabama, 2012).
  • Kuramba mitsetse mihombe pasi pe “nheyo yezvemariro” ( . Helm v. , 1983; [Graham v. Florida[, 2010]).

Mafaro akanyanyisa Claus akawana ngwariro yakakudziridzwa mu Timbs v. Indiana (2029), apo Dare Rapamusoro rakaibatanidza mukurwisana nehurumende, richiva nepfungwa yokuti kurasikirwa kwavagari vemo hakugoni kushandiswa kutora zvinhu zvakaenzana nechirango chikuru chemari nokuda kwemhosva iri pasi. inosimbisa basa rokudzivirira kodzero dzepfuma kubva pachiito chehurumende chaikwirira.

Mugadziridzi Wechine Chine Chine Chinetso: Kodzero Dzisina Kubviswa

“ Kurongwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, kwamaruramiro akati, hakusati kuchizorangarirwa kuva kuramba kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vakachengetwa navanhu.” Ninth Amendment inojekesa kuti Bill of Rights haisati iri ndaza yakakwana. Yakakumbirwa kutsigira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuva voga, somu Grislold v. Connecticut [[FL:1] [65] [65] uye Roe v.[[FLT:]] [3], anotonga muna 20222]. Kunyange zvazvo kusimudzirwa kuchiita maruramiro okuzvimirira, kunosimbisa kuti vanhu vachengete rusununguko kupfuura avo vakanyorwa zvakajeka.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi: Kushanda Muchiuto uye Simba Rehurumende

Pendlement yegumi inochengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika nenzira inotevedzana, kana kuti kuvanhu. Inheyo inorevererwa yeAmerican religinism, inoganhura ukuru hwechiremera chehurumende. Zviitiko zvinokosha zvakadai se United States v. Lopez (1995] [FLT]] NIB v. Sebelius (202]) zvakashandisa muganhu weTendith Amendment kurova kana kuti kuganhurira mitemo yakadzosera munzvimbo dzinodzorwa namaruwa.

Kushanda Kunoita Kusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose Nhasi

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo harusati rwuri rwakakwana, runofanira kuva rwakadzikama mukukwikwidzana kwefariro dzenzanga dzakadai sekotsekano yavose, chengeteko yorudzi, uye maruramiro avamwe.

Magakava azvino uno anowanzobatanidza ruzivo rwemichina, kuongorora, uye mashoko ezvigaro. USA PARITIOTT, yaitwa pashure pokudenha kwe11 September, masimba okuongorora ehurumende akawedzerwa, zvichitungamirira kunharo pamusoro pokusvika kweGaramende reChina mumashoko anenge aunganidzwa akawandisa. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) inotarisira zvikumbiro zvokuvara vamiririri vedzimwe nyika, asi vamiririri vehurumende vanotaura kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anogona kutanga kukurukurirana nevoruzhinji pasina zvinodzivirira zvakakwana.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa idzi maruramiro kunoreva kuziva kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ichinyorwa chipenyu, chinodudzirwa namatare uye chakaumbwa nechinjo yenzanga. Manyuko akadai se Constitution Anetegion[ (inotsigirwa neRaibhurari yeCongress) uye ACLU’s Knoziva Nhungamiro Dzenyu dzekodzero [ inogoverano dzinodanongedzekai dzinobvira dzenzira nzira iyo inoshanda nayo mumiitiro.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzakaumba Rusununguko Rwavagari Vemo

Kududzira dare kwave kuchikosha mukupa revo chaiyo kuvimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo dzisiri dzepamutemo. Pasi apa pane zvinoitika zvinokosha mudzidzi ari wose wehurumende yeAmerica anofanira kuziva:

  • [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison (103): yakatangwa hwirudzuro yedare, kupa Dare Rapamusoro-soro chirevo parevo yebumbiro remitemo.
  • [FLT]GUTY v. New York (1925): Kushandiswa kweFirst Amendment yapachena kudzivirira kutaura kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMhedziso yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMinei.Prefereze yeChinei.
  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954): yakabatanidza rusarurano rwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose runoputsa Dziviriro Yakaenzana ya Claus.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966: mapurisa aida kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo dzeFirefe Amendment vasati vabvunzurudzwa.
  • ker v. Des Moines [1969] yakadzivirira kodzero dzevadzidzi dzokutaura pachena muzvikoro kutoti kutaura kwacho kuchidzongonyedza mibato yedzidzo mune zvokunyama.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) (2015: Yakaziva maruramiro makuru kuroorano yakafanana muChiitiko chapanguva yakagadzwa naNhungamiro yakaenzana.

Kudzidzisa Kusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vasina Kuroorana: Kusvika Kunoshanda

Kuvadzidzisi, kukurukura rusununguko rwevanhu kunopa mamiriro ezvinhu akananga okunetsa pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.Kurudzira vadzidzi kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu epasi chaiwoiwo: Ko mudzidzi anogona kupfeka Tjishirt ine shoko rinomutsa nharo kuchikoro here? Guta rinogona kubvumira kufora kwokuramba?

[[NHAU] , shopu yeNational Archives inogovera manyuko makuru, kubatanidza Bill of Rights yapakuvamba, nepo masangano akafanana ne eGOK] yeInstitution [ inogovera gadziriro dzefundo nezvishandiso zvinobatanidza. Izvi zvishandiso zvinobetsera kuita kuti Bumbiro remitemo rive rakafanira kuchizvarwa chitsva.

Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Norusununguko

Chimwe chedenho dzinopfuurira zvikurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo inodzora idzikamo pakati pokudzivirira chengeteko yenyika nokuchengeta rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Mukati menguva yehondo kana kuti mukupindura tyisidziro dzamagandanga, hurumende pane dzimwe nguva inokudza masimba ayo okunzvera nokuisa mutorongo. Kubatira kweJapan muYainia mukati meHondo Yenyika II, yakatsigira Koritatsu v. United States[FLT] [1944] [ichi], inoramba iri muenzaniso unonyevera wenzira yokubvisa nayo dziviriro yemitemo yapamutemo. Misi ichangobva kukurumidza, kutungamirira kweSangano yeSangano reSangano reMarudzi reFreginetic Surveillance Act (FA) yakaedza kuwiriranisa ungwaradziro yekodzero dzakavanzika. USA R. Chiratiodo cha 2015 rwakagumisa kuunganidzwa kwakawanda kwemite yemametameta yePTIOCT, kutookerongedzerwazve.

Kuitirana nharo uku kunosimbisa kuti rusununguko rwevanhu runoda kuramba rwakangwarira.Bumbiro Remitemo rinogovera gadziriro, asi vagari vemo, matare, uye vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti ganhuriro pakodzero dziri madikanwa, dzakasanogadzirirwa, uye kuti dzinzverwe dzinopfuurira.

Mugumo: Chipikirwa Chisingaperi Chokusunungurwa Nevagari Vemo

Kodzero dzinovimbiswa neBumbiro reMitemo hadzisi dzokuzviparadza. Dzinoda nzwisiso, kutendeudzira, uye, pazvinenge zvakakodzera, kupiwa maruramiro kuti dzirambe dzichibudirira. Kubva paFirst Amendment kudzivirira kwokupesana neRelectives kwechirango cheAlengh Amendment, idzi rusununguko dzinoumba kuvakwa kwenzanga yakasununguka. Sezvo United States inopfuurira kutarisana neruzivo rutsva rwesayenzi, mipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika inochinja, uye kugadziridza kariro dzenzanga, Bill of Rights icharamba iri nhungamiro ine simba yaro, (“Indectramendment ”) iyo inoda kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chidzidze, chive nenharo kudzivirira nheyo dzacho.

Kuvadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo zvakafanana, rwendo rwokunzwisisa rusununguko rwevagari vemo harutongopedzi.