Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo

United States Constitution, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neBill of Rights ne 145 Amendment, inogadza gadziriro yerusununguko rwevagari vemo. First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, zvokubudisa, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, nepo Kuchinja kweshanu kuchivimbisa kuti muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro pakuzvidzora. Idzo dzechigumi nerechigumi namana Yevhu inotambanuro kusvika pamwero wenyika kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokuva nehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna nyika ingatorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro wemitemo. Iyi purogiramu inopa chikonzero chemitemo yemitemo inodzivirira pahondo dzisingaverengeki kuti ive yakanatsiri maruramiro nekodzero dzevanhu.

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo rwakasiana namaruramiro avagari vemo: rusununguko runodzivirirwa pakuvhozhokerwa nehurumende, nepo kodzero dzinowanzoda chiito chehurumende kuti dzive nechokwadi chokubatwa kwakaenzana. mapoka ose ari maviri akashanduka kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare, mutemo, uye masangano enzanga. Kunzwisisa iyi nheyo kunobetsera kujekesa chikonzero nei nhau dzinokurukurwa pasi apa dzine uremu hwakadaro mumutemo weAmerica.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaita Kuti Vanhu vokuAmerica Vasunungurwe

Nyaya dzinotevera dzinoratidza nguva dzakaoma dzokutanga kwemitemo yehurumende yerusununguko, mutongo mumwe nomumwe waitaura nezvekusawirirana kwaiita hurumende nerusununguko rwemunhu oga, uchitanga mienzaniso inoramba ichikonzera kupopotedzana kwepamutemo kwepanguva iyoyo.

Scheck v. United States (1919)

Mukati meHondo yeNyika I, Charles Schenkck akaparadzira mapepa anokurudzira kudzivisa kurongwa kwehondo, achitungamirira kupomero muEspionage Act ya1917. Dare Rapamusoro, mumurangariro wavose noMutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., yakatsigira kupwiswa ndokutanga "ngozi iripo". Holmes akatsanangura kuti kutaura kungagona kuganhurirwa kana kutyisidzira zvakakomba kuchengeteko yenyika kana kuti nhevedzano yavose, isingarevi kudanidzira kwenhema kwenhema kwokuti "moto" muimba yemitambo yakatsvikinyinyinyidzana hakuna kudzivirirwa. Mhaka iyi inoramba iri divi rokunzwisisa miga yorusununguko mukati me njodzi yenyika. Zviitiko zvapashure zvakadai sevhowe. (1969), zvakanatswa kuti zvide kuraira chiito chokusasateerera mutemo, asi Schenck akatanga kusakurumidza kuzivisa kusava kudzivirira.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Zvichida mhaka yekodzero dzavagari vemo inorumbidzwa zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, Brown v. Board of Education yakakurira ganda muzvikoro zvavose. Dare rapamusoro rakabatana raidavira kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakaparadzana hadzina kuenzana, kuchiputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwe 14neth Amend Amend Amendment. Chisarudzo ichi chakabvisa "kubatana asi kwakaenzana" dzidziso yakatangwa muPlessy v. Ferguson 1896). Chikuru cheSarudzo cheSahlulero chaMague Earl Warren chakanyora kuti kuderedza kuderera kunoparira sundo yomwana kudzidza. Chitonga chakabvisa kodzero dzevagari vemo uye chakanatsa nzira yedarudzo muzvimwe zviteko. Brown chinoratidzira kuti kutsanangura kuti kushandura kwapamutemo kugona kuita kuti nzanga yenzanga. Chisarudzoro chapa chikoro chinoteverwa nechinopazwa pashure pezvikoro, kutsigira kupiwa mudzidzo.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda akasungwa nokuda kwokubiwa nokubatwa chibharo, uye pashure pamaawa maviri okubvunzurudza, akasaina kureurura pasina kuziviswa nezvekodzero yake yokuramba akanyarara. Dare Gurusa, muchisarudzo cha5-4, rakatonga kuti kubvunzurudza kwekodzero dzedare kunoda kuti kutevedzerwa kwemitemo kuzivise kodzero dzavo dzeFind Confter Confremendment pamusoro pokuzvipa mhosva uye kugadziriswa kweTreams Remendment yavo kugweta kugweta kugweta. Mhaka iyi inochinja zvikuru uye inosimbisa tsika yokuti dare rinofanira kudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga oga pakuramba akanyarara, nyeverevero yokuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kushandiswa mudare, chinenge chiri choga kuzivisa mugwetaro, uye gadziriro yegwetaro kana anofungidzirwa asingagoni kuzivisa kubvunzurudzwa. Chino chinoparira zvikuru kugadziridza dare uye kudzivirira ruramisiro apo Mirna anodzivisa kutevedzerwa murairo.

Wade (1973)

Iyi nhau yakaziva kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kuvandika izvo zvinobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokugumisa pamuviri. Dare Gurusa, muchisarudzo cha 7-2, rakataura kuti Mutezo weChisarudzo wa 145 Amendment unotsigira chisarudzo chomukadzi, kunyange zvazvo maruramiro asina kuganhurirwa uye anofanira kudzikamiswa pafariro dzehurumende muutano hwaamai noupenyu hunobvira. Murangariro waHarry Blackmun wakatanga chirongwa chakareruka: mukati menhambo yokutanga yedangwe, nyika dzisingagoni kuganhurira kubvisa mimba; mukati meyechipiri, dzingagona kudzora kudzivirira utano hwaamai; uye mukati meyechitatu, dzingagona kuganhurira kana kuti kubvisa kubvisa mimba kudzivirira upenyu. Rodee akava chimwe chezvisarudzo zvikurusa zvenhau yakakwirira munhau, makumi amakumi amakore ehondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro penhau nekodzero dzapamutemo. Vakadzi vakadzorwa nekodzero dzapamutemo nekodzero dzapamutemo dzeChirevoti.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Mukati mechinyadzisira cheWatergate, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akasimbirira ropafadzo yokudzivisa tepi yakarekodhwa nezvinyorwa zvakaiswa nomuchuchisi chaiye Leon Jaworski. Chisarudzo ichi chakabvumirana kuti Purezidhendi anofanira kuwirirana nemuteshi, achiramba kutaura kweropafadzo yakakwana. Mutongi Mukuru Warren Burger akanyora kuti dzidziso yokuparadzana kwemasimba kana kuti kudikanwa kwokuviga zvakavanzika hazvigoni kururamisa ropafadzo yapurezidhendi isina pamutemo mukuhwirudzura dare. Chisaruchichichichichinjira Nixon kubudisa tepikio, icho chakazivisa kubatanidzwa kwake muchifukito chechiremera ndokutungamirira kukupa kwake. Mhaka yacho yakazivisa kuti purezidhendi wacho haasati chiri pamusoro pomutemo uye ropafadzo iyoyo yomukuru wehurumende, nepose zvapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo kuchifanira kururamisa zvinodikanwa zvegadziriro yomutemo woutsotsi. United States

Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Gideon akapomerwa mhosva yokupaza muimba yezvidhinha muFlorida. Asingakwanisi kubhadhara gweta, akakumbira kuti dare rigadzire rimwe rake, asi mutemo wehurumende wakangopa zano bedzi pamhosva dzemhosva dzerufu. Gidheoni akazvimirira uye akawanirwa mhaka. Dare Gurusa rakachinja kupfimbwa, richitaura kuti kodzero yeTsvumo yeSikisi yeSand Confement ikodzero inokosha inoshanda kuhurumende muIndation ye145. Mutongi Hugo Black akanyora kuti "mitemo mumatare outsotsi inodikanwa, kwete zvinhu zvoumbozha. Gidheoni akada kuti vamiriri vegweta vapi vemhosva dzose dzemhosva dzedare, gare gare gare yakawedzera kutendeka kudarika kusungwa kunobvira muArgerser v. Hamlin. Mhaka iyi yakashandura mutemo wemhosva uye kutongwa kwemhosva dzinotongwa zviri pamutemo.

Des Moines Independent School District (1 969)

Muna December 1965, vadzidzi vatatu John Tinker, Mary Tinker, uye Christopher Eckhardt. Vorey vaiturikwa kuti varambe Vietnam War. Vakuru vakuru vechikoro vakavarevedza, vachidudza kudzongonyedzwa. Dare Gurusa, muchisarudzo cha 7-2, rakatonga kuti vadzidzi havasati "vapedze maruramiro avo emitemo erusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro. Dare rakavaita kuti mhando ichimiro chokutaura kwokufananidzira kwakadzivirirwa neFirst Amend Amendment, uye kuti vakuru vakuru vechikoro havagoni kuganhurira kutaura kunze kwokunyama uye zvikurukuru kudzongodzorwa nezviito zvechikoro. Taker akatanga kuti mudzidzi ave netapuko yepamutemo inofarikanya dziviriro huru, kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zvapashure seHalwordwordword divities. Kue (1988) uye Morse Frederick (200) vane njodzi dzinoramba dziripo dzakaitwa nokuda kwenhau dzedzidzo.

Muuyo Wakafara Weidzi Nhau Panzanga yeAmerica

Muuyo unowedzerwa weiyi mirau yakatanhamara unotambanudzwa zvikuru kupfuura maidi chaiwo enhau imwe neimwe. Zvakaumba mamiriro enhau emitemo munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinotambudza. Chokutanga, zvakatanga dziviriro dzetsika dzinodzivirira vanhu mukusangana nomutemo, kubva kunyevero kuMiranda kumaruramiro okupa zano. Chechipiri, zvakajekesa miganhu yokutaura kwakasununguka, zvichibvumira kurukurirano yakasimba nepo zvichibvuma ganhuriro dzapamutemo dzakavakirwa pachengeteko yenyika nenhevedzano yavose. Chechitatu, ivo vakakwidziridza kuva nohuenzaniriro yedzinza kupfurikidza nokuramba dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo. Chechina, vakarondedzera ukodzero yekodzero dzakavanzika dzemunhu oga, zvikurukuru mukuita chisarudzo chokubereka, kunyange sezvo kodzero idzodzo dzokuwana pamutemo dzichipfuurira kutenderera. 55, dzakasimbisa nheyo yemitemo nokutarisira zviremera.

Idzi nhau dzinoenzanisirawo rudzi rune simba rwedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Kurangarira kweDare Rapamusoro kwakachinja nokufamba kwenguva mukupindura kuchinja kwenzanga, ruzivo rwemitemo, uye kuchinja muuzivi hwedare. Somuenzaniso, kuedzwa "kujeka nengozi iripo" kubva kuSchenc kwakatsiviwa gare gare ne"chiito chokusateerera mutemo" muBrandenburg v. Ohio, kuratidzira kusvika kwakawanda kwokudzivirira. Nenzira yakafanana, kugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu muRoe akashorwa nokuda kwokuoma kwazvo, kuchitungamirira kumupimo wesimba muPlanned Pareathbland v. Casey Relicesm uye pakupedzisira muchinjikirwo muDobs. Iyi mhindumupinduro inoratidza kuti rusununguko rwavagari vemo harusi chinhu chose chose. Njodzidzo inoramba ichi ichingodzo inodzoka kupfurikidza nokupetwa, mutemo wavose, mutemo wavose, uye hurukuro yavose.

Mhindumupindu Inopfuuridzirwa Yerusununguko Rwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Nharo dzepanguva ino pamusoro perusununguko rwevanhu dzinowanzonanga paruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runenge ruchibuda, ruchengeteko rwenyika, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Nhau dzakadai senzvero dzehurumende pasi poMutemo wePatriot, kunyorwa kwadzo uye kodzero dzokuvanza matauriro, uye kutungamirira kutaura paIndaneti kunopa zvinetso zvitsva zvingada kujekeswazve. Makanganiso akaita seCarpenter v. United States (2018), ayo aidavira kuti hurumende inowanzoda mvumo yokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yeserura, inoratidza kuti matare ari kugadziridza sei nheyo dzechina Yechidhindoriyo kuti aenderane nezvinodikanwa zvemawadhiro. Nenzira yakafanana, kusawirirana pamusoro pekudzidzwa kwetsika, uye kudzo dzinodzorwa nemifungo yezvikamu zvehurumende nechero yehurumende dzinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemagariro yemagariro muzera reInternetic Internet.

Kutora, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye LGBTQ+ kuenzana kunorambawo kune mativi anoshingaira mukodzero dzevanhu. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muObergefell v. Hodges (2015) (2015) yakaziva roorano imwe cheteyo yetengi sekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, nepo Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) yakatambanudza dziviriro dzebasa kuLGBTQ+ vashandi. Kusarudza nhau dzekodzero dzakadai seShelby County v. Raker (203) uye Brevich National Committee yeHurumende (2021) zvakachinja zvikuru kuchengetwa kweKodzero dzeMagariro eVoc. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti muitiro wokurondedzera nokudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemone nzanga dzinova vanhu vose, nenhau imwe neimwe inoenderera mberi nenhau pamusoro penhau yehurumende yehurumende.

Kudzidzisa Kusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose Mukirasi

Kuvadzidzisi, kudzidzisa rusununguko rwevanhu kunoda mutoo wakadzikama unosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri mashoko enhau nezvinoshanda panguva imwe cheteyo neizvi zviitiko.

Kutanga, batanidza nhau nezvinonyorwa zvikuru, zvakadai semirangariro yedare nenharo dzokutaura, kuti zvibetsere vadzidzi kunzvera mufungo wapamutemo. project inogovera mashoko akarekodwa akajeka uye rondedzero dzenhau dzeDare Gurusa. Chechipiri, shandisa zviitiko zvenhau nemhedzi dzedare kuti vakurudzire vadzidzi kushandisa nheyo dzemitemo kumigariro mitsva. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi vangagona kukurukura kana chikoro chinogona kuranga mudzidzi nokuda kwemitezo yenzanga yakaitwa, kunyora nhau dzemunzanga dzakatevedzerwa nedzamangwana. Yechitatu, kubatanidza zvisarudzo zvenhau dzinoitika zvino. Kukurukura kuti Carpenter inoshanda sei kuva vogando kana kuti maDobbs anotapura mitemo yokubvisa mimba kurusarudzi rwenyika. Chinei, chinzvera zvikuru migumisiro yenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye migumisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinofanira kunzwisisa nhau dzehurumende. Zvikurukurukuru kurangarira zvinoitika zviri mberi, zvinopfuurezvibvumirano zvenzanga, zvinopfuudzo zvinopfuudzo zvinopfumisa nhevedzano, zvinopfumisa nhevedzano

Cornell Legal Information Institute inopa raibhurari yakakwana yemirangariro yeDare rapamusorosoro nezviwanikwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvakanakira kushandiswa kwekirasi. Mukuwedzera, judiary yehurumende yedzidzo yepanzeri[ inogovera gadziriro dzefundo nemidziyo yokudzidzisa pamusoro pematare. Izvi zvinogona kubetsera vadzidzisi kuvaka zvikamu zvinoshanda uye zvinosvikika.

Pakupedzisira, kurudzira vadzidzi kupinda mukurukurirano yokuremekedza pamusoro pezvokutengeserana zvinoberekwa murusununguko rwevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, kusawirirana pakati pechengeteko yenyika nerusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti pakati pechengeteko yavose nokuva voga, kunodzivisa mhinduro dziri nyore. Kupfurikidza neiyi vhiringidziko, vadzidzi vanotanga unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakakomba uye kuonga kukuru nokuda kwegadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunzwisisa nhau huru dzakaumba mutemo weAmerica hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yevhu.

mhedziso

Mitongo yeDare raPamusorosoro inonzverwa munyaya ino inomirira fambiro mberi dzakakomba murwendo runopfuurira rwokurondedzera nokudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo muUnited States. Kubva kuScheck''s "jeew nengozi iripo" kuvimbiso yaGidheoni yezano, kubva kurambwa kwaBrown kwegakava rokuregi yomutauro weToker kubvumidza kutaura kwavadzidzi, chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chakagovera kumugariro wapamutemo unodzikamisa rusununguko nechiremera chehurumende. Izvi zvinoitika zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kodzero dzemitemo dzinoda dziviriro nedudziro dzinoshanda. Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka kubva kuchinjo yenzanga, uye kuchinja kwamagariro ezvamatongerwe enyika, nheyo dzakatangwa muidzi dzinopfuurira kumatare, vatongi, vagari vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vemo vemo vemo. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, zviitiko izvi hazvisi kungoshandiswawo zvapamutemo munhau yenhau dzemitemo uye kutsanangura kunzwisiswa kwemitemo yeAmerica.

Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunotsamira paruzivo uye kuvimbisana kuva mugari wemo.