Revo Isingaperi Ye Amendedzero Yokutanga

Mubatanidzwa wakaitwa kuti unzi Mutezo wokutanga weBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. unoita semupinyi wehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nevanhu. Mugore ra1791 serutivi rweBill of Rights, mashoko aro akapfupikisa anodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha: rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Idzi kodzero dzakanga dzisiriwo bedzi fungidziro; dzakanga dziri mhinduro yakananga kumazana amakore okunzverwa kwehurumende nechitambudzo chorudzidziso mukutonga kweBritain. Nhasi, Gadziro reFirst Amendment inoramba iri chinyorwa chipenyu, chinopfuurira kuturikirwa nematare uye kurukurirano navagari vemo munguva yokuchinja kwokukurumidza kweruzivo rwesayenzi, zviteshina magaro, uye mirangariro yenzanga pamusoro pekutaura nenhema.

Kunzwisisa rusununguko rwavagari vemo pasi peFirst Amendment kunoda zvakawanda kupfuura kurava kwapamusoro. Kunoda kunzwisiswa kwerwisano dzenhau dzakaumba idzi kodzero, zvisarudzo zvedare zvakarondedzera ganhuriro dzavo, uye mamiriro ezvinhu azvino uno umo dzinoedzwa. Nyaya ino inogovera kukura kune chiremera kwerusununguko rwakakomba, midzi yarwo yenhau, uye kushandiswa kwadzo munzanga yapanguva ino — kubva pachikoro kuwirirano dzokutaura kusvikira kururamisiro yepaIndaneti. Nokuda kworugwaro rwakazara rwekugadziriswa kwemitemo nenongedzero dzapamutemo, Centrititution AN inoshanda sechinhu chinokosha.

Rusununguko Rushanu: Nheyo Dzakadzama Zvikuru Nokushanda Kwazvino Uno

Nepo zvikamu zvishanu zveFirst Amendment zvinowanzorangarirwa sevimbiso imwe yorusununguko runotaurwa, chimwe nechimwe chine dzidziso dzapamutemo dzakasiana - siana noukoshi hwenhau.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

First Amendment ine zvikamu zviviri zvezvitendero: Chibvumirano chaClaus (“Konrefe hachisati chichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokugadzwa kworudzidziso”) uye Free Execle Claus (kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwaro kwakasununguka”). Chibvumirano chaClaus chinovaka rusvingo pakati pehurumende nerudzidziso, chinodzivisa hurumende kudzora kana kuti kupa mari masangano orudzidziso. Free Specience Claus anodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu kuti vabate uye vashandise zvitendero zvavo pasina kudzorwa nehurumende, pasi pemitemo isingatsigiri yavose. Zviidzo zvakadai se [[FL:] Employment rest v. Smith[FLFF:1] [F.5]]) zvinogovera .[FLF.[5]

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Rusununguko rwokutaura ndirwo rusununguko rukurusa rwakapiwa paminhau mishanu. Dare Rapamusorosarudzo yakapa dziviriro kwete bedzi kumashoko anotaurwa asiwo kumabasa okufananidzira, mipiro, kushambadzira kwezvokutengeserana, uye kutaura kwepaIndaneti. Zvisinei, hazvisi kutaura kwose kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment kunobatanidza kunyandurirwa kumubato wokusateerera mutemo wapedyo, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kuzvidza, zvinonyadzisa, uye vana vanonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira vatano. “ngozi iripo” kuedza Scheck v. United States [19]) inonatswa gare gare gare nomupimo wokusarira mhaka yezvamatongerwe enyika. [FG.] Branburg v.[FT]

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau runovimbisa kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kushanda pasina ganhuriro kana kuti kuongororwa. Kunyange zvazvo First Amendment isingapi vatori venhau ropafadzo chaidzo kudarika dziya dzevagariwo zvavo, vanobudisa nhau vanoita basa rinokosha mukufumura kusazvibata kwehurumende. Nhau yenhau New York Times Co. v. United States[FLT] [1971], Pentagon Paper, inosimbisa kuti hurumende ine mutoro unorema kururamisa pamberi pokuzvidzora. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kukwira kwemagazini yemichina yemichina yemichina yemipunda navagari vemo kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti ndiani anokwanirisa se “mapepanhau” uye zvinodzivirira zvinoshanda kuvatengidzi vemasangano namasangano enzanga.

Kodzero Yokuungana

Kodzero yokuungana norugare ndiyo fandesheni yokuramba kwavose nokuratidzira. Iyi maruramiro anodzivirira kwete bedzi kufamba kwakarongwa nemisangano asiwo kuungana kunoitika nenzira isati iri yapamutemo, chero bedzi zvichiramba zviripo pasina masimba masimba. Hurumende dzingaisa nguva, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro dzetsika, asi hadzigoni kutsaura zvakavakirwa pamurangariro wakataurwa. Black Lives Matter ya 2020 nenyongano yeCapitol zvose zviri zviviri zvakaedza miganhu yekodzero dzegungano, nematare anosiyanisa nokungwarira pakati pekutaura kwakadzivirirwa nekusatendeseka.

Kodzero Yokukumbira

Kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokutsiva zvichemo inobvumira vanhu kuunza zvichemo kubazu ripi neripi rehurumende — vakuru vakuru, vatongi, kana kuti dare. Irori rinobatanidza kukwidza, kukwidza matare, uye kusaina zvikumbiro. Inowanzorangarirwa kuva honzeri dukusa yerusununguko shanu, asi inoramba ichikosha kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Muzera remichina, paIndaneti zvikumbiro zvakafanana neChange Chinjo.org zvakakudza kusvika kuichi, kunyange zvazvo matare asina kugadzikisa zvizere kusvika kusvika pai maruramiro aya.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva Pakujekeswa Kuenda Pakunatswa

First Amendment haina kubuda muchinhu chisiri chinhu. Vanyori vayo vanogadzira mapurani vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru navazivi vokuNzverwa vairangarira kuti mufungo womunhu nenzvero yakasununguka zvakanga zvichikosha kunzanga yakarurama. John Locke’s ] Letter Consting Torencetion [1689]) vakaita nhau ine simba nokuda kwokushivirira kworudzidziso nokuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende. Manyoro aVoltaire pamusoro pekutaura kwakasununguka uye hondo yomuzivi weFrance mukurwisana nemitemo yeAmerica. Vatangiridhendi vakanga vapupurira kushandiswa kweBristol regnel kunyaradza vatsoropo, pamwe chete nechinoitika chechechi zvakasimbiswa nokuda kwedzidziso dzakawanda.

Mukati menharo dzekunatsa dza 1787-1788, Anti-Federalist yakaraira mutemo wekodzero dzokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu kubva kuhurumende itsva yehurumende. James Madison pakutanga akashora mutongo wekodzero, achitya kuti zvaizoreva kuti hurumende yehurumende yaiva namasimba akanga asina kurongwa. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira akagadza magadzirirwo akava Bill of Rights, kubatanidza First Amendment. House of Demenditions yakatenderwa 177 kugadziridza; Dare rakaaderedza kuva gumi namanomwe, uye gumi vakatenderwa nehurumende muna 1791. Kugadziridzwa kwokutanga kwakanga kuri kusungirwa pakuvamba bedzi pahurumende yeGainformation, asi kupfurikidza nedare gurusa re1459 Demendementedment rakashandisa kudzivirira kwaro yaro yarosesaidzorwa kuhurumende uye kuzivikanwa sehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Kududzira Kunokosha kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Kuderedza Kuratidzirwa

Zvinorehwa neFirst Amendment zvakarondedzerwa nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zvinoramba zvichiumba mutemo weAmerica.Pazasi pane nyaya dzinokosha dzinoverengeka kupfuura dzinowanzotaurwa.

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

Mu Brandenburg, Dare rakakurira mutemo wetsotsi weOhio pashure pokunge mutungamiriri weKu Klux Klan apiwa mhaka nokuda kwokutaura mashoko ourudzi pamusangano. Dare rakatanga “chiito chokusateerera mutemo” muedzo: kutaura kunogona kudzorwa bedzi kana kuchitungamirirwa kukunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusatenderwa uye sezvingabvira kuparira chiito chakadaro. Uyu mupimo unopa dziviriro yakafara nokuda kwokutaura kunonyandura kworuvengo, chero bedzi kuchimira kupfupikiswa kwechiito chokunyandura. Chisarudzo chacho chinobudirira pamusoro pechirevo [[FLT:]] Schiskendi ye [FLT]] bedzi kana kuti chiverevo chapa njodzi uye danda rokuedza chinoramba chiripo nokuda kwokusimbisa.

Johnson (1989)

Muchisarudzo cha5ne84, Dare Rapamusoro rakati kupiswa kwemureza kunoumba kutaura kwokufananidzira kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment. Gregory Lee Johnson akawanirwa mhaka mumutemo weTexas nokuda kwokupisa mureza weAmerica mukati mokuramba paRepublican National Convention. Mutongi William Brennan akanyora kuti “kana kune nheyo yehwaro inodzika pasi peFirst Amendment, ndiko kuti hurumende ingasarambidza kutaura kwepfungwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti nzanga inowana pfungwa yacho imene ichishora kana kuti isingadzoreki.”

Vagari vomuUnited v. FEC (2010)

Mu Dare rakatonga kuti kutsigira mari kwebhizimisi kwezviteshi zvematongerwe enyika zvakazvimirira hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakadzongonyedza mativi eMcKain-Fecold Act uye chakatungamirira kukukura kwePACICS uye kuwedzera kukuru mukushandisa nhimbe. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kutonga kunoenzanisa mari nokutaura nehurumende inoshatisa, nepo vatsi vachiidzivirira sedziviriro yekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mhaka yacho inoramba iri chimwe chezvisarudzo zvikurusa zveRemendement yokutanga yenhau yazvino unorwisana namashoko, uye gakavaro pamusoro pezvirongwa zvebhizimisi zvinoramba zvichiitwa.

Matal v. Tam (2017)

Nyaya iyi yaibatanidza kuramba zita rokuti “The Slant” nokuda kweboka rerock reAsian-American, pazvikonzero zvokuti rakanga richizvidza. Dare Rapamusoro rakabatana rairangarira kuti kurambidza kweLanham Act pamusoro pezviratidzo zvokuzvidza kwakaputsa First Amendment. Chiratidzo chacho chakakurira“ rugwaro rwokusasarura” rwomutemo wesangano restation, kuchizarura suo reWashington Redskins kuti richengete zita ravo pasinei zvapo nokuramba. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kuzvidza kutaura kwakavakirwa pamurangariro wokutanga, kunyange apo kutaura kwacho kunogumbura.

Rusununguko Rwokuratidzirwa Muzera Renhamba

Intanesi neInternet zvakachinja zvikuru matauriro. MaPlatform akaita seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube anobatira senzvimbo itsva dzinotaurirana mabhiriyoni evanhu zuva nezuva. Asi izvi zvikuva zvinhu zvemunhu oga, kwete vatambi vehurumende, zvinoreva kuti Kugadziridza Kutanga hakuvamanikidzi kutaura mashoko ose. Izvi zvakatanga mutambo wakaoma kunzwisisa pakati pekudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo nemitemo yemasangano anodzikamisa.

Chikamu 230 uye Kupopota

Chikamu 230 cheNhevedzo yeNhevedzo yeMitemo yokukurukurirana zvinopa dziviriro kumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichibvumira kuti zviitwe zvine mwero zviri mukati pasina kubatwa savaparidzi. Iyi gadziriro yapamutemo yakagonesa kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga asi yakamutsawo nharo pamusoro penhema, kutaura kworuvengo, uye kuongorora. Zvikarakadzo zvechinjo zvakabuda mumativi ose ari maviri ezvamatongerwe enyika, nokuitirana nharo nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kukuru zvikuru uye vamwe vanotya kuti mutemo iwoyo uchadziyisa.

Dzidziso Yavose Yapakombiyuta

Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoshandisa zvinobudisa nhau kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru kukurukura nevoruzhinji, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti nhau dzavo ndedze “hurumende” umo First Amendment inoganhurira mano avo okudzivisa vanoshandisa. Mu Court First Amendment Institute v. Trump[[FLTL:1]] [2011], Dare rechipiri rakatonga kuti panguva iyoyo Purezidhendi Trump aisagona kudzivisa vatsoropotezi kubva munhoroondo yake yeTwitter nemhaka yokuti yakanga iri dare ravose. Dare rapamusoro gare gare gare gare rakaramba mhaka seho sehoto reTrump yabva hofisi, asi matare maduku anopfuurira kuwirira pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo uye mapeji ehurumende.

Zvirango Zvikuru, Mashoko Asina Kunaka, uye Kugadziriswa Kwokutanga

Kumuka kweAI-denderferad yakagadzirwa namaune nenhimbe dzemashoko zvakaedza ganhuriro dzeFirst Amendment. Nepo kutaura kwenhema kweidi kazhinji kazhinji kusina kudzivirirwa, Dare rave richizengurira kubvumira ganhuriro dzakafara pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kwenzanga. United States v. Alvarez[[FLL]] [20202], Dare rakarova Tolen Vallo Act, idziyo yakaparwa mhosva dzokukudza hondo, nemhaka yokuti yakanga yakafara zvikuru. Zvisinei, mitemo inonangidzira kusarura kana kuti kudzorwa kwechisarudzo pakati pehondo inobviswa namashoko anodzivirira zvikuru zvemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Mibvunzo Isingapedzisi

Sezvo nzanga inochinja, First Amendment inotarisana nemiedzo mitsva iyo Vavambi vaisagona kukarira.Pazasi pane nharaunda dzinoverengeka umo gakava rakakura zvikuru.

Venga Kutaura Neganhuriro Dzokushivirira

United States yakatanhamara pakati pehurumende dzinotonga dzoruwa dzokuMadokero nokuda kwedziviriro yayo yakasimba yokutaura kworuvengo. Nepo Canada, Germany, uye United Kingdom ichiita kutaura kwoutsotsi kunonyandura ruvengo pamapoka akadzivirirwa, Dare Gurusa rakaramba richidavira kuti kugumbura, kusarura, uye kunyange kutaura kwourudzi kunodzivirirwa muFirst Amendment kutoti kwakapinda mumapoka maduku okunyandura, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kana kuti kunetsa. Chimiro ichi chakawana kutsoropodzwa naavo vanopikisa kuti kutaura kworuvengo kunoparira nzanga dzinodzorwa. Vadzivisi vanodzivisa kuti kuedza kurondedzera nokuranga kutaura kusingadzivisiki kunoitwa nehurumende. Mabumbiro edare akarova matare edare, uye kupesana pakati pekukurukurirana kwemarimi anoramba achipfumba.

Chengeteko Yorudzi Nevapfuri Vamatope

Gakava pakati pechengeteko yenyika norusununguko rwenhau nderekare serine republic. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hurumende yakaronda zvakasimba kudzura nokuridza khwero pasi peEspionage Act, kubatanidza zvinoitika zvakadai se United States v. Chelsea Maning na [FLT] United States] v. Edward Snown[[FLT] nadzimwe dzinoridza runhare]. Vatori venhau vanoparadzira mashoko anorongwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanodzivirirwa sezvo vasingapindwi mukurangamira kujeka, asi nzvimbo yapamutemo inoramba isina kujeka. [[FLT] tyisidzirose] New York Times [FLT:] namamwe majeko vakataura kuti vanoshanda nesimba gurusa rehurumende, apo vanoramba kuva vachengeteka kwehurumende nokuda kwechinero yeSangano renyika rose.

Kurwisa Mari Nekutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mari muzvamatongerwe enyika inoramba iri nhau yeFirst Amendment inokakavadzana zvikuru. Sezvo Citizens United, Dare rakapfuurira kukudza maruramiro emipiro yemasangano namasangano okushandisa mari muzvamatongerwe enyika. Mu Mccheon v. FEBC[FLT] [[FLT]] [2014] [2014], Dare rakamisa miganhuro yezvipo, rimwezve bhiringi rinobvisa mari yemari inodzorwa. Vatsoropotedzi vanoti kupambadza kusingadzorwi kunodzoresa manzwi avagari vemoworuzhinji uye kuparira gadziriro youori. Vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanochengeta kuti kushamba kwezvamatongerwe enyika ndiwo chimiro chokutaura uye miganhurira kushora kuvho inodzo inodzora kuvhora kuvhotera vanhu vose. Asi vanotsigira kushandura mutemo wokutanga.

Mugumisiro: Kutemwa Kwechibvumirano Chokutanga Sevimbiso Mupenyu

First Amendment inoramba iri musimboti wekodzero dzevanhu veAmerica, asi zvarinoreva hazvimbochinji. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kurwisana nezvinetso zvitsva — kubvira pamuchina wokudhinda kusvikira kuInternet, kubvira kumichina yeguta kusvika kumichina yakadzika. Unyanzvi hwokugadziridza hahusi mukupa mhinduro dzakarongwa asi mukugadza gadziriro yekurukurirano inopfuurira nedudziro yedare. Vagari vemo vanonzwisisa nhau dzenhau, nhau dzezvinyorwa, uye makakatanwa azvino uno vanokwanisa zviri nani kushandisa kodzero dzavo uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwevamwe, kunyange pavanowana kutaura kwacho kuchipesana.

Sezvo United States inoshandisa nhambo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvakasiana - siana, kupfuudzira kwapamutemo, uye kusawirirana kwenyika yose, First Amendment ichapfuurira kuedzwa. matare achasarudza miganhu yapamutemo, asi vachengeti vakuru vekutaura norusununguko ndivo vanhu vamene. nzanga inokoshesa rusununguko inofanira kuva inodisa kushivirira kusanzwa zvakanaka nokusabvumirana, ichiziva kuti mushonga wokutaura kwakashata kutaura kwakashata ndiwo kutaura kukuru, kwete kunzvera.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, project yeFirst Amendment inopa shopu ine udzame yemirangariro yeDare Rapamusorosoro, nepo vaparidzi] Dare reRusununguko rwePress[[FLT]] rinoshandisa zvinoitika zvapamutemo zvinotapura vatori venhau namaruramiro ezvinobudisa nhau.